the customs of the Daur nationality. The traditional houses of the Daur nationality are mostly made of pine or birch beams, adobe or mud walls, covered with yellow mud inside and outside, and covered with grass, ranging from two, three and five rooms. The two rooms have a bedroom in the west room and a kitchen in the east room; For three or five rooms, the middle room is the kitchen, and the two sides are the living rooms. Houses generally face south, paying attention to lighting, and windows are a major feature of Daur houses. There are three connected big kangs on the south, north and west sides of the living room or on the south, east and north sides, commonly known as "Manzi Kangs". Manzikang is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter because of its good thermal insulation performance. The living room of Daur people is more expensive than the west room. Westinghouse is located on the south kang, mostly inhabited by elders, while sons, daughters-in-law and their children live in the north kang or the east room, while the west kang is dedicated to guests' daily life. Most of the kang surfaces are covered with reed mats or felt. Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, brick houses are increasing day by day. However, the living customs such as using kang are still deeply loved by Daur people. Anie Festival is the biggest traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is equivalent to the Spring Festival of Han nationality. Since the twelfth lunar month, people have been busy preparing all kinds of food for the Spring Festival. Kumule Festival, Kumule is Artemisia bud, and wild vegetables are edible. Every May, groups of Daur people, men, women and children, with deep gratitude, happily gather Artemisia buds and sing and dance. It's fun to hold traditional sports competitions. Defamation Festival (Kudege? Wudu Day), the 16th day of the first month is smear day, which is one of the traditional festivals of Daur nationality. Wuduri Day comes from the Daur Spring Festival, which is regarded as the Spring Festival from New Year's Eve to the 15th day of the first month. The Daur people attach great importance to men's marriage and women's marriage, forming a traditional marriage custom with rich content and unique characteristics. Monogamy marriage, which originated very early among Daur people, has been passed down to this day. Historically, the Daur people practiced intermarriage, which was not strict, and the scope of intermarriage was mainly within their own nation, that is, members with different surnames were the object of intermarriage. Later, due to the long-term neighboring living with Ewenki, Mongolian, Manchu, Oroqen and Han nationalities, intermarriage with other nationalities was also allowed. Clan exogamy is another basic system of Daur marriage customs. Men and women of the same Hala (clan) and Mokun (family) are strictly forbidden to marry each other because they are related by blood and are descendants of the same paternal ancestor. In order to maintain a stable ethical relationship between relatives, although Daur people allow some people who are related to each other to marry, they require both sides to have the same seniority and strictly implement peer marriage. At the same time, it is more common to get married by adoption. After a man has adopted his wife by adoption, the children born to him still belong to his father's "Hala", and the son-in-law only works in his father-in-law's house and has no right to inherit her property. Before the founding of New China, the feudal ethics and moral concepts of Daur people were deeply rooted, and arranged marriages by parents were taken for granted. Young people did not have the right to choose their own spouses, nor could they engage in free pre-marital social activities. Its traditional marriage customs usually include the procedures of spouse selection, betrothal, ceremony and marriage. When choosing a spouse, people pay attention to their age and appearance. In terms of age, both men and women are required to be roughly similar, and the man is the same age as the woman or one to three years older than the woman. After the founding of New China, with the promulgation and implementation of the Marriage Law, the feudal arranged and bought-and-sold marriage in traditional marriage customs was completely abolished, and young men and women could choose their desirable spouses through free love. The main form of traditional houses of Daur nationality is called "Yazenggeri", which is a kind of ridged and civil-structured grass house. The majority of Daur's grass main rooms are two rooms, followed by three rooms, and few people live in five rooms. Daur people pay attention to the separation of housing and kitchen layout. If it is two rooms, the west room is the living room and the east room is the kitchen; If there are three rooms, the middle room is usually the kitchen, and the east and west rooms are occupied by people. There are connected fire kang on three sides in the north, south and northwest of the room, commonly known as "curved kang" Daur families generally don't have stoves, and they rely on fire kang for cold protection and warmth in autumn and winter. At the north wall of the kitchen, Daur people have a pool-type fire kang called "Eluge" on the plate, which is used to dry food. The Daur's grass principal rooms are comfortable and exquisite, spacious and bright, durable, warm in winter and cool in summer, and are famous for their many windows. There are three windows in the south wall of Westinghouse, two windows in the west wall, one window on each side of the east room door and seven windows in * * *. If it's a three-room thatched cottage, there are usually eleven windows. More windows not only expand the lighting area, but also help to circulate the air and keep the indoor air fresh. The ceiling and the walls are decorated with various patterns and paper-cuts such as chicken, phoenix, quail and hunting, and some directly stick pheasant feathers and fur with filigree on the walls as decorations. Respect for the elderly, mutual assistance and hospitality are the principles ... > >
What are the folkways and customs of the Daur nationality? The Daur nationality has a long history and is one of the pioneers and defenders of the northern part of the motherland. According to historians' research, the Daur people were nomadic in Ergun River and Enen River in their early years and belonged to the descendants of the Khitan people. At the beginning of the 7th century, they moved south to the south bank of Heilongjiang and Nenjiang Plain. Together with Ewenki, Oroqen and other ethnic groups, they defended the northern border of the motherland with their blood and lives. The Daur people have their own language, but no writing. Language belongs to Altai Mongolian family. Traditionally, the literate Daur people mostly use Manchu. Daur's hockey is well-known throughout the country and is known as the "hometown of hockey". Shi Fang, a member of our reporting group, made a special report on this two years ago, and it is meaningful to revisit the old place. Daur nationality has splendid traditional culture and unique national customs, and it is a wonderful flower in China national culture. The rich series of folk customs exhibitions in the museum, such as "Da Le Che", "Hua Da" wedding banquet, lowering deer flag and headdress, let us have a deeper understanding of this loyal, hardworking, frugal, etiquette-oriented and creative minority.
What are the festivals and customs of Daur nationality?
Daur nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China, mainly distributed in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner and Ewenki Autonomous Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A few people live in Tacheng, Xinjiang. The Daur people are also distributed in Russia (along the Schleka River and Boli), and Russia calls the relevant area Daur, that is, Transbaikal.
Daur language belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family. There are three dialects, namely Butha, Qiqihar and Xinjiang. In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu language was used, which is called Daur language, and now the new Daur language is spelled with Latin letters.
Daur festival
Ani Festival
Ani is a Daur language, which means New Year's Day, a traditional Daur festival. It is held on the first day of the first lunar month every year for fifteen days. On the morning of the first day, people dress up and worship the gods, the goddess, the kitchen god and the ancestor god. Pray for blessing and good fortune, then toast and kowtow to the elders and accept the new year wishes of the old people. When cooking the first New Year's dinner (jiaozi), or wrap a red line, thinking that those who eat it will live a long life; Or wrap a coin, thinking that the person who eats it is not short of money. In Inner Mongolia and other places, the Daur people return to the customs to wrap eight small doughs or a handful of flour, which respectively symbolize the full house of eight women and kindness. After breakfast, young men and women, led by their peers, pay New Year greetings from house to house. If an elder has died less than three years ago, the younger generation of New Year's greetings will kowtow to the coffin in Nankang. Go out to pay New Year greetings from the second day to the fifth day. During the period of Anie, women get together and like to dance the national dance "Rouge Gele", while girls play "Hanieka" (paper man) or "Sack" (ankle bone). Adult men hold horse racing and other activities, while young men are divided into two teams to hold a "Polje" (hockey) competition and a fireball competition in the evening.
smear festival
Lantern Festival is held on the fifteenth day of the first month, which is a happy and lively day for the whole country. For the Daur compatriots, they also have a more joyful and interesting "smear festival" on the 16th day of the first month-the traditional Daur festival. According to legend, every year on the 16th day of the first lunar month, the "God of Grains" visits the earth, and people smear each other's faces in order to pray that the "God of Grains" will not spread smut to the world, so that the wheat will be harvested and the people will be safe. According to the custom of Daur nationality, the elders in this skyclan must get up early and put a black spot on the forehead of each ethnic group. Young people smeared black ash on the bottom of the pot with oil, scrambling to smear it on each other's faces to make fun of each other. Therefore, this morning, the faces of boys and girls are often painted black. Daur people believe that this smear entertainment symbolizes auspiciousness and good deeds.
Aobaowobei
Aobaowobei, which means Aobaoji in Daur. Traditional festivals of Daur nationality. It is held once a year in the spring and autumn, and the Daur people in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province choose to hold it on August 18 every year for one day. Aobao, that is, a conical altar piled up with stones in Gaogang or on the mountain, symbolizes the national protector or mountain god in the eyes of Daur people. At that time, people dressed in dresses and carrying offerings gathered around Aobao. First, willow or birch branches with green branches are inserted on Aobao, symbolizing the abundant grain and the prosperity of six livestock. At the time of sacrifice, cooked cattle, sheep and pork were used as offerings, and liquor and cheese were offered to Aobao, and colorful flags and cloth strips were hung. Later, the incense was lit around Aobao, and the chief priest Bagqi (the shaman's assistant) read the eulogy. The shaman sang a prayer song and danced auspicious dances around Aobao, and the worshippers all bowed down to Aobao, praying for good weather and the safety of livestock. After the festival, everyone ate sacrifices and engaged in wrestling, horse racing, archery, singing and dancing and other recreational activities.
Dragon Boat Festival
The Daur Dragon Boat Festival is also called the May Festival. Every year, on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, people get up early, bathe in rivers, or wipe their faces with dew in the wild, and put mugwort in their ears and clothes in order to be disease-free for a year. At noon this day, families will eat pies, jiaozi or buckwheat noodles. Later, women joined groups, carrying boxes and baskets, and went to both sides of the river to collect the favorite "Kun Pierer" (a delicious wild vegetable). I teenagers hold a "Polje" (hockey) competition.
February 2nd
On February 2nd of the second lunar month, Daur people eat pig's head meat, and in some places, they eat pies, and they are forbidden to do needlework, so that touching needlework on this day will lead to arthropathy.
Laba Festival
The Daur Laba Festival falls on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month every year. People stop working and make yogurt sticky porridge with "Niki" (that is, the granular part left on the reed after buckwheat rice is ground into powder), and then mix it with milk (or cream) to eat. ......> >
What are the customs and habits of Daur nationality? Traditional houses of Daur nationality are mostly made of pine or birch beams, with adobe or mud walls, covered with yellow mud inside and outside, and covered with grass, ranging from two, three and five rooms. The two rooms have a bedroom in the west room and a kitchen in the east room; For three or five rooms, the middle room is the kitchen, and the two sides are the living rooms. Houses generally face south, paying attention to lighting, and windows are a major feature of Daur houses. There are three connected big kangs on the south, north and west sides of the living room or on the south, east and north sides, commonly known as "Manzi Kangs". Manzikang is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter because of its good thermal insulation performance.
the west room is more expensive for Daur people. Westinghouse is located on the south kang, mostly inhabited by elders, while sons, daughters-in-law and their children live in the north kang or the east room, while the west kang is dedicated to guests' daily life. Most of the kang surfaces are covered with reed mats or felt. Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, brick houses are increasing day by day. However, the living customs such as using kang are still deeply loved by Daur people.
What are the folkways and customs of the Daur nationality? The Daur nationality has a long history and is one of the pioneers and defenders of the northern part of the motherland. According to historians' research, the Daur people were nomadic in Ergun River and Enen River in their early years and belonged to the descendants of the Khitan people. At the beginning of the 7th century, they moved south to the south bank of Heilongjiang and Nenjiang Plain. Together with Ewenki, Oroqen and other ethnic groups, they defended the northern border of the motherland with their blood and lives. The Daur people have their own language, but no writing. Language belongs to Altai Mongolian family. Traditionally, the literate Daur people mostly use Manchu. Daur's hockey is well-known throughout the country and is known as the "hometown of hockey". Shi Fang, a member of our reporting group, made a special report on this two years ago, and it is meaningful to revisit the old place. Daur nationality has splendid traditional culture and unique national customs, and it is a wonderful flower in China national culture. The rich series of folk customs exhibitions in the museum, such as "Da Le Che", "Hua Da" wedding banquet, lowering deer flag and headdress, let us have a deeper understanding of this loyal, hardworking, frugal, etiquette-oriented and creative minority.
Brief introduction to the customs and habits of various ethnic groups
Customs and habits of Achang nationality
Achang nationality Su Achang nationality men wear blue, white or black double-breasted shirts, black trousers under them, and some of them wear left big-breasted shirts. Women's clothing is slightly different from place to place, and they like to wear all kinds of silver ornaments at festivals. Married women generally wear skirts, narrow long-sleeved double-breasted clothes and blue cloth; Unmarried women wear trousers, light-colored double-breasted clothes and plaits. Food is mainly rice, as well as potatoes, vegetables, meat, etc., acidophilic food. In the past, young men and women had the habit of chewing betel nut, and their teeth were often dyed black. Most of the houses are quadrangle buildings with brick, wood and stone structures, with people living in the main house, food and other living materials piled up on the upper floors of the wings on both sides, and pigsty and cowshed downstairs. The houses in the village are relatively tidy. The main roads between villages are generally stone slabs or gravel roads, which are convenient for communication. The man carries a bag and a long knife with him when he goes out. Men and women are used to carrying goods on their shoulders, and mules and horses are used for long-distance transportation. Achang people are generally monogamous families, and they are free to fall in love before marriage, and "string girls" prevail, but the marriage is arranged by their parents. In the past, people with the same surname were generally unmarried, but for a long time, it was common to intermarry with Han, Dai and other ethnic groups. The transfer system of husband and brother marriage prevails. Widows can remarry, but they can't take away their husband's property, and their children are also supported by their husband's family. People are usually buried after death, and those who die abnormally must be cremated.
Achang people are cheerful and very polite and hospitable. Tea altar is popular in their hospitality etiquette, which is an earthenware appliance for cooking tea. When visiting Achang's home, the host will first take out the flagon and pour a small cup of wine to welcome the guests, then take out the tea altar, put tea leaves on it, pour boiling water on it, cook it on a charcoal fire for a while, then pour it into a teacup, and the host and guest will have a tea conversation together.
Bai people
customs
Bai people basically practice monogamous family system. Sons are separated immediately after marriage, and parents usually live from their youngest son. Among the landlords, a few are big families with four generations living under one roof. The same family and surname do not intermarry, but they routinely marry their aunts and uncles. Marriage is generally arranged by parents, and it is necessary to be suitable. A woman who has no children can be adopted by her husband's wife, and a woman who has no children can also adopt the children (adoption) or adopted sons of her brothers. The son-in-law and adopted son have to change their names and surnames in order to obtain property inheritance rights.
cremation was popular among Bai people before the Yuan Dynasty. After the yuan dynasty, it was changed to burial because of the influence of the Han nationality. Funeral ceremonies are generally grand.
rice and wheat are the staple foods of Bai people in Pingba area, while corn and adopted children are the main foods in mountainous areas. Bai people like to eat sour, cold, spicy and other flavors. They are good at pickling ham, bow fish, fried chicken brown, pork liver and other dishes, and they also like to eat a unique "raw meat" or "raw skin", that is, roast pork half-cooked and cut into shredded pork.