The history of Qing dynasty
The establishment of post-Jin regime
The Nuzhen nationality, the predecessor of Manchu, has been living in Manchuria, which is the northeast of China today. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty wanted to suppress the remnants of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, so the Ming Dynasty set up the Far East command post in Manchuria and began to control the tribes of the Jurchen Department.
Jurchen Meng Gomel (the sixth ancestor of Nurhachi) was the commander-in-chief of statehood in the Ming Dynasty. The northern tribes are powerful and oppress the south to establish a state. Timur Mungo was killed, and the Ministry of Jianzhou was forced to move south, and finally settled in Hetuala.
After Jianzhou moved to the south, it kept close contact with the Central Plains, the social productivity was significantly improved, the economy was prosperous, and the Eight Banners system was established immediately. At this time, it was Nurhachi who was the leader of the state-building department of the Ming Dynasty. 1583 (in the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty), Nuerhachi took attacking the seal as the commander-in-chief, and with thirteen ancestral and paternal legacies, he merged four departments of Haixi successively, conquered the Nuzhen in the East China Sea and unified the Nuzhen departments scattered in Manchuria.
16 16 years (forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi called Khan in Hetuala, established Daikin (known as Houjin in history), and changed his destiny.
16 18 (three years of destiny, forty-six years of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi published an essay entitled "Seven Great Hatreds" and began to openly fight against the Ming Dynasty.
The Qing dynasty was established and entered the customs.
1636, Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shenyang, changed his country name to Daqing and his country name to Yuan Chongde, and the Qing Dynasty was formally established. 1643, Huang taiji died of illness, and the ninth son Fu Lin succeeded to the emperor shunzhi.
1644, Li Zicheng peasant army overthrew the rule of Ming dynasty, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the customs to defeat the peasant army. In the same year (the first year of Shunzhi), Dourgen welcomed the emperor shunzhi into Shanhaiguan and reigned in Beijing, with its capital in Beijing.
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to alleviate class contradictions and implement the policy of encouraging land reclamation and tax reduction, the social economy of the mainland and border areas recovered somewhat compared with the war in the late Ming Dynasty. By the middle of18th century, the feudal economy had reached a new peak, which was called "the prosperous time of Kang Yong". In this way, the centralized autocratic system is more rigorous, with strong national strength and stable order. By the end of the 18th century, the population of Qing Dynasty had reached about 300 million. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan Province Province was unified, and the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty was signed with Russia, which demarcated the eastern border between China and Russia. In the middle of Qianlong period, Junggar and Uighur were pacified and Xinjiang was unified. This not only solved the long-standing contradiction between nomadic people and agricultural people in the history of China, but also adopted a series of policies to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the border areas, consolidated the unity of China's multi-ethnic countries, laid the territory of modern China, and enhanced the unity and cohesion of the Chinese nation. The territory of the Qing Dynasty was as high as 654.38+0.2 million square kilometers, starting from Balkhash Lake and Qinling Mountains in the west, reaching the Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the sea area including Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands in the east, the South China Sea Islands in the south, Guangxi, Yunnan and Tibet including Dalac in the southwest, and Mobei and Waixing 'an Mountains in the north. Culturally, several famous books such as Sikuquanshu and Ancient and Modern Books Integration were compiled during Kanggan period, which not only cleaned up and summarized the ancient cultural heritage of China, but also burned a large number of precious books. Because there is a strong sense of "debate between China and foreign countries" in a large number of ancient books in China, after the Manchu entered the customs, in order to consolidate the rule as an alien and eliminate the subjective consciousness of the Han nationality, the ancient books in China were centralized, inspected, revised and destroyed, which is the so-called collation of Sikuquanshu. Among them, those that were considered unfavorable to the Qing Dynasty were modified or destroyed. Among them, the famous Heavenly Creations was destroyed because of the idea of "anti-Manchu". Fortunately, the original version of the Ming Dynasty hidden in Heavenly Creations was republished in China. However, a large number of precious books that have not been kept abroad have been lost forever, which is a catastrophe in the cultural history of China.
Because Daxing Literary Prison in Qing Dynasty burned books and buried Confucianism, behind closed doors and was blind and arrogant. Therefore, compared with the prosperous times of western capitalism in the same period, these achievements made in the late feudal society of China are dwarfed. China has fallen behind the advanced trend of world development and is pulling away.
After the mid-Qing Dynasty, due to the long history, various social contradictions became increasingly exposed, and anti-Qing struggles broke out one after another. The Anbaili Uprising, which lasted for nine years, ended the heyday of the Qing Dynasty. 1840 After the Opium War and the imperialist invasion, the Qing court and the invaders respectively concluded a series of unequal treaties, ceded land for compensation and opened trading ports, and China gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. China's sovereignty was seriously damaged, and the Manchu lost its early enterprising spirit, political corruption, rigid thinking, cowardice and inferiority, and stumbled into a period of decline. The people's burden is heavier and they are in dire straits, so a series of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movements such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Nian Army Uprising broke out. In order to save their own destiny, the ruling class also carried out some reform activities, such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898, trying to make China embark on the road of prosperity and independence through top-down changes, but all ended in failure. Countless people with lofty ideals fought bloody battles to save the nation from peril. The wave of patriotism is surging in the modern history of China. 19 1 1 year, the Revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, ending the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years, and the history of China entered a new chapter. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, * * * experienced ten emperors for 268 years.
Debate about Qing Dynasty
There is controversy about the position of Qing Dynasty in the history of China. Many people think that it is because Confucianism has been actively promoted since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, so it was named Qing Dynasty and its capital was Beijing in the Central Plains. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty basically retained the original ruling institutions of the Ming Dynasty to rule the people, and regarded itself as the inheritor of the Confucian tradition and the orthodoxy of the Central Plains, so the Qing Dynasty was the orthodox dynasty of China. In the diplomatic documents and official documents between the Qing Dynasty and western countries in modern times, "China" is often used to refer to the Qing Dynasty and is the international representative of China. However, some people disagree with this view. According to this view, the Qing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty) was an alien or foreign regime established on the land of China after the demise of the Ming Dynasty, representing China orthodoxy, so China was in the period of national subjugation at this time. Note that people who hold this view think that "China" is China representing the Han nationality, while "foreigner" refers to Manchu based on the Han nationality. People who support this view usually hold a negative view of the Qing Dynasty, and often point out events such as shaving their heads and changing clothes in the early years of the Qing Dynasty to support this view.
Royal genealogy in Qing dynasty
history
emperor
Emperor introduction
Historical event period
He ascended the throne in 16 16.
A.D. 1626 acceded to the throne.
Taizu (Nurhachi) 8
Birth: 1559- death: 1626 (in place 10).
Nurhachi, surnamed Aisin Giorlo, born in the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1559), was a Manchu slave owner's family. In the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1583), it was "the king of China". In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), in Hetuala, Jianyuan was called Khan, and the country name was Daikin (known as Houjin in history). In the battle with Yuan Chonghuan, a famous soldier in Ningyuan, he was defeated and injured, and died in August in the eleventh year of Destiny (1626). At the age of 68. Keywords the battle of Salhu, the case of moving the palace, the red pill case, the battle of Ningyuan,
He ascended the throne on 1627.
In 1643, he abdicated.
Emperor Taizong (Huang Taiji) 8
Birth: 1592- death: 1643 (in place 16).
Eisingiro. Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was his mother Ye Henara. Huang taiji was born on October 25th in the 20th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1592). Nurhachi Ningyuan was in the post-Jin Khan position after his defeat. /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/7 and died in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643). The name of the temple is Taizong. Yuan Chonghuan's death, Xu Xiake's travels, Jin Song's triumph.
He ascended the throne on 1643.
In 166 1 year, he ascended the throne.
Jing (Fu Lin) 8
Birth: 1638- death: 166 1 year (in office 18).
The emperor shunzhi Fu Lin was the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He is the ninth son of Huang Taiji and was born in Chongde for three years (1638). Chongde acceded to the throne in Shenyang on August 26th, 2008, and was changed to Shunzhi. He was in office 18. He died in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1) at the age of 24. On the 10th day in Yangzhou, the butchers of Jiading and Li Zicheng suffered a crushing defeat.
He ascended the throne in 166 1.
A.D. 1722 acceded to the throne.
Shengzu (Michelle Ye) 8
Birth: 1654- death: 1722 (position: 6 1 year).
Emperor Kangxi, named Michelle Ye, the third son of Shunzhi, was born in the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654 May 4th). The longest reigning emperor in China was 6 1 year. Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province, pacified "San Francisco", the treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, three expeditions to Galdin, strange stories from a strange studio,
He ascended the throne in 1722.
A.D. 1735 acceded to the throne.
Sejong (Yin Zhen) 8
Birth: 1678- death: 1735 (in place 13).
Yong Zhengdi Yin Zhen was born in the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), the fourth son of Kangxi. In 6 1 year of Kangxi, 45-year-old Yin Zhen succeeded to the throne, and in 13, he ascended the throne and died in Yuanmingyuan. Temple number sejong. Not yet.
He ascended the throne on 1735.
Acceded to the throne in 1795.
Gaozong (Li Hong) 8
Birth: 17 1 1 year-death: 1799 (60 years in office).
Li Hong was born in the 50th year of Kangxi (17 1 1) and died in the 4th year of Jiaqing (1799). He was the fourth son of Yongzheng, who reigned for 60 years. After abdicating, he became the emperor's father for three years, aged 89. Siku quanshu,
He ascended the throne on 1796.
In 1820, he abdicated.
Injong (Galactica) 8
Birth: 1760- death: 1820 (in office for 24 years).
Emperor Jiaqing was the fifteenth son of Emperor Gaozong Li Hong of the Qing Dynasty. Born in the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), he made Jia a prince in the 54th year, and became king in the 60th year of Qianlong, renamed Jiaqing, and reigned for 25 years. He died in the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) at the age of 6 1. The name of the temple is Renzong. An Baili Uprising,
He ascended the throne on 182 1.
In 1850, he abdicated.
Xuanzong (Yongning) 8
Birth: 1782- death: 1850 (in office for 29 years).
Yongning, Daoguang Emperor, was the sixth generation emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Born in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782 September 16), he died in the fourteenth day of the first month of the thirtieth year of Daoguang. After 30 years in office, he is 69 years old. The destruction of opium in Humen, the Opium War and treaty of nanking,
He ascended the throne in 1850.
In 186 1 year, he ascended the throne.
Literati Sect (Yiyi) 8
Birth: 183 1 year-death: 186 1 year (in place: 1 1 year).
Puyi, the emperor of Xianfeng, was born in the 11th year of Daoguang (183 1 July 17) in Yuanmingyuan, Beijing. Xianfeng died in the eleventh year (186 1 August 22nd). In office 1 1 year. Keywords Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, Burning Yuanmingyuan and Beijing Treaty, Xinyou coup,
He ascended the throne in 186 1.
A.D. 1875 acceded to the throne.
Mu Zong (Zai Chun) 8
Birth: 1856- death: 1875 (in place 14).
Tongzhi Emperor Zai Chun is the only son of Xianfeng and Yehenara. Born in Xianfeng for six years (1856). Twelve years of tongzhi. He died the following year. 19. The name of the temple is Mu Zong. Have a coup in mind, listen to politics,
He ascended the throne in 1874.
Acceded to the throne in 1908.
Dezong (Zai Tian) 8
Birth: 187 1 year-death: 1908 (in office for 34 years)
Emperor Guangxu was born in Chunwangfu, Taiping Lake, Xuanwu Gate, Beijing in the 10th year of Tongzhi (187 1 August, 14). His father Huan Yi is the seventh son of Daoguang. He reigned for 34 years and died in the 13th year of Guangxu at the age of 38. Treaty of shimonoseki, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Eight-Power Alliance and the Xin Chou Treaty,
He ascended the throne in 1908.
19 1 1 year.
Emperor Xuan Tong (Puyi) 8
Birth: A.D. 1906-Death: A.D. 1967 (three years in office).
Eisingiro. Pu Yi was born in the Spring Palace near Shichahai, Beijing in the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1February 7, 906). 19671June 17 died in Beijing at the age of 6 1. Revolution of 1911,
Queen date: unknown
Removal time: unknown
Cixi (Ye Henala) 8
Birth: A.D. 1835- Death: A.D. 1908 reign time is unknown.