The ancients were able to use balance, harmony, symmetry, axis of light and shade and other design techniques very early to achieve beautiful results. Ancient architecture emphasized artistic decoration, but it was not complicated. It only focused on the main parts, such as window eaves, lintels, roofs, etc., and the layout was mostly in the direction of balance, not high-rise buildings. After the introduction of Buddhism, pavilions and pagodas appeared, and * * * architecture prevailed. All the artistic processing of the building is also the processing of the structural system and components, such as the combination of color, decoration and components, which constitutes a rich and gorgeous artistic achievement, carved with beams and painted buildings, beautiful and colorful; Couplet plaques stimulate interest and daydream endlessly.
There are many kinds of ancient architecture, including palaces, cemeteries, monasteries, temples, gardens, bridges and pagodas.
The Tang Dynasty (618-917 AD) was the climax of the economic and cultural development of China feudal society, and the architectural technology and art also made great progress. The architectural style of the Tang Dynasty is characterized by grandeur, neatness and cheerfulness.
in the Tang dynasty, the buildings were large in scale and well planned, and the overall planning of China buildings became more and more mature during this period. Both Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) in Tang Dou and Luoyang in the east have built huge palaces, courtyards and government offices, and the architectural layout is more standardized and reasonable. Chang 'an was the most magnificent city in the world at that time, and its planning was also the most rigorous in the ancient capital city of China. The imperial palace Daming Palace in Chang 'an was extremely magnificent, and its ruins were more than three times the total area of the Qingming Palace and the Forbidden City.
The wooden buildings in the Tang Dynasty realized the unity of artistic processing and structural modeling, and the building components, including bucket arches, columns and beams, all reflected the perfect combination of strength and beauty. The buildings in the Tang Dynasty are simple, solemn and generous, with simple and bright colors. Bukkoji Hall in Wutai Mountain is a typical building in Tang Dynasty, which embodies the above characteristics.
In addition, the masonry buildings in the Tang Dynasty have also been further developed, and most pagodas are made of masonry. The existing Tang pagodas in China, including the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an, Little Wild Goose Pagoda and Chihiro Pagoda in Dali, are all brick pagodas.
China's garden architecture has a long history and enjoys a good reputation in the world garden history. In the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,111 years ago, China had the earliest palace gardens. Since then, all the capital cities of China and local famous cities have built gardens, and China's urban gardens are rich and colorful, occupying a glorious position in the three major garden systems in the world.
China gardens, which are dominated by mountains and rivers, are unique in style and flexible in layout, combining artificial beauty with natural beauty, resulting in a wonderful effect. These garden buildings originate from nature and are higher than nature, and they are hidden in the mountains and rivers, which promotes the natural beauty to a higher level.
The garden buildings in China include grand royal gardens and exquisite private gardens. These buildings are exquisitely arranged with landscapes, flowers and trees, courtyards, covered bridges and couplets, which make the mountains and rivers full of emotion and endless artistic conception. The realm of China gardens can be divided into three categories: the realm of governing the world, the realm of immortals and the realm of nature.
China's thoughts of being practical, having a high sense of social responsibility, and attaching importance to moral and ethical values and political significance are reflected in landscaping, which is the realm of governing the world. This realm is more common in royal gardens, and about half of the scenic spots in the famous Royal Garden Yuanmingyuan reflect this realm.
The realm of immortals means that romanticism is taken as the aesthetic standard in the construction of gardens, and China's Taoist thought emphasizes natural tranquility and self-cultivation. This realm is reflected in both royal gardens and temple gardens, such as Pengdao Yaotai in Yuanmingyuan, ancient Taoist temple in Qingcheng Mountain in Sichuan, Nanyan Palace in Wudang Mountain in Hubei, etc.
The natural realm focuses on freehand brushwork, and pays attention to expressing the feelings of garden owners. This realm is mostly reflected in literati gardens, such as Canglang Pavilion in Su Shunqin in the Song Dynasty and Sima Guang's unique paradise.
The differences between Chinese and western gardens lie in the following: Western gardens emphasize the principles of geometry and mathematics, and focus on architecture; China gardens focus on the natural landscape and visitors' beautiful feelings, and pay more attention to the harmony between man and nature.
Palace architecture, also known as palace architecture, is a huge and magnificent building built by the emperor to consolidate his rule, highlight the majesty of imperial power and satisfy the enjoyment of spiritual life and material life. Most of these buildings are magnificent and magnificent.
from the Qin dynasty, the "palace" became the place where the emperor and the royal family lived, and the palace became the place where the emperor handled the affairs of state affairs. The scale of China Palace building has been increasing in the years to come. Its typical features are huge arches, covered with golden glazed tiles, colorful paintings, finely carved ceiling caissons, white marble abutments, balustrades, beams and columns, and surrounding architectural sketches. The Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing is a typical palace building.
In order to reflect the supremacy of imperial power and the hierarchical concept with imperial power as the core, the ancient palace buildings in China adopted a strict central axis symmetry layout: the buildings on the central axis are tall and gorgeous, and the buildings on both sides of the axis are relatively low, small and simple. Because China's etiquette thought contains the contents of worshipping ancestors, advocating filial piety, valuing grain and offering sacrifices to the land gods, China Palace usually has an ancestral temple (also called ancestral temple) in the left front for emperors to worship their ancestors, and a country altar in the right front for emperors to worship the land gods and grain gods (the country is the land and the millet is the grain). This pattern is called "Zuo Zu You She". The ancient palace buildings themselves are also divided into two parts, namely, "the former dynasty is the place where the emperor ruled the government and held ceremonies, and the latter is the place where the emperor and his concubines lived and lived."
China Palace is represented by the Forbidden City in Beijing. The Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City, was the court of emperors in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and 24 emperors lived here successively. The Forbidden City covers an area of 721,111 square meters and has more than 9,111 houses. It is surrounded by a red wall several meters high, with a circumference of more than 3,411 meters, and a moat outside the wall. The scale, unique style, gorgeous furnishings and splendid architecture of the Forbidden City are extremely rare in the world palace architecture.
The Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The former part is the place where the emperor held important ceremonies and issued orders. The main buildings are the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe. These buildings are all built on the 8-meter-high platform built of white marble, which looks like the fairy que of Qionggong from afar. The architectural image is serious, solemn, magnificent and majestic, and the interiors of the three halls are resplendent. The latter part of the Forbidden City, the "Inner Palace", is the place where the emperor handles government affairs and concubines live. The main buildings in this part, such as Ganqing Palace, Kunning Palace and Imperial Garden, are full of rich flavor of life. Most of the buildings include gardens, study rooms, pavilions and rocks, all of which form their own courtyards.
Due to the change of dynasties and wars, there are not many ancient palace buildings in China. Besides the Forbidden City in Beijing, there are also the Imperial Palace in Shenyang. In addition, there are several palace sites of Han and Tang dynasties in Xi 'an.
Mausoleum architecture is an important part of ancient architecture in China. Based on the idea that people die but their souls are immortal, the ancient people in China generally attached great importance to funeral. Therefore, no matter what class, they carefully constructed tombs. In the long historical process, China's mausoleum architecture has made great progress, resulting in a rare and huge ancient emperor and empress tombs; And in the process of historical evolution, the mausoleum building gradually merged with painting, calligraphy, sculpture and other art schools, and became a comprehensive body reflecting various artistic achievements.
Mausoleum building is one of the most magnificent and huge buildings in China. These mausoleum buildings are generally built by using natural terrain and relying on mountains; There are also a few built on the plains. The layout of China Cemetery is mostly surrounded by walls, with doors open on all sides and turrets built at four corners. There is a tunnel in front of the mausoleum, and there are statues of stone men and beasts on both sides of the tunnel. The pine and cypress trees in the cemetery are lush and dense, giving people a sense of solemnity and tranquility.