The gentry's manor occupied a lot of land and labor, and established a self-sufficient and powerful manor economy. The new feature of the development of the Southern Dynasties is that the mountains are surrounded by manors, and the state-owned land is changed into the owner's private land. Liu Song promulgated the Law of Taking Mountain by Official Property to legalize it. There were hundreds of believers in the gentry manor in the Jin Dynasty. These people have various names such as "slave", "guest", "shadow household" and "department". But whatever it is called, it is a follower of the almighty. They don't have to pay taxes to the government, and they don't have to do corvee or military service, but they have to pay rent to their owners for hard labor. These people often pay very heavy rents, and some even account for more than 70% of the total harvest. These slaves not only cultivated the land, but also built houses for their owners, planted flowers and trees, and some even went to the docks to do business. These people are exempted from their obligations to the government, but they have more obligations to a master. There are few records about the lives of these slaves, and it is difficult for us to speculate whether the living standards of these slaves are higher or lower than those of free peasants. We don't know how many of these slaves voluntarily took refuge in the strongmen and how many came out of this desperate situation. What we know is that these people have disappeared from the government's tax network. The number of these believers is huge. Some people think that the number of dependents in the Wei and Jin Dynasties is roughly equivalent to the number of households controlled by the government. Others are even more pessimistic, thinking that the government can control at most13 of the population, and the rest are strongmen. According to reason, a strong man can't control so many followers. The number of tax-free families of gentry at all levels is expressly stipulated by the court. But the problem is that this rule is simply impossible to implement. These gentry account for so many tax-free families. The government is full of these nobles and powerful people. Of course, they are in no hurry to check. But some people are anxious, such as the emperor. To the emperor, these gentry are like a group of bandits, who take their own things for themselves. Of course, the emperor can issue an imperial decree saying that from now on, no one is allowed to do so. But how to carry forward this imperial edict is a big problem. Many such imperial edicts were indeed issued in the history of the Jin Dynasty, and sometimes great efforts were made, but they failed to really work. Senior political posts were held by gentry, and it was obvious that the emperor wanted to carry out anti-gentry policies through gentry. Therefore, from beginning to end, the government was at most a semi-grange-style production and operation of the landlord manor economy in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, powerful landlords occupied a large amount of land and usually adopted the grange-style production and management mode. At that time, the grange was engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, also engaged in some handicraft production, or engaged in certain commercial and usury activities, with a high degree of self-sufficiency For example, Liu Xiu's mother's uncle Fan Hong runs a grange in Huyang, including several miles of Fanbei, with more than 300 hectares of land. In this grange, there are many pavilions on the land, "bamboo and wood make a forest, six animals eat grass" and "Tanma, build a city behind closed doors". It can be seen that its scale is large and it has the characteristics of diversified management. In addition, Fan Hong is also a "good Huo Zhi", engaged in commercial and usury activities. (Fan Hongchuan, Hou Han) On the portrait bricks found in Sichuan, you can also see the same scene of the landlord grange. Cui Shi's Four-Person Monthly Order reflects the management of the landlord's grange in detail. So-called: there are grain crops such as wheat, barley, spring wheat, millet, millet, japonica rice, soybean and adzuki bean in the grange, cash crops such as flax, jute and indigo, and fruits and vegetables; Make all kinds of sauces, wine, vinegar and caramel by yourself; Medicinal plants are also planted to prepare medicines. In this field farm, all kinds of trees and fruit trees are planted, and cattle and other farm animals and livestock are raised. Hand-produced, sericulture, spinning all kinds of linen fabrics, making clothes and shoes, and making farm tools and weapons. In addition, there are sales of grain and agricultural and sideline products in the grange. It can be seen that in the landlord grange, all kinds of means of subsistence are basically self-sufficient. [Editor] Exploitation of laborers During the Eastern Han Dynasty, most powerful landlords used clan kinship as a means to exploit laborers, which cast a warm veil over the relationship between landlords and serfs. At that time, powerful landlords often lived in groups, especially in the war at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, they often gathered clans and built docks to defend themselves. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the strengthening of feudal subordination, most of the poor clans of powerful landlords became laborers in the grange. In the manor, the workers are mainly clans, guests, apprentices and slaves, and they have a strong dependence on powerful landlords. Among them, the status of the poor and Hakka of the manor owner is slightly higher, the apprentice is a typical serf, and the slave is the most humble. The exploitation of laborers in the grange is very heavy, and the exploitation of land rent is probably above 50%. In addition to the rent in kind, they have to work hard for the owner of the grange for free. Not only that, the powerful landlords also organized them to form private armed forces, guarding the home guards and patrolmen at ordinary times and fighting with their owners in wartime. This kind of private soldier of the powerful landlord is called "Buqu" in history. Due to the heavy exploitation, the life of clans and visitors is extremely painful. "Life has a lifetime of diligence, and death has a lifetime of worry." When I was young, I was displaced, married and had children. "(Cui Shi's" Political Theory ") In order to eliminate farmers' resistance, powerful landlords also consciously use clan relations to divide farmers. According to the "four-person monthly order", every year before and after the spring ploughing, the manor owner "helps the poor and serves nine families, starting with the closest relatives". Before and after the autumn harvest, they also "asked nine families who were lonely, old, weak, sick and disabled and could not stand on their own feet." For the poor and the dead in the same family, the family will correct and bury them. In winter and the twelfth lunar month, we should also "invite clans, get married, visit guests, travel, talk about peace ceremonies" and "stop farming and rest". "Therefore, a relatively loose relationship is often formed within the feudal manor. Therefore, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, feudal granges could organize production well. Because of this, whenever there is a war, there will often be a phenomenon that powerful landlords lead a large group of clan relatives and guests, abide by the law, or choose places to avoid chaos, or build docks for self-defense, or even take their families to the battlefield and raise sects to rebel. During the peasant uprising, the manor armed forces of the powerful landlords also became the force to suppress the peasant army. Owner farmers and feudal state ownership [Editor] Owner farmers in the Eastern Han Dynasty, although the feudal government implemented the policy of exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, actually exploited farmers in many ways. Landlords and officials oppress the people and shift the burden in various ways. For example, during the reign of Emperor Han Ming, the government ordered the promotion of regional planting methods to increase production. Therefore, some places increase farmers' tax burden by exaggerating their cultivated land area. Another example is that at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, farmers were forbidden to engage in commercial activities that hindered the farming season, and local officials and powerful landlords imposed various restrictions on farmers accordingly, stipulating that those who owned fields were not allowed to fish for their own benefit. Coupled with various excuses, arbitrarily requisitioning farmers, transferring troops to distant places, etc., they are breathless. In a word, farmers have a heavy burden of tax corvee, and the oppression of powerful landlords makes their lives extremely difficult, often ending in "starvation and displacement". [Editor] The feudal state-owned economy was another important economic form in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Feudal countries not only controlled a lot of land and mountains and rivers, but also directly operated many production undertakings. The management of handicrafts, in particular, is more concentrated in the hands of feudal countries. Among the government agencies in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the production enterprises run by Dasinong, Shaofu, Jiang Zuoda and Taifu were the most important. In addition to managing state taxes, Dasinong is also responsible for reclamation and other affairs. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the army was the main way to cultivate land, and there were also people who raised land in the border areas, releasing prisoners who were exempted from punishment. The leveling department and the official guidance department under Dasinong also dye and process all kinds of silk and linen textiles respectively. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the production of salt and iron was managed by counties. In fact, Shaofu was the emperor's housekeeper. In addition to managing all kinds of taxes, Shaofu directly organized the production of daily necessities and various luxuries needed by the royal family. There are workers and officials in Shaofu who organize production in famous handicraft centers all over the country, and the scale is quite large. The master will directly preside over the construction of civil engineering such as palaces, capitals, gardens and tombs. Servants are mainly responsible for making all kinds of weapons and equipment and managing pastoral areas around the country. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, state-owned production enterprises also used more slaves. At the same time, there are a large number of criminals who are punished for hard labor, farmers who serve corvees and a few domestic workers. Large-scale civil engineering relies more on corvee to complete the southern landlord manor economy in the Six Dynasties.