◇ Dazu District, Chongqing gives collectively-operated construction land the same power as state-owned land, and implements public transactions based on rural land trading market and public resource trading center, and finds prices through the market.

◇ The income distribution of collective management construction land entering the market is not only the focus of reform, but also the risk point of contradiction. Some village groups have refined and summarized the practice of "three points and two points", which has certain reference significance.

After "agricultural land enters the market", how to clarify the corresponding rights, responsibilities and interests of the government, the collective and enterprises in the next step needs to be clarified through legislation.

Recently, the reporter of Outlook News Weekly learned that the pilot projects of land expropriation, collective construction land entering the market and homestead system reform (referred to as "three plots of land" reform) are in the stage of practical learning from the grassroots, and the relevant achievements, difficulties and explorations of each pilot land will provide reference for national decision-making.

As one of the 33 pilot counties of "three plots of land" reform in China, in the past five years, Dazu District of Chongqing has promoted the reform as a whole, refrained from "single soldier's sudden advance", narrowed the scope of land acquisition, standardized the procedures for land acquisition, improved the policy of "agricultural land entering the market", and achieved the same rights and prices for collectively operated construction land and state-owned land, resulting in major changes in the pattern of urban and rural land use. Through Dazu's reform "experimental field", we can see the positive role of land system reform in activating rural factor market.

Equal empowerment of agricultural land and state-owned land.

Non-agricultural construction no longer relies solely on land acquisition, but promotes rural collective management construction land to enter the market and establishes a unified urban and rural construction land market, which is the key link of current agricultural land reform. How does farmland enter the market? What agricultural land can enter the market? If the scope of land acquisition is unlimited, it may squeeze the space for agricultural land to enter the market; If the compensation standard for land expropriation is lower than the market price, it may affect the enthusiasm of landless farmers and even intensify the conflict of interests. ...

The practice of Dazu District is, first of all, to do a good job in the connection and coordination of the two systems of land acquisition and agricultural land entering the market. Dazu District has drawn up a "list" of land acquisition, which clearly stipulates that seven types of public land, such as state organs and national defense and military land, natural environment protection, disaster prevention and public safety land, can be used for land acquisition, thus narrowing the scope of land acquisition.

At present, Dazu District has completed four pilot land acquisition reforms. Among them, long gang zhen Qianjin community Dazu domestic waste landfill expansion project covers an area of nearly 900 mu. "Unlike in the past when land acquisition was started after approval, according to the requirements of standardizing land acquisition procedures, great changes have taken place in the land acquisition process of this progressive community: First, mass hearings were organized, farmers' representative meetings were held, and policies were preached to farmers, so that the masses could fully express their opinions. At the representative meeting, more than two-thirds of farmers agree to land acquisition before the relevant land acquisition procedures can be started. Gao, director of long gang zhen Land Institute, said that the whole process of land acquisition was very smooth and there was no major contradiction because the respect for public opinion was put in the first place and the reasonable demands of the masses were fully absorbed.

Secondly, the land for non-public welfare projects is guaranteed by the way of collective management construction land entering the market. In Dazu District, collectively-operated construction land is endowed with the same power as state-owned land, and the way of entering the market is the same as that of state-owned land. It is publicly traded by relying on rural land trading market and public resource trading center, and the price is found through the market.

"By the end of 20 18, Dazu District had completed' entering the market '5 1 plot, with an area of 147 1 mu, with a total transaction price of more than 500 million yuan." Luo Xiaohong, deputy director of the Planning and Natural Resources Bureau of Dazu District, said that there is a clear transaction process for collectively-operated construction land to enter the market, including intentional land selection, town and street government audit, relevant functional departments audit, market entry transaction, market participants paying adjustment funds, contract signing and filing, and warrant handling.

Third, flexible channels for collective construction land to enter the market. Enter the market on the spot. Group 3, Changhong Village, Shiwan Town, Dazu District, 20 16 of 9.05 mu of collectively operated construction land entered the market, and the land transaction price was more than 5.35 million yuan. "Delisting" Chongqing Juhao Pump Industry Co., Ltd. is a manufacturer of pump parts. Gao Ke, deputy general manager of the company, said that the land had been idle for 10 years before entering the market. After the enterprise "delisted", the land was reused. At present, the enterprise operates smoothly, with an annual output value of more than 5 million yuan.

Concentrate the remote, idle, abandoned and scattered stock of collectively-operated construction land indicators into industrial concentration areas with obvious location advantages and convenient transportation.

No matter through what channels, Luo Xiaohong said, the key is to let farmers have the right to know, participate and make decisions in the reform. "For example, whether agricultural land enters the market, at what price, land use, reserve price and other matters require democratic decisions by members of collective economic organizations. Relevant resolutions must be signed and agreed by more than two-thirds of the members, and formal voting materials can be formed and publicized before implementation. "

Relax the realization channels of homestead rights and interests

Where should agricultural land enter the market first? In addition to revitalizing the stock of collective construction land, carefully promoting the connection between the paid withdrawal of homestead and the entry of collective construction land into the market is conducive to releasing more rural construction land resources and benefiting farmers who are willing to voluntarily withdraw from the land.

On the premise of insisting on collective ownership of land, Dazu District explores the realization path of "property right incentive and factor flow" of homestead.

First, on the premise of ensuring that farmers "live and live", they are given various powers such as renting, transferring and holding shares in homesteads.

Heping Village, Tang Xiang Street, Dazu District is close to the urban area, and there is a strong demand for renting farmhouses. "There are 150 households renting farmhouses in our village, some are single rooms, some are whole buildings, and others rent houses to start farmhouses and develop rural tourism. Rent has also become an important source of income for farmers. "Jiang, secretary of Heping Village Branch, told the reporter that only Heping Village 1 group, the rental income of rural houses is 500,000 to 600,000 yuan a year, with an average income per household 1 10,000 yuan.

Second, make a negative list of "liberalization" and strictly abide by the "three bottom lines", that is, the nature of land public ownership remains unchanged, the red line of cultivated land does not break through, and the interests of farmers are not damaged. Regarding the scope of circulation, Dazu District has made it clear that urban residents can only transfer the right to use the homestead by means of shares or lease, and it is forbidden to use the homestead to build villa courtyards and private clubs in rural areas. In addition to this negative list, it also encourages innovation in policy and practice.

"Liberalization" has expanded the realization channels of homestead withdrawal. In the past, the realization of homestead was mainly through land acquisition and reclamation as the index of urban construction land. Now, land can be reclaimed from the sea and traded with "land tickets"; After the homestead is returned to the collective economic organization, the land value can be "realized" by the way of collective operating construction land entering the market.

In Bazhu Village, longshui town, Dazu District, last year, eight farmers voluntarily withdrew from their homesteads and received cash compensation by directly entering the market. Among them, the farmhouse of 63-year-old villager Luo Tianhua has been vacant for more than 30 years. After the land entered the market, Luo Tianhua got more than 50,000 yuan in compensation and moved to the town to live with his son.

Collectives, farmers and enterprises * * * enjoy the land reform bonus.

In the five years since the pilot reform of "three plots of land" in Dazu District, the comprehensive benefits have gradually emerged, which has injected new impetus into the rural revitalization and coordinated urban and rural development in Dazu District.

The total transaction price of collective construction land in Dazu District exceeded 500 million yuan, of which the average transfer price of commercial and service land with higher price reached 500,000 yuan/mu, which enhanced the sense of farmers and rural collective economic organizations. Taking the third group of Changhong Village in Shiwan Town as an example, Gu Mingyong, the group leader, said that after the "listing" transaction of collectively operated construction land, the remaining funds were distributed to farmers after deducting related costs, collecting land value-added income adjustment funds and social collectives retaining collective accumulation. There are more than 260 farmers in three groups, and each of them can get nearly 3000 yuan on average, which has become the real cash income of the masses.

Land value-added income feeds back "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Dazu District stipulates that rural collective economic organizations shall retain land according to the net income of not less than 30%. "This part of the funds is mainly used for rural public utilities, improving infrastructure and other aspects to support the development and growth of rural collective economy." Luo Xiaohong said.

Through the purchase or lease of collectively operated construction land, the ways of enterprise land use have been broadened. Chongqing Yuanhe Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., which is engaged in deep processing of strontium salt, leased 46 mu of collective construction land for Group 3 of Gulong Community in Gulong Town on June 201KLOC-0/. According to the person in charge of the enterprise, by signing the transfer (lease) contract to enter the market, the land boundary and ownership are clearly defined, and with the legal guarantee of land use, the enterprise has a "reassuring". Next, Yuanhe Company is going to invest 30 million yuan for the technical transformation of factory automation to improve its operating efficiency.

It is worth mentioning that it has been difficult to cultivate new industries and new formats in rural areas for a long time. A major sticking point is the difficulty of land use, and the problem of "emphasizing the city over the countryside" in the arrangement of construction land is outstanding. Relying on "farmland entering the market" now is helpful to alleviate the land security problem of rural industry revitalization and construction.

In longshui town, Dazu District, Chongqing Dingxiang Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. was delisted for three times, and obtained the index of nearly 10 mu of collective management and construction land, preparing to build a new winter vegetable boutique Grand View Garden. At present, the construction is progressing smoothly. Li Huaqiong, general manager of the company, told the reporter: "The plot we chose is next to the main traffic road. The project integrates winter vegetable processing, display and catering and will be put into operation this year. "

The screening of qualification rights needs to be clear.

According to an interview with the reporter of Outlook News Weekly, the income distribution of collective construction land entering the market is not only a focus of reform, but also a contradictory risk point.

First, how to divide the income? According to the reform design, the retained earnings of collective economic organizations are not less than 30% of net income. Some villagers are worried that due to inadequate supervision, funds will "run away".

Second, who can divide it? In recent years, with the factors such as going out to work, land acquisition and demolition, and daughters marrying outside, a large number of farmers have moved their hukou to cities or other villages and are no longer members of this collective economic organization. After the "agricultural land enters the market", there are different opinions about who can share it and how much. According to the rural rules and regulations, rural people generally believe that people who have married women and moved to cities should not participate in distribution, but in the face of huge interests, anyone who can participate wants to come back and divide, which is prone to disputes.

In practice, some village groups have refined and summarized the practice of "three points and two points", which has certain reference significance. "Three points", that is, "those with household registration, contracted land and long-term residence", can each distribute 1/3 of the income; "There is no distinction between the two", that is, "empty households who have participated in rural to non-agricultural social security" do not distribute income.

In the reform of homestead, there are also practical obstacles in the identification of farmers' qualification rights in homestead. Ensuring the qualification rights of homestead farmers is an important goal of homestead reform. In the past, an important basis for defining qualification right was household registration and membership of collective economic organizations. But now the rural population is moving faster, and many people, such as college students, married women and adopted sons, have gone to cities to study and moved or changed their household registration actively or passively. How to accurately determine the qualifications and rights of these people needs to be gradually clarified by laws and policies.

Some reform supporting problems also need a clear response. First of all, what should be done with the collective operating construction land after its expiration? A unified opinion has not yet been formed throughout the country; Secondly, it is difficult to "supervise after approval" the collectively operated construction land. For example, in order to achieve the purpose of intensive land conservation, the relevant departments have input-output index requirements for industrial land, and how to standardize the implementation of collectively operated construction land after entering the market needs further exploration; Furthermore, how to further clarify the corresponding rights, responsibilities and interests of the government, collectives and enterprises after the "agricultural land entering the market" needs to be clarified by the state through legislation in combination with reform practice.