Some students regard writing small scientific papers as mysterious, and think that it is a matter for scientists, which is unattainable for us children. This is a complete misunderstanding. Students can not only write, but also write high-quality papers.

Scientific papers written by scientific workers refer to scientific research reports written by the author through experiments, observation and other means, and then through analysis and research according to the scientific research projects and determined scientific research topics. The scientific papers written by students are shorter and shallower than those written by scientists.

In fact, a scientific paper is a written summary of the achievements made by students through scientific observation, experiment or investigation in extracurricular scientific activities. Its manifestations are various: it can be a conclusion drawn after careful observation and in-depth thinking about something; It can be the conclusion of analysis after hands-on experiment; It can also be a summary after a local investigation; You can also draw a conclusion by * logical reasoning. ...

So, are there any quality standards for scientific papers? Yes It must have "three characteristics".

1, science. Scientificity is one of the important characteristics that distinguish scientific papers from other genres, and it is the life of scientific papers. It requires scientific topics, correct research methods, conclusive arguments, reasonable and logical arguments, and concise and accurate words.

2. Creativity. The topic selection and main viewpoints of small papers should have their own new discoveries and unique opinions, which have certain practical significance to people's production and life. The same small paper has not participated in scientific seminars at all levels, nor has it been published in newspapers at all levels. Of course, if you further study on the basis of other people's research, it is also feasible and creative to put forward novel, unique and fully demonstrated views.

3. practicality. The title of the paper must be discovered by the author himself in scientific exploration activities; The arguments supporting the main points must be obtained by the author through observation, investigation, experiment and other research methods, and have practical basis; The paper must be written by the author himself. There can be no signs of fabrication, speculation or adult substitution.

The above "three natures" are the quality standards for measuring scientific papers. If you write Sunflower, although your observation is meticulous, your posture description is vivid and your character analysis is perfect, if you can't get a scientific and meaningful conclusion, it can only be regarded as a good essay or observation diary, not a scientific essay.

Writing scientific papers is a very hard work and a very meaningful activity. Success belongs to young friends who are brave in exploration and unremitting pursuit!

Second, the types of scientific papers

The most common forms of scientific papers are scientific observation papers, scientific experiment papers, scientific investigation papers and scientific explanation papers.

Scientific observation paper

Scientific observation essay refers to teenagers' careful observation of something or a natural phenomenon, careful analysis and comprehensive study of the obtained materials and data, and then draw conclusions and make scientific explanations and descriptions.

It should be noted that the research object in scientific observation essay is an objective natural thing or phenomenon, which occurs under the condition of natural light and is not controlled by human beings, so the content described in this paper should be the object, process, conditions and various phenomena observed by the author, and no artificial conditions or personal prejudice can be attached. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity, which requires the patience, meticulousness and perseverance of the author.

(2) Small scientific experimental papers

Essays on scientific experiments, sometimes called "experimental reports", are articles that teenagers create specific conditions for the research objects, analyze the obtained materials and data after repeated experiments, and draw comprehensive conclusions. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena.

The purpose of the experiment is clear, the experimental steps are detailed, the data are accurate, the explanation is strong, and the conclusion is true and credible. It is an excellent scientific experiment essay.

(3) A short paper on scientific investigation

If you want to study the pollution degree of a certain water area closely related to people's lives, the air pollution source in a certain place, and find out the evolution process of a strange mountain, the animal and plant resources and distribution in a certain range, you have to make a field trip. A small paper written through investigation, interview and field investigation is called a scientific investigation small paper. Sometimes it is also called "scientific investigation report" and "scientific investigation report".

In the article "Evergreen Water of Zhushengtian Reservoir", which won the first prize in the 5th National Youth Science Symposium, the author made a field investigation on the geographical and ecological environment and water storage capacity of the reservoir, and made a field measurement as far as possible, found out the hidden dangers of the reservoir and put forward more reasonable suggestions. This paper expounds the time, object, content and conclusion of comprehensive analysis, and draws "Rain Collection Map of Shengtian Reservoir" and "Schematic Diagram of Strong Erosion in Zhongshan City", combining with some practical data, so that readers can have a more comprehensive and clear understanding of the investigation object.

When writing a small paper on scientific investigation, it is sometimes specimens or photos of animals, plants, rocks, soil, etc. It should be attached to the text to enhance persuasiveness.

(D) scientific explanation essay

Scientific interpretation prose refers to a kind of prose in which the author uses accurate information to explain and explain a natural phenomenon or thing. Generally speaking, it does not directly adopt research methods such as observation, experiment and investigation, but mainly obtains rich second-hand information from books, periodicals and teachers, and expounds a certain point of view in a language it understands through its own comprehensive analysis and logical reasoning.

"Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" is a small paper that won the third prize of the Second National Youth Science Seminar. The author's research methods have their own characteristics. First, insist on using radio and television records to sort out the weather and temperature in Guiyang and Kunming; Second, using the ready-made scientific research achievement "China Climate Atlas", find out the representative temperature situation in Chongqing and Beijing and compare it with Guiyang and Kunming; The third is to verify the average temperature of Kunming and Guiyang in June, April, July and June, and then draw a conclusion through comprehensive analysis.

Although this kind of articles are not supported by the first three personal practices, they put forward new ideas and opinions through careful collection and comprehensive analysis by the author, so they are also recognized as scientific essays.

I want to remind you in particular, to write a short scientific explanation paper, and never ask a question and look up the information in a hurry, and then write it down without analysis. Such an article without new ideas and new insights can only be regarded as a general popular science article, not as a scientific essay, and it can't cultivate your ability to study problems.

Third, the topic selection of scientific papers

The first step in writing a short paper is to determine the research object and consider what problems to study. This is the topic. Some people say that choosing a good topic is equivalent to completing half of a small paper, which shows the importance of choosing a topic for a small paper.

Some students said that there are too many wonderful phenomena in nature. What should we study? Some students said that I was used to seeing everything in nature and found nothing novel. Besides, what I want to study has already been studied by others, and it doesn't make much sense to write it.

In fact, as long as you understand the basic principles of topic selection, master several common methods of topic selection, and be a serious and responsible person in your daily study, life and scientific and technological activities, you will certainly find topics worth discussing.

There are many ways to choose the topic of scientific papers, and individuals can choose according to different situations. The following are some common methods of selecting topics for students' reference.

1, accidental discovery method. One Sunday, Songzi's classmate Hu Changcheng was playing in the ditch behind the house. There are many tadpoles swimming around in the ditch. Suddenly, he found a little tadpole swimming alone, as if it were out of place with other tadpoles. He used twigs to pull the tadpoles out of the group into groups of tadpoles, and soon it swam alone again. He was surprised, so he and several other groups of tadpoles were put in bottles and kept at home for observation. Finally, the unsociable tadpoles became frogs, and the others grew into toads. Through long-term observation, it made clear the difference between the frog and the toad's youngest son and wrote an excellent article.

This kind of topic is not considered in advance, but only interested in the fleeting phenomenon discovered by accident, so as to seize it and seek the source.

2. Classroom extension method. In the primary school science class "Animals and Environment", students studied the relationship between earthworms and light, temperature and humidity, and found that earthworms like dark, supermarket and warm environment, and learned to experiment with the difference method to judge the wrong causal relationship. After class, you can study the living environment of centipedes, crickets, ants and other small animals with the methods you have learned. You can continue to study other mysteries of earthworms: for example, does earthworms have eyes? Can earthworms open their ears? Earthworms' regeneration ability, soil loosening ability, etc.

3. Question inquiry method. The little fly is really annoying, it is the chief culprit of infectious diseases! But he's really weird. He often comes into contact with all kinds of bacteria. Why doesn't he get sick?

Sleeping can relieve fatigue and restore energy. Do fish who wander leisurely in the water all day sleep?

……

In daily life and study, you will definitely have some questions you don't understand. Can you use it as the research object of your thesis?

Mao Dengsheng, a fifth-grade student in Daoxian County, Hunan Province, was playing with some classmates in the bamboo forest near the school one day, arguing endlessly about whether the bamboo was empty or what was in it.

Careful Mao Dengsheng has always kept this problem in mind. After school, he consulted materials and did experiments, and concluded with a lot of evidence that bamboo is not empty, but contains air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. Based on this, the essay "What's in Bamboo" won the first prize of the first national youth scientific essay contest.

4. Teacher guidance method. If you have a small animal or some flowers, but don't know where to start, you can find a teacher to choose a topic according to your actual situation and conditions.

If you join the school's science and technology group, you can tell the teacher the idea of the research and let the teacher determine the research topic, and then you can observe and experiment around the topic.

5. Scientific verification of idioms and proverbs. Most idioms are created by people in their long-term social life and practice, but some come from fables, folklore and conventions. A few of these idioms do not necessarily conform to the objective reality. It can be analyzed and verified by scientific methods.

Everyone is familiar with the idiom "a drop of water wears away a stone", which means that a drop of water can wear away a stone. This is a metaphor. As long as you persist, you can do seemingly difficult things even if your strength is small. But common sense tells us that "water drop" is just a drop of liquid, with little force and not too fast impact speed. How can it go through hard rock? Members and students began to doubt the scientific nature of this idiom, and verified the scientific nature of this idiom by doing simulation experiments and consulting materials.

"Spring breeze blows the east wind, and our ancestors get wet" is a well-known meteorological proverb. A classmate made a detailed observation record of the temperature, wind direction and weather in March, and then obtained the application scope of this proverb by using scientific statistics, which provided a reference for meteorological forecast.

Sunflowers bloom to the sun. Is this still fake? However, Hunan native Jiang Linbo challenged this theory. Through two years' experimental observation, he came to the conclusion that "Sunflowers don't always turn to the sun" and "Sunflowers turn with the sun should refer to the bud stage, and don't move after flowering".

From this point of view, even if it is a long-recognized conclusion, we should study it carefully and don't follow suit. Only in this way can we innovate.

It is particularly important to note that subjective and objective conditions should be considered when choosing a topic. As the saying goes, "know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle." When choosing a topic, you should be clear about your strengths and weaknesses, whether you are interested in the research problem, whether you have the ability to study clearly, whether you have reached this level of knowledge and understanding, whether you have the perseverance to complete this topic, and whether you have experimental equipment and venues to study this problem.

If you finish the topic of "Exploring the Mystery of Snakes", you must master the basic knowledge about snakes, have the ability to catch snakes, be able to distinguish poisonous snakes from non-poisonous snakes, and master the rescue methods of being bitten by poisonous snakes. In addition, it is necessary to have equipment for raising snakes. Otherwise, it is better to change a topic that is more in line with subjective and objective conditions.

Selection and Analysis of Four Small Papers

After the topic is determined, the materials can be selected and analyzed. The specific content is to make a research plan, collect and sort out data, conduct in-depth field visits, conduct observation experiments, analyze various materials and draw conclusions.

material

1, direct observation. It is a way for people to observe natural phenomena under natural conditions by looking carefully with their eyes.

Be careful when observing, don't let go of any subtle details. Zhuang Yueping, a student from Yunnan, spent 2_0_ days observing the whole process of pigeon hatching in detail. Almost every day, new discoveries are made, even a black spot on the pigeon and wrinkles on its eyelids are not let go. Therefore, this article "Observing Pigeon Hatching" is true and rich in content. At the same time, the observation should be recorded in detail, otherwise it is impossible to get real first-hand materials.

2. Hands-on experiments. The experimental method is to artificially intervene and control the research object, which is more conducive to giving full play to the initiative of students to reveal hidden natural mysteries than observation.

What do insects do with their hind legs? Zhang Jun, a student from Hubei Province, has successively caught more than a dozen insects such as locusts, grasshoppers and crickets, and cut off their hind legs. Through repeated experiments, observations and comparisons, many special functions of insects have been discovered.

3. Field trip. Including investigation, visit and field trip. Before the inspection, the purpose of the inspection and the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, daily necessities, etc. must be made clear. Must be prepared. In the process of inspection, it is necessary to record the time, place, process and inspection results in detail at any time and place, and sometimes bring back necessary specimens and samples to take pictures of more important phenomena. These are very useful first-hand information.

4. Get information. Due to the limitation of time, space or objective conditions, it is impossible to observe, experiment and investigate some materials in person, so we have to consult books and periodicals or consult teachers and parents. This indirectly obtained material is called second-hand material. Some problems can't be solved by your knowledge level, ability and conditions. This problem must be solved in your topic selection, so you have to check the information and find out.

(2) Analysis

After obtaining the materials, it is necessary to conduct analysis and research, select materials that can be used as arguments, select the essence according to the arguments, discard the false and retain the true, sort out and analyze according to the scientific attitude, and get your own arguments and opinions.

First of all, we should check the authenticity of various materials. Some of the materials we consult are outdated views, some explanations are only applicable to a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials are recorded incorrectly or are fictional. This material should be used resolutely.

Secondly, we should pay attention to the typicality of materials, that is, choose materials that can explain the problem, not too much, but fine, and discard materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it.

Thirdly, it is an argument to classify the selected materials, study their similarities and differences, and the relationship between them, and then draw a conclusion. The thesis argument comes from the analysis and research of materials, so we can't draw a conclusion first, and then find the materials suitable for proving the argument. For example, Xiong studied the eyesight of earthworms. She chose four materials (1) and shook them in front of earthworms with wooden sticks, red scarves and pencils. (2) the response of earthworms to various foods; (3) the response of earthworms placed at home; (4) Please ask Grandpa to get information about whether earthworms have eyes. Through the analysis of the first three experiments, it is preliminarily judged that earthworm has no eyes, and it is the place where the sense of smell finds food and the photosensitive cells find darkness. The fourth material further confirmed her inference and made the argument fully demonstrated and convincing.

Writing of Small Scientific Papers

After sorting out and analyzing the materials, you can start writing. Although there is no fixed format, writing should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making assumptions, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, scientific papers should include the following parts.

The title is the "eyes" of the article. A good title is accurate, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression, and play the role of making the finishing point.

The so-called "exact" means that the title of the article must summarize the central content of the article, so that people can see it at a glance, and they can't digress or deduct the topic, let alone use exaggerated words. The so-called "conciseness" means that the index questions should be refined, comprehensive, and focused, so as to be concise.

There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem?

The article "Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" begins: "I live in Guiyang, and I often hear people say that' Kunming is the Spring City and Guiyang is the Second Spring City'. As for why, I don't understand. I am determined to record the weather forecast and see if Guiyang is really the second spring city? " The desire to verify its scientific nature stems from such a sentence.

The problems in some articles are produced and discovered by accidental observation. You can also describe the process in chronological order from the beginning, and then ask questions at the right time.

main body

That is, analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, discovered phenomena, judgment, reasoning and conclusion. This is the core part of this paper.

It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization.

final result

At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem.

At the end of the article "Vision of Earthworms": "Oh, I see, earthworms are completely blind. They use their sense of smell to find their favorite food, and use photoreceptors to distinguish the intensity of light. "The conclusion is the end, which echoes the questions raised at the beginning and has received good results.

After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the beginning is concise, whether the argument is typical and true, whether the argument is logical, whether the argument is novel and coherent, whether the paragraphs are naturally connected, and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision.

Broadly speaking, all works that discuss the contents of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original works, briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, comments, monographs, compilations, textbooks, popular science books and so on. However, only the original work and its introduction are original, major and primary, involving inventions and other intellectual property rights.

Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. Let's just talk about some experiences in writing original works, and also talk about some experiences on how to make a good academic report. When discussing the original paper writing, I'm not going to talk about all kinds of rules and regulations about manuscript writing. Today, Dingde Cultural Workshop talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in writing, and it is also the standardization of writing ethics and writing content.

Thesis writing requires narrative in the order of article structure.

(1) title

Scientific papers are all titled and cannot be "untitled". The topic is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, try not to have subtitles, and there is no need to report it twice. Topics should be described directly, without exclamation marks and question marks, and topics of scientific papers should not be written as advertising language or news reports.

(2) Signature

Scientific papers should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data collation, induction and writing, and should be able to answer questions related to the article. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature should be approved by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as authors, or they can be thanked in general. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.

(3) Introduction

It's fascinating. It is very important to write well. A good introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. It is necessary to write down the basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the topic. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem, and the text should be concise.

(4) Materials and methods

According to the provisions, truthfully write out the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, and write out the experimental methods, indicators and judgment standards. And write the experimental design, grouping, statistical processing methods, etc. The above details have reminded you.

(v) Experimental results

It should be highly generalized, carefully analyzed and logically described. We should select the essence from the rough, and discard the false and retain the true, but we should not resort to deception because the subjective choice does not conform to our own intentions. Only data obtained during the period of unskilled technology or unstable instruments, data obtained during the period of technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, the experimental data under the same conditions and in the same period should be discarded together, not just the unsatisfactory data.

(6) Discussion

This is the key and difficult point of this paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on discussing the achievements and opinions in relevant literature at home and abroad, and express our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".

(seven) conclusions or conclusions should be written with clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. Words should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary".

8. References

This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing references is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research proposition, which is easy to find, and at the same time, it is also to respect the work of predecessors and have an accurate positioning of their own work. So there are both technical problems and scientific moral problems here.

A paper has references that need to be cited almost from beginning to end. For example, the introduction should quote the most important and directly related documents; In terms of methods, the methods adopted or used for reference should be cited; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote data to compare with literature; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results and viewpoints related to this article should be cited.

thank you

Thanks to the instructors, technical collaborators, providers of special reagents or equipment, funders and people who made important suggestions. Thank you for being sincere, true and not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before writing a thank-you note, you should get the consent of the person being thanked, and you can't pull banners to make tiger skins.

(10) abstract or abstract

Briefly summarize the full text in about 200 words. Always put the first one. Write carefully and attractively. Letting readers read the abstract is like seeing the epitome of the full text, or they want to continue reading the relevant parts of the full text after reading the abstract. In addition, several key words should be given, and the key words should be written in real key academic vocabulary, not in general terms.

My mother once told me such a riddle: "Zhuge Liang in Nanyang, sit tight." Arrange the eight diagrams and catch the flying generals. "This myth tells us that spiders only eat living things, but don't they eat dead things? This aroused my interest and I did the experiment.

I caught a little spider from the corner and put it in a box (with holes around it and glass on it for easy observation). Before the spider could weave a web, I picked up a dead bug and a dead fly and put them in front of the spider. The spider ignored them, then hit the box with her hand, and the spider crawled in other directions.

In order to find out whether spiders eat dead flies completely, the next day, I came to the box to observe and saw that dead insects and dead flies were still in their original places, but there was a net in the corner of the box, and the spider was lying quietly on the net. At this time, I thought: Is it because there is no net that the dead flies and insects didn't eat it yesterday? So I picked up the dead fly and gently put it on the net, but the spider still didn't move. Then, I gently touched the edge of the net with my pen. Gee, the spider seems to have a reaction and started to climb in a trembling direction. I took the pen back and the net stopped shaking. The signal was interrupted and stopped. Soon, the spider climbed to the center of the web again. I touched the dead fly's body on the net with the pen tip again, and the net began to vibrate, and spiders began to crawl here. I took back the nib again and the spider stopped. Like last time, after a while, the spider climbed to the center of the web again. Oh! I finally understand that spiders feel by the vibration of their webs and prey by weaving them. So, I recorded the experimental results.

In order to prove that spiders feel through the vibration of their webs, I did another experiment. Put the pen tip on the dead fly on the net and vibrate for a long time. The vibration of the web is getting bigger and bigger, and the spider seems to feel stronger and stronger. Spiders will come in a hurry. When a spider meets a fly, I will take back the pen tip, only to see that the spider's tail will soon spit out sticky silk to tie the fly, and then look at the spider's back, as if sucking the fly. Soon, there was a complete empty shell left on the Internet. This experiment proves that spiders eat moving insects.

Our secret group went to the library and bookstore to consult a lot of books about spiders. Among them, General Zoology wrote that spiders are carnivores, and their food is mostly insects or other arthropods. But the mouth has no upper jaw, so you don't swallow solid food directly, but suck it slowly. When insects and other animals come into contact with the net, they will struggle desperately on the net to make the net silk vibrate, so that spiders will find it soon. Spiders will crawl along the longitudinal silk to their prey, wrap the prey with spider silk and fix it on the net. First, the venom secreted by the poisonous gland in the claw limb is injected into the captured prey to kill it, then the digestive enzyme secreted by the midgut is injected into the captured tissue torn by the claw limb, which is quickly decomposed into juice, inhaled into the digestive tract, and finally eaten the remaining body shell. These fully prove that flying insects make the spider's web vibrate, and the web vibration will make it feel, and the spider will catch its prey if it feels. So it is confirmed that spiders only eat live animals, not dead insects.