The United Nations on the eve of the 50th anniversary of its founding, the United Nations has been given a precious birthday gift - by the people of China, the gift of the giant bronze - Century Bao Ding. -Century Baoding.
The Century Tripod is placed on the green lawn of the North Garden of the UN building. The tripod seat is 0.5 meters high, symbolizing the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations; the tripod body is 2.1 meters high, symbolizing the upcoming 21st century. The tripod weighs 1.5 tons, with three feet and two ears, a slightly bulging belly and a rounded bottom, surrounded by Shang and Zhou decorations, carved in relief with animal faces and filled with cloud patterns. The base is decorated with 56 dragons, symbolizing that the 56 ethnic groups in China are the heirs of the dragon. Inside the tripod is cast (zhù) with the inscription (míng) "casting and presenting the Century Treasure Tripod, celebrating the 50th birthday of the United Nations". In front of the tripod seat for the "century treasure tripod" four big gold characters. Behind the tripod seat written "the Chinese people *** and the State of October 1995". The whole tripod modeling simple, exquisite craftsmanship (zhàn), can be called a magnificent masterpiece.
The tripod is a kind of cooking utensil used by Chinese ancestors in ancient times, and later developed into a ceremonial instrument. The Chinese idioms of "bells ringing and tripods eating" and "a word nine tripods" reflect the unique status of the tripod in the social life of ancient China. As an important ceremonial weapon, the tripod symbolizes unity, uniformity and authority, and is an auspicious symbol representing peace, development and prosperity. This century treasure tripod, set the ancient Chinese bronze art of the great, melting (róng) ancient techniques and modern technology in one furnace. Its overall structure (gòu), artistic styling and ornamentation, showing the long history and splendid culture of the Chinese nation.
The United Nations holds gifts from countries all over the world, each with its own significance. China's treasure tripod symbolizes (yù) deeper meaning. The tripod is a symbol of prosperity and the dragon is a sign of good fortune. It expresses the good wishes of the Chinese people for the United Nations and their hope for a better new century. This is also the peace-loving people of the world **** the same wish.
Madame Curie
Madame Curie, Marie Curie, was a French scientist of Polish origin. She and her husband Pierre Curie were early researchers of radioactivity, and they discovered the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra), which led to their collaboration with French physicist Henri... Becquerel (Henry Becquerel) shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Afterwards, Mrs. Curie continued her research on the use of radium in chemistry and medicine, and was awarded another Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 for the isolation of pure metallic radium.
Dick. Gregory was an American writer whose works include "Three Grams of Radium" and "Shame".
Lu You (1125-1210), courtesy name Wu Guan, number Fang Weng, was an outstanding patriotic poet in China. Throughout his life and his more than 9,000 poems, a strong spirit of patriotism always permeated and overflowed, thus forming the most notable feature of his poetic creation and laying down his lofty position in the poetic world of the motherland.
When he was dying, he wrote the poem "Showing My Children", which is a y touching masterpiece that has been recited through the ages:
Death knows that all things are empty, but sadness doesn't see the same in the nine states.
When the king's division is determined in the middle of the plains in the north, the family sacrifices without forgetting to tell Naiweng!
Translated into modern Chinese, this is: I would have known that when I died, everything on earth would have nothing to do with me; but the only thing that pained me was that I did not see the unification of my motherland with my own eyes. Therefore, when the day comes that the army of the Great Song Dynasty recovers the lost territory of the Central Plains, when you hold family ceremonies, don't forget to tell your old son the good news!
This poem was Lu You's last words. When he was dying, he still did not forget the territory and people of the Central Plains occupied by the female aristocracy, and eagerly hoped for the reunification of the motherland, so he wrote this poem as a testament to warn his son. From here we can realize how persistent, deep, warm and sincere the poet's patriotic passion is! No wonder that since the Southern Song Dynasty, anyone who has read this poem has been touched by it, especially when the invasion of foreign enemies or the split of the motherland, it has aroused the ****ing of countless people.
Lu You lived in the era, it is the history of China's ethnic conflicts unusually sharp era. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Jurchen tribe in the northeast of China established the Golden State. In the second year after Lu You was born, the Jin State occupied Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng City, Henan Province), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty; in the third year, it took Emperor Hui and Emperor Qin into captivity, and the Northern Song Dynasty died. And when the brother of Emperor Qin Zong Zhao Jiu fled to the south, in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province) after the establishment of the regime, not only do not get angry and strong, to regain the lost territory, but also appointed the infamous traitor Qin Hui to do the chancellor, intention to the Jin people bending the knee to seek peace. Shaoxing twelve years (1142 years) and the conclusion of the peace negotiations, Zhao Jiu competition shameless to the Jin emperor called himself a subject, and promised to offer 250,000 silver taels, 250,000 silk every year, and the Jin people to draw the boundary of the Huai Shui. From then on, the great mountains and rivers in the north fell into the territory of the Jin, and the people in the north were enslaved by the Jin, while the small court of the Southern Song Dynasty was only in a remote area, under the threat of the enemy's oppression for many years. Later, Song Xiaozong Zhao Biao and Jin signed the "Longxing peace agreement" and Ningzong Zhao Deng and Jin signed the "Kaixi peace agreement", as usual, humiliating peace. This situation, of course, has always been opposed to the national oppression of the majority of the Han people can not tolerate. Therefore, in this historical era, I don't know how many outstanding sons and daughters of the Chinese nation stood up and launched an indomitable struggle, and Lu You is the outstanding representative of them on the literary front.
Lu You lived through the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty and the first half of the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to his hasty flight under the enemy invasion in his early childhood, as well as the inspiration and education from the patriotic remarks of his family and relatives and friends, Lu You had an extremely deep feeling for the serious national disaster at that time, and thus the seed of patriotic vengeance was planted deep in his heart as early as in his adolescence. Since then, no matter in the court and local officials, to the front line of Sichuan, Shaanxi army, until the late years in Shaoxing home to live, this seed rooted, sprouting, dry, blossom, although constantly subjected to the wind and rain of the ravages, but also continue to grow and grow, and finally full of fruitful. Qing Dynasty poet Zhao Yi's "ou bei poems" in a paragraph, said very general, he said:
Fuangweng more than ten years old, has long been used to hear the first Zheng's words, so as cold and hot can not be changed; and to the "Spring and Autumn Annals" theory, there is no one too much, so the lifelong guard of the unchanged. After entering Shu under the banner of Wang Yan, the Minister of the Xuanfu, by the Provisional Nanzheng, look forward to Shanshan, Du, Zhisheng gas sharp, really have a hand Yan, Yun's intention, the words of its poetry recovery of five or six out of ten. After leaving Shu, it is still three or four out of ten. To seventy later, ...... is no longer have the ambition of fame, but its "sense of the old Central Plains" cloud: "Begging to pour the East China Sea to wash the Husha", "the old horse line" cloud: "the Central Plains drought locusts Hu Yun decline, the King's Division North Fang Zhuanzhao, a heard the drums of war intention gas When I heard the drums of war, I was so excited that I was still able to level Yan and Zhao for my country". The king's division is determined in the central plains of the day, the family sacrifices not forgetting to tell Naiweng" sentence, then the will of the liberation of the Weng can be seen.
Of course, the so-called "five or six out of ten" and "three or four out of ten" here are only rough statistics, and they are only from the quantitative and superficial point of view; however, it can be seen that Lu You's "vegetarian ambition" is consistent and consistent. However, it can be seen that Lu You's "vegetarian ambition" is consistent and unchanging from young to old. In particular, this poem "Showing Children" is a patriotic spark that erupted at the end of his life, and it can also be regarded as a summary of his life's patriotic thoughts and poems.
Madame Curie Marie Curie (1867-1934) is a French-Polish scientist who researched the phenomenon of radioactivity and discovered the two radioactive elements of radium and polonium, and was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in her life. Mrs. Curie Marie Curie (1867-1934), a French-Polish scientist, research on the phenomenon of radioactivity, the discovery of radium and polonium, two radioactive elements, a lifetime of two Nobel Prizes. As an outstanding scientist, Mrs. Curie had a social impact that scientists generally do not have. Especially because she was a pioneer of successful women, her example inspired many people. Many people hear about her as children but get a simplified and incomplete picture. The world's perception of Madame Curie. Much was influenced by her second daughter's biography Madame Curie, published in 1937. The book glorified Madame Curie's life and dealt with the twists and turns she encountered throughout her life in a matter-of-fact manner. American biographer Susan Quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical information from Curie's family members and friends. A new book, Maria Curie: A Life, published last year, paints a more detailed and in-depth picture of her hard, bitter and struggling life.
Madame Curie: A Great Scientist, Twice Winner of the Nobel Prize
In the history of world science, Marie Curie is a name that will always be immortalized. This great woman scientist, with her own diligence and talent, in the field of physics and chemistry, have made outstanding contributions, and thus become the only one in two different disciplines, twice won the Nobel Prize in the field of famous scientists.
I. Self-study at the University of Paris
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867, the youngest of five children in her family. Her father was a secondary school mathematics and science teacher with a very limited income, and her mother was also a secondary school teacher. Mary's childhood was unfortunate; her mother had a serious contagious disease and it was her older sister who took care of her while she was growing up. Later, her mom and big sister fell ill and died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life was full of hardships. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also enabled her to hone a very strong character from an early age.
Mary has been a very diligent student since she was a child, and has a strong interest and special hobby in learning, never letting go of any opportunity to learn, and showing a kind of tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. From the beginning of elementary school, she took the first place in every subject, and at the age of 15, she graduated from secondary school with a gold medal. Her father had studied physics at St. Petersburg University, and her father's hunger for scientific knowledge and strong sense of enterprise also y inspired little Mary. Since she was a child, she loved all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory, and when she grew up, she read many books on natural sciences, which filled her with fantasies and made her eager to explore the world of science. At the age of 19, however, she began to work as a permanent tutor, and at the same time studied on her own. At the age of 19, she began a long career as a governess, and at the same time studied on her own. With a strong desire to learn, she listened to every class with full attention. Hard study made her health become worse and worse, but her academic performance was always among the best, which not only made her classmates envy, but also made the professors amazed. Two years after her enrollment, she took the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Physics with full confidence, and she took the first place out of the 30 applicants. The following year, she came in second with honors for her bachelor's degree in mathematics.
Early in 1894, Marie accepted a scientific research project on the magnetism of various types of iron and steel, proposed by the French National Committee for the Promotion of Industry. In the course of completing this scientific project, she met the teacher of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Pierre Curie, who was a very accomplished young scientist. The desire to use science for the benefit of mankind **** led to their union. After her marriage, Marie was respectfully addressed as Madame Curie, and in 1896, Madame Curie completed her postgraduate exams with a first-place finish. The next year, she also completed the study of the magnetism of various kinds of steel. However, she was not satisfied with the results achieved, determined to take the doctoral examination, and determined her own research direction. Standing on a new starting line.
Two, the light of radium
In 1896, the French physicist Becquerel published a work report, a detailed description of his discovery of the element uranium through a number of experiments, uranium and its compounds have a special ability, it can automatically and continuously put out a kind of human eye invisible rays, this kind of rays and the general ray of light is different, through the black paper to make photographic negatives sensitized, it is the same as R?ntgen discovered X-rays, which are the same with the X-rays. It is also different from the X-rays discovered by R?ntgen, which can occur automatically from uranium and uranium salts without the conditions of high vacuum gas discharge and applied high voltage. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This intrigued Madame Curie. What was the source of this energy? And what was the nature of this distinctive ray? Madame Curie was determined to unravel its secrets. 1897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic - the study of radioactive substances. This research topic brought her into the new world of science. She diligently reclaimed a virgin land and finally accomplished one of the most important discoveries in modern scientific history - the discovery of the radioactive element radium, and laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry, making a great contribution to mankind.
In her experimental research, Mrs. Curie designed a measuring instrument that could not only measure the presence or absence of rays from a certain substance, but also the strength of the rays. After repeated experiments, she found that the strength of uranium rays was proportional to the amount of uranium in a substance, but not to the state of uranium or external conditions.
Mrs. Curie carried out a comprehensive examination of the known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can also automatically emit invisible rays, which indicates that the phenomenon of the element being able to emit rays is by no means limited to the characteristics of uranium but is the same as that of some of the elements ****. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and the elements with this property are called radioactive elements. The rays they emit are called "radioactivity". She also predicted on the basis of the results of her experiments that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive and minerals not containing uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. Instrumental examination fully verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements and concentrated on those that did, measuring precisely the intensity of radioactivity of the elements. In her experiments, she found that the intensity of radioactivity of a pitchblende was much higher than expected, which indicated that the experimental minerals contained a new, unknown radioactive element, and that the amount of this element must have been very small, because this mineral had already been precisely analyzed by many chemists. She decisively announced her discovery in the report of her experiments, and endeavored to confirm it by experiment. At this critical moment, her husband, Pierre Curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery and stopped his own research on crystallization to join her in studying the new element. After several months of work, they isolated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore that was far more radioactive than uranium, polonium, which was later listed as number 84 on the periodic table. A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, Mr. and Mrs. Curie were not immediately delighted with their success. When they got their hands on a little compound of the new element, they realized that their original estimate had been too optimistic. In fact, the ore contained less than one part per million of radium. It is only because the mixture is extremely radioactive that substances containing traces of radium salts exhibit radioactivity hundreds of times greater than that of uranium.
The road to science is never smooth. The discovery of polonium and radium, and the properties of these radioactive new elements, shook up some of the basic theories and fundamental concepts that had been in place for centuries. Scientists have traditionally believed that the atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of material existence, and that atoms are indivisible and unchangeable. The radiation emitted by the radioactive elements polonium and radium cannot be explained according to the traditional view. Therefore, both physicists and chemists, although interested in the research work of Madame Curie, have doubts in their minds. The chemists, in particular, were more critical. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery, and to further study the various properties of radium, Mr. and Mrs. Curie had to isolate more, and pure, radium salts from the pitch ore.
Everything unknown is mysterious. At the beginning of their research work to isolate the new element, they did not know any of its chemical properties. The only clue to finding the new element was that it was highly radioactive. They created a new method of chemical analysis accordingly. But they had no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they had bought or designed themselves. They divided their research for reasons of efficiency. Mr. Curie experimented to determine the properties of radium; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salts.
Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be unraveled by those who attack it tenaciously. at the end of 1902, Madame Curie refined one-tenth of a gram of extremely pure radium chloride, and accurately determined its atomic weight. From then on, the existence of radium was confirmed. Radium is an extremely difficult to obtain natural radioactive material, its form is glossy, white crystals like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it does not have the same spectral lines as any known element. Although radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by mankind, it is the most radioactive element. By utilizing its powerful radioactivity, many new properties of radioactivity can be further identified. so that many elements can be used for further practical applications. Medical research found that radium rays for a variety of different cells and tissues, the role is very different, those cells that reproduce quickly, once the radium irradiation are soon destroyed. This discovery made radium a powerful means of treating cancer. Cancerous tumors are composed of cells that multiply abnormally fast, and radium rays do far more damage to them than to the healthy tissue around them. This new method of treatment was soon developed in all countries of the world. In France, radium therapy is known as Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, for the promotion of the development of scientific theory and application in practice, have very important significance.
Three, the heart of gold
Because of the amazing discovery of Mr. and Mrs. Curie, in December 1903, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics with Becquerel. The couple's scientific achievements cover the world, however, they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune, the most bored with those boring entertainment. They devoted themselves to the cause of science without any personal gain. After the successful refining of radium, some people advised them to apply for a patent from the government and monopolize the manufacture of radium so as to make a fortune. Mrs. Curie said: "That is against the spirit of science, the research results of scientists should be published publicly, and other people should not be subjected to any restriction if they want to develop it". "Besides, radium is good for patients, we should not use it to make a profit". Mr. and Mrs. Curie also took the Nobel Prize money they received and gave it away in large quantities.
In 1906, Mr. Curie unfortunately died in a car accident, Mrs. Curie suffered great pain, she was determined to redouble her efforts to complete the two people **** the same scientific volunteers. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would succeed Mr. Curie in teaching physics. Madame Curie became the first ever female professor at the prestigious University of Paris, still at the time when the couple isolated the first radium salts, and began research on the various properties of radiation. Between 1889 and 1904 alone, they published 32 scholarly reports documenting their explorations in the science of radioactivity, and in 1910, Madame Curie completed her book, Monographa de Radioactivity. She also collaborated with others to successfully produce metallic radium, and in 1911, Mrs. Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A woman scientist, in less than 10 years, twice in two different fields of science, won the world's highest prize in science, which is unique in the history of world science!
In 1914, the Institut de Radium was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as its research director. Later she continued to teach at the university and to work on radioactive elements. She was unstinting in her efforts to spread scientific knowledge to all who wanted to learn. She began at the age of 16 and studied and worked as an adult for exactly 50 years. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She grew up with a high degree of self-sacrifice, and in her early years she was willing to work as a servant in other people's homes to pay for her sister's schooling. During her studies in Paris, she read in the library every night until it closed in order to save money on lamp oil and heating expenses. The bituminous uranium ore needed to extract pure radium was very expensive at that time, and they saved little by little from their own living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons of it successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Mrs. Curie gave the radium, which had been refined with great efforts and valued at up to more than 1,000,000 gold francs, to a laboratory for researching the cure of cancer without any compensation.
In 1932, at the age of 65, Mrs. Curie returned to her homeland to attend the opening ceremony of the Warsaw Radium Institute. Since her youth, Mrs. Curie had been away from her country and went to France to study. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her native Poland was occupied by Tsarist Russia, and she hated the invaders very much. When the couple isolated a new element from a mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the root of polonium is the same as the root of the name of Poland. It was a way of expressing her deep nostalgia for her country, which had been enslaved by the Tsarist Russians.
On July 14, 1937, Madame Curie died after a long illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She spent her life creating and developing the science of radioactivity, fearlessly studying intensely radioactive substances for a long time until she finally devoted her life to this science. During her life, she won 10 kinds of famous prizes, including the Nobel Prize, and 16 medals issued by international high-level academic institutions; and she was awarded more than 100 titles by governments and scientific research institutes all over the world. But as always, she is so modest and cautious. The great scientist Albert Einstein commented, "In all the famous people I know, Mrs. Curie is the only one who is not turned upside down by fame."
Spartacus Spartacus (? , Thrace ~ 71 BC)
Leader of a slave revolt in ancient Rome. Captured in battle and reduced to slavery, he was sold to a gladiator training facility in Capua. In the early summer of 73 B.C., he led 70 gladiator slaves to revolt for their freedom and occupied the nearby Mount Vesuvius, which was responded to by fugitive slaves and bankrupt peasants from all over the world, and soon expanded to thousands of people. The army led by him was widely supported by slaves and the poor, and its ranks were constantly enlarged, reaching 120,000 at its peak. In 72 B.C., he led his army on three expeditions, first north and then south, and defeated the Roman army several times. In the spring of 71 B.C., they fought a duel with Crassus Devers in Apulia, where the revolt was defeated and Spartacus died in a fierce battle. The revolt dealt a severe blow to the Roman rulers, but was finally suppressed by the powerful Roman rulers due to historical constraints, the failure of the revolters to establish a proper base, internal divisions, etc. K. Marx called Spartak "a great commander-in-chief, a true representative of the proletariat of antiquity", and V.I. Lenin praised him as the "leader of the largest slave revolt". "one of the most outstanding heroes of the largest slave revolt".
In the history of human wars, wars against class oppression occupy a considerable share. The deeds of the military historical figures who emerged from such wars are all heroic and tragic, and can be sung. In the era of slavery in ancient Rome, the slave leader Spartacus led a great uprising, once shook the entire Western world, its defiance of violence, the spirit of the struggle for liberation has influenced generations of slaves, writing a glorious poem of slave liberation.
In ancient Rome, there were large-scale use of slave labor everywhere in the large estates, slaves were called "
Talking tools". Slave owners built huge gladiatorial arenas for fun, forcing slaves to fight in pairs and making gladiators fight each other with swords and daggers in their hands. After a gladiatorial scene, what was left on the field was a corpse of a slave. The brutal rule of the slave owners forced the slaves to launch large-scale armed uprisings again and again. In 73 B.C., the largest slave revolt in the ancient history of the world, the Spartacist Uprising, broke out.
The Spartacs were the Thracians of the northeastern Balkans. When Rome marched into Northern Greece, Spartak was captured by the Romans during a battle, sold as a gladiator slave, and sent to a gladiator school in the city of Capua, where he was treated inhumanely. When he couldn't stand it any longer, Spartacus said to his companions, "I would rather die in the battlefield for freedom than in the gladiatorial arena for the pleasure of noble lords." The gladiators, encouraged by Spartacus, took the knives and pitchforks from the kitchen and rushed out of the cage. On the way, they happened upon several cars loaded with weapons, seized them and armed themselves, and ran off to gather on Mount Vesuvius, a few dozen miles away. Here Spartak led the insurgents to set up camp and establish a fortified position.
Many fugitive slaves and peasants flocked to join them, and Spartak's wife, who was from the same tribe as him, also joined the uprising. The revolt quickly grew from 70 or so gladiators to about 10,000 men, and after many victories over some of the smaller units of the Roman army, Spartacus adapted his forces to the form of the Roman army, creating cavalry in addition to infantry composed of several legions, in addition to scouts, communicators, and small supply wagons. In addition to the seizure of enemy weapons, the manufacture of weapons was organized in the insurgent barracks. The soldiers were trained and strict regulations for barracks and marching life were established, and soon they controlled the entire Campenian plain.
By early 72 BC, the Spartacian army had grown to 60,000 men. He marched his forces to Apulia and Lucania, where they numbered 120,000 (90-100,000 according to some historical records). The Roman Senate, shocked by the sheer size of the revolt, sent two armies led by the consuls Lentulus and Gellius to crush Spartak in mid-72 BC. At this point, divisions arose within the insurgent army. Most of the slaves, including the Spartacians, thought that it would be difficult to establish power in Italy itself, and advocated leaving Italy, crossing the Alps and entering the region of Gaul, where the Roman power had not yet reached, to get rid of the Roman rule and gain freedom, or to return to their hometowns, in accordance with the ratio of the power of the enemy to that of us. On the other hand, the local shepherds and poor peasants who participated in the slave revolt movement were unwilling to leave Italy and wished to continue to fight against the Roman army in order to seize the lost land. As a result of this difference of opinion, the group of 30,000 men broke away from the main force and was routed (20,000 dead) by the Roman army at the foot of Mount Galganus (north of Apulia). Spartacus rushed to the rescue at the news and was too late. Spartacus killed 300 Roman prisoners and sacrificed the "souls" of his fallen comrades, and continued to lead his army northward. In 72 B.C., Spartacus' army traveled along the Adriatic coast through all of Italy. At the Battle of Mortina in the Gallic province of Zizarpins (Northern Italy), the Spartacan army defeated the army of Governor Cassius. Encouraged by the victory and by the difficulties of crossing the Alps, Spartac changed his plan and returned to Italy, bypassing Rome on one side and marching south.
Faced with this insurgent force galloping across Italy, the Roman ruling clique panicked, and no one dared to run for consul. The Senate declared a state of emergency in the country, and finally chose Crassus, a great slave owner, to lead a large army to suppress the revolt. In the fall of 72 B.C., the Spartacian army assembled in the Bruttian Peninsula of Italy (present-day Calabria) and expected to cross the Straits of Messina on the pirate ship of the Kilicchi. However, the pirates did not keep their word and did not provide the ships, and Spartacus' plan to build his own rafts to cross the strait failed to materialize. At this point, Crassus constructed a fortification behind the insurgent barracks, cutting off the insurgents' back roads back to Italy. A trench was dug with both ends open to the sea (about 55 kilometers long, 4.5 meters wide and deep), and an earthen perimeter was built. However, the insurgents filled the trench with earth and trees and broke through the fortifications. In the assault, Spartak lost about two-thirds of his army. Soon after his army was quickly replenished (up to 70,000 men), Spartacus attempted to capture Bourdaisi, a major port in southern Italy, in the spring of 71 B.C. by a surprise attack, and sailed by ship across the sea to Greece, and thence to Thrace (the European part of present-day Bulgaria and Turkey). The Roman Senate tried desperately to put down the revolt as quickly as possible, bringing in Pompey's large army and Lucullus' troops from Spain and Thrace, respectively, to reinforce Crassus. In order to prevent the Roman armies from meeting, Spartacus decided to launch a general battle against Crassus' army. He used a hasty march to quickly drive his troops north to meet Crassus. In the fierce battle in the southern part of the province of Apulia, the Spartacian army fought bravely even though they were much smaller in number than the Roman army. Spartacus led the way, riding left and right on his horse, killing and wounding two Roman officers. He was determined to kill Crassus, but because of a serious wound in his thigh, he had to fight on the ground with one leg bent. Under the frantic siege of the Roman army, 60,000 insurgents were killed in battle, and Spartak died a heroic death. About 5,000 Spartacian insurgents fled to Northern Italy, where they were unfortunately annihilated by Pompey; 6,000 prisoners were crucified by the Romans all the way from the city of Rome to Capua. However, a number of scattered and uncoordinated insurgent bands continued to fight for 10 years in many parts of Italy.
The reasons for the failure of the Spartacist revolt were manifold, such as: the lack of a general program that could unite the exploited masses; the complexity of the social and ethnic composition of the various sectors of the Roman society that took part in the revolt, and the lack of the necessary education for them; and the lack of experience and mistakes in the command of the battle, etc. However, the significance of this revolt was far greater than that of the Spartacist revolt, and it was a great success. However, the significance of this revolt far exceeded the revolt itself, which dealt a heavy blow to the slave-owning ruling class, exacerbated the economic crisis of Roman slavery, and prompted the transition of the Roman regime from a **** and system to an imperial system. Spartacus demonstrated a heroic spirit of struggle and outstanding military skills in the revolt, and Marx called him "the true representative of the ancient proletariat"; Lenin also said: "Spartacus was one of the most outstanding heroes in the largest slave revolt about 2000 years ago. "
The Spartacist revolt was a great impetus to the slave emancipation and freedom movement, and left an indelible legacy in the history of the people's struggle for social emancipation. Lenin pointed out in his evaluation of the Spartacist revolt: "For many years, the Roman Empire, which was built entirely on slavery as if it were all-powerful, was often shaken and struck by the mass revolts of slaves armed, assembled and formed into an army under the leadership of the Spartacists." For the time, it greatly shook the foundations of Roman slavery. Slave owners were forced to make certain changes in the way they exploited their slaves and ran their fields, and began to change their methods of controlling their slaves and their attitudes toward them. They tried to buy slaves of different races as much as possible, avoiding grouping slaves of the same race together and preventing them from joining together. Slave owners began to divide the land into small plots and give them to their slaves to cultivate, so that the slaves could share a part of the harvest, and in this way the slaves began to evolve into "peasant farmers", while the number of freed slaves gradually increased. This became more common after the 1st century AD.
The Spartacist revolt was able to establish a strong military organization and repel the elite Roman forces many times, with many military successes, such as striving to seize and master the initiative in combat operations; organizing the synergy of infantry and cavalry, and focusing on the attack; maneuvering the troops skillfully in the battlefield; marching in stealth and swiftly, setting up ambushes, and carrying out raids; and being adept at annihilating the enemy in every way. These provided many useful lessons for later slave revolt wars.
Athens was the first and Sparta the second among the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece
The largest slave revolt in ancient Rome was led by Spartacus. Originally from Thrace, Spartacus was captured in a war against the Romans and sold to a gladiatorial training center in Capua as a gladiatorial slave. In 73 B.C., Spartacus and his companions, unable to endure the miserable conditions of the gladiators, decided to revolt
(1) Shier: written by Lu You before his death, equivalent to a suicide note. Nine states: only the territory of the whole country. Wang Shi: the army of the Song Dynasty. Thoughts and feelings: it was written by Lu You before his death. Lu You