, hemp, wheat and rice

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history

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What is grain?

"Valley" is a simplified word for "valley", which originally refers to the grain with shell; Like rice, millet (millet, that is, millet) and millet (also known as yellow rice), there are shells outside, so they are called valleys. The sound of the word Gu comes from the sound of shells.

The earliest record of the word "five grains" can be found in the Analects of Confucius. According to the Analects of Confucius, more than 2,400 years ago, Confucius took his students on a long journey, and Luz fell behind. He met an old farmer with a bamboo basket and a stick, and asked him, "Have you seen Master?" The old farmer said, "Who is the master if you don't work on all fours?"

Dear reader, can you distinguish between grains?

Grains refer to five kinds of grains. Books earlier than The Analects of Confucius, such as The Book of Songs and The Classic, have only "100 grains" but no "five grains". From 100 to 5 grains, did the variety of food crops decrease? That's not true. At the beginning, people often gave several different varieties of a crop a proper name one by one, so there were many lists. Moreover, the word "hundred" here is only used to refer to many meanings, and there is no real one hundred. The appearance of the word "five grains" shows that people have a clear concept of classification, and also reflects that there were five main food crops at that time.

When the word "five grains" was first coined, it was not recorded what it meant. The earliest explanation we can see now was written by Han people. There are two main explanations of Han people and their descendants: one is rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice (that is, soybeans); Another way of saying it is marijuana, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. The difference between these two statements is that there is rice without hemp and there is hemp without rice. Although hemp seed is edible, it is mainly used for textile. Grain refers to grain, and the former statement does not include hemp in grain, which is more reasonable. On the other hand, the economic and cultural center at that time was in the north, rice was a southern crop, and cultivation in the north was limited, so there might be hemp in the grain without rice. The crops mentioned in Historical Records, a book written by a historian, are wheat, millet, millet, glutinous rice and hemp, which belong to the latter statement. Probably for these reasons, Han people and people after Han people have two different interpretations of grain.

Combining these two statements, we can see that there are six main crops: rice, millet, millet, wheat, glutinous rice and hemp. There are four articles devoted to agriculture in the famous book Lu Chunqiu (written in the third century BC) in the Warring States period, among which the article Shenshi talks about the advantages and disadvantages of planting crops, such as millet, rice, hemp, rice and wheat. A grain is a millet. These six crops are exactly the same as the six mentioned above. These six crops are also mentioned in Lu Chunqiu.

Obviously, the crops at that time were mainly rice, millet, millet, wheat, rice and hemp. The so-called grain refers to these crops, or five of these six crops. However, with the development of social economy and agricultural production, the concept of five grains is constantly evolving. Now the so-called grain is actually just a general term for food crops, or refers to food crops in general.