In 1957, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of the destruction of the principle of Uprightness".
In 1976, Ding Zhaozhong was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of a new class of elementary particles".
In 1986, Yuanzhe Li was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his "invention of the crossed molecular beam method, which has made it possible to understand in detail the process of chemical reactions and has contributed to the study of a new field of chemistry, reaction kinetics".
In 1997, Steven Chu was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of a method for cooling and capturing atoms by laser light.
In 1998, Cui Qi, together with Horst Stolmer of Germany and Robert Laughlin of the United States, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their major contributions to research in quantum physics. Li Zhengdao
I. Biography
Li Zhengdao (Tsung-Dal Lee 1926～) is a theoretical physicist, born in Shanghai on November 25, 1926. 1943～1944, he studied in the Department of Physics of Zhejiang University (the first year of which was in Yongxing, Guizhou Province at that time), and was inspired by his teacher, Shuang Xingbei, who started his academic career. 1944, he was injured in a car crash and stopped his studies. 1945, he was injured in a car crash, and was sentenced to death. In 1944, he was injured when his car overturned and stopped studying; in 1945, he transferred to the Department of Physics of Southwest United University in Kunming; in 1946, on the recommendation of his teacher, Wu Dayou, he was awarded a national scholarship and went to the U.S. for further study, joining the Graduate School of the University of Chicago, where he passed the postgraduate qualifying examination in the spring of 1948, and began to work on his doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Fermi.
At the end of 1949, under the guidance of Fermi, Li Zhengdao completed his doctoral dissertation on white dwarfs and received his doctorate. He then spent six months as a lecturer and conducted research in the Department of Astronomy at the university and one year in the Department of Physics at the University of California (Berkeley).
In 1950, Li married Qin Huijun, a university student from Shanghai. They had two children, the first son, Li Zhongqing, now a professor of history at the California Institute of Technology, and the second son, Li Zhonghan, now an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Michigan.He went to work at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1951.He became an assistant professor of physics at Columbia University in 1953, an associate professor in 1955, and a professor in 1956, and received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957, and was a professor of physics at Princeton and a professor of physics at Columbia University from 1960 to 1963. He was a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and a professor at Columbia University from 1960 to 1963, where he was appointed Chair of Physics in 1963, the Fermi Chair of Physics in 1964, and the University's All-University Chair in 1983. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Yang Zhenning:Turning Quality Students into Quality Talents
Yang Zhenning:Born in Anhui Province in 1922, Yang Zhenning was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 together with Li Zhengdao***.
Reviewing the development of science in the 20th century, Yang believes that the main achievements are embodied in three areas: learning to control the action of electrons; discovering a way to study very small structures; and leaving the Earth's gravitational pull to realize the dream of landing on the moon.
Looking ahead to the 21st century, Yang believes China will become the world's leading scientific and technological power by the middle of the century. "I say this for four reasons: First, China has countless extremely intelligent and highly moldable young generation, which is the first prerequisite for the development of science and technology. Secondly, China's traditional Confucianism emphasizes education along with human decency, diligence and thrift, which will surely make the above talents very promising. Third, China has come out of its stagnant mode of development over the past one hundred years and replaced it with a passion for modern science. Fourth, the rapid economic development of mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan in recent years has provided a strong backing for scientific and technological development."
Yang said the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China succeeded in developing the atomic bomb within a dozen years of its founding, and has nurtured and amassed a large number of basic talents since then. "Chinese people are of high quality. For example, the student population of Tsinghua University is no worse than that of Harvard University in the U.S. But what we have to consider is how to turn high-quality student population into high-quality talents." Yang expressed confidence that with economic development and improved research conditions, following the Chinese scientists of this century, local Chinese scientists will surely reach the world's leading level in important fields in the next century. "It will take 20 years from now for a native Chinese scientist who was born, grew up and produced results locally to win a Nobel Prize, and 20 years from now will be enough."
Ting Zhaozhong
On Dec. 10, 1976, 40-year-old Ding went to Sweden's Royal
Academy to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. The Nobel Prize has been awarded since 1901
and in the 75 years between then and 1976, Ting was the third scientist of Chinese descent to be nominated for the honor. At the solemn award
ceremony, he gave his famous speech, first in Chinese and then in English. He said, "
Winning a Nobel Prize is the greatest honor for a scientist, and since I grew up in old China
, I would like to take this opportunity to emphasize the importance of experimental work
to young people in developing countries. There is an old Chinese saying, 'He who labors rules the people, and he who labors rules over the people
', and this backward thinking is very harmful to the youth of developing countries
. Because of this kind of thinking, many students in developing countries tend to favor theoretical research
and avoid experimental work. As a matter of fact, theories in the natural sciences cannot be separated from their experimental
foundations. Physics, in particular, emerges from experimentation. I hope that as a result of my winning this
prize, I will arouse the interest of students in developing countries and draw their attention to the importance of
experimental work."
American-born Chinese
Ding, who is originally from Rizhao County, Shandong Province, was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in January 1936, while his parents were visiting the United States. Later
Ting said this about his life. He said, "I was born at the beginning of the Second World
World War II into a family of professors and revolutionary aspirants. My
parents wanted me to be born in China, but during their visit to the United States, I was born
early. As a result of this accident, I became an American citizen. This sudden hiccup
, however, also affected my life." Three months after his birth, he returned to China
with his parents. Professor Ding Guanhai's family returned to China soon after the shocking "Seven
-VII Incident" broke out, and as a child, Ding was accompanied by the years of panic and chaos.
He recalled this time by saying, "I returned to China
when I was three months old. Because of the situation in China at that time, I had been a refugee, constantly fleeing from one
place to another......." His father, Ding Guanhai, first taught at Shandong University,
and then went to Chongqing University as a professor of engineering in 1938. His mother, Ding Junying, was a professor of psychology at the Sichuan College of Education
. Ting spent his childhood in mainland China. In the winter of 1948, Ting moved to Taiwan to teach at the Tainan Institute of Technology and moved his family to Taiwan. in September 1956, he went to the United States to study at the University of Michigan's School of Engineering, where he studied mechanical engineering. Initially studying mechanical engineering, he
found that his interest was primarily in physics. In his second semester, he took courses in physics
and mathematics. During his second year of college, he switched to the physics
science department, which interested him.
He graduated from the university's graduate school in 1959 with two Bachelor of Engineering degrees in mathematics and physics
. He also earned a master of science degree the following year. He also received a special award from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
with honors. In 1962, Ding received his doctorate in physics
Until the late summer and early fall of 1974, when Ding's experiments came to a critical
moment, when protons collided with one another in a high-energy gas pedal, affecting him and his colleagues
every moment of every day. When they lowered the orientation of the particle mass to the range of 3-4 billion electrons
volts, suddenly a new particle appeared, which decomposed positive and negative electrons with an extremely long
life. Ding was excited at this point. But the rigorous
, cautious Chinese scholar did not immediately announce the discovery. From August to
October, they carried out a number of such experiments, to obtain impeccable
data, Ding Zhaozhong on November 12, 1974 to the world announced
this amazing results. Scientific experiments have many anecdotes. Ting's experiment was
conducted on the East Coast, and just as he had captured the transient J particle
, on the West Coast, the American physicist Hitt, leading his Stanford research group
also discovered the new particle. The reports of the experiments published on the East and West Coasts
were almost identical. The difference is that Ding called the new particle "
J" and Hitt called it "Ψ". So who first discovered this new particle
? This is an unsolved case. As a result, Ding and Hitt were both awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the new particle they discovered was
called the J/Ψ particle.
[Yuan-Tse Lee] was born in 1936 in Hsinchu County, Taiwan, and after receiving a B.T. degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1965, he served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and at Harvard University.He taught at the University of Chicago from 1968 to 1974, rising to the rank of professor, and then returned to UC Berkeley as a professor of chemistry in 1974. . Prof. Hirschbacher, who had worked with Yuanzhe Li on molecular beam research at Harvard University, praised him as "an amazing experimental genius". Later, Yuanzhe Li developed Hirschbacher's idea of using crossed molecular beams to study the dynamics of molecular reactions and created a new generation of crossed molecular beam device. The information and details of the reaction process obtained from the study of molecular reaction kinetics with this device were far ahead of the theoretical calculation of reaction trajectories. This is the best molecular beam device in the world. Yuanzhe Li was called "the true realizer of molecular beam chemistry". As of 1986, Lee had published more than 180 papers. Yuanzhe Li also made significant contributions to research in reaction dynamics, photochemistry, spectroscopy, and inter- and intramolecular energy transfer, etc. In 1986, Prof. Yuanzhe Li was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the 1986 Debye Prize in Physical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, and the U.S. National Medal of Science. He was one of the youngest chemists to receive the Prize and one of the chemists with the most research accomplishments in the last decade, and the first chemist of Chinese descent to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Li Yuanzhe is Chinese, he also made certain contributions to the development of science and technology in the motherland, he helped Taiwan Province to develop the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Research, and in 1986, he directed the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to build the molecular beam laser cleavage product spectrometer. He also gave a lot of guidance to the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University and the University of Science and Technology of China and other units of research work in molecular reaction dynamics.
The day after he received the Nobel Prize, Chu said he reached his destination by riding his bicycle and climbing up a mountain road toward his goal. That down-to-earth feeling of climbing to the top can only be truly felt after the effort has been made.
Applause. Under the gaze of the Swedish royal family, the world's top scholars, and 1,400 VIPs, 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics winner Steven Chu of Chinese descent is standing above the highest hall of academia. At this moment, although the snow of the Christmas season is flying in Europe, Steven Chu's heart is incomparably hot. From the hands of King Gustav XVI of Sweden, he received the honor, and his mind flashed back to the many days spent in the experimental affairs - watching the results of the experiments succeed and fail, rise and fall. ...... Now, he has finally and accurately made the first step in the development of the "Beam Honey" with "Beam honey (Laser Cooling Trapping)" to catch the atom, and thus has the brightest halo of the bachelor's world, forever in the history of the world of physics.
Steven Chu, Stanford's first Chinese-American professor, is known to his students as Steven, and is usually seen wearing a light-colored, long-sleeved shirt with the sleeves neatly rolled up above the elbows, making him look fresh and natural. Ever since the phone call from Stockholm in the early hours of October 14, 1997, which broke the quiet night sky, he and his family have not been able to have any peace and quiet. Since then, he has been surrounded by the media. But, even then, he remained in simple casual attire, appearing on television, in newspapers, and in magazines. He's still the same guy.
Zhu is originally from Taicang, Jiangsu Province, China. born in February 1948 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, he graduated from the University of Rochester with a double bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in 1970, and received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Berkeley plus two years of post-doctoral research at the school in 1976. in 1978 he went to work as a researcher on electromagnetic phenomena at Bell Labs in the United States, and, five years later, was promoted to director of the Electronics Research Division, and in 1987 went to Stanford University, where he has been a professor since then, having served as department chair in 1990.
In 1993, he and another researcher*** won the Saudi Arabia International Science Prize, an international award of about 100,000 dollars.
In the same year, he was elected as the 130th member of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996, he was awarded the Guggenheim Research Prize and the American Physical Society Academic Award. This time the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chu is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland, Phillips scientists, as well as French scientists, Cohen but Nogi, to share the honor. The trio ****split the Nobel Prize of about 1 million dollars at the same time.
Ling-Wen Chu is the fifth Chinese scientist to win the Nobel Prize, following Chen-Ning Yang and Zheng-Dao Li in 1957, Zhaozhong Ding in 1976 and Yuanzhe Li 11 years ago. He was followed by another Chinese, Princeton University professor Cui Qi, who won another Nobel Prize in physics. Of the six Chinese-American winners, all are in physics, except for Yuanzhe Li, who won the Nobel in chemistry.
Chu's award-winning research goes back 14 years. At the time, he was a member of Bell Labs. In the field of low-temperature physics, the physics term "Molasses" made Steven Chu's "sweet heart, love it". It turns out that "molasses" refers to the use of laser light to achieve the effect of cooling gases. Steven Chu and his team carried out "laser cooling capture", that is, the use of laser cooling atoms, the ability to carry out accurate measurements of the research. Atoms are very active at room temperature, jumping around at 100 kilometers per hour, and if the laser light is used to cool the gas to near absolute zero, the atoms, once trapped, are also very slow at this point in time, and then use the light to interact with the atoms for a longer period of time, then it can be used to accurately measure physical quantities.
The most important aspect of this research is how it is applied. Indeed, Steven Chu's most frequently cited example is "gravimetry," an analysis that has long been a source of optimism and surprise for academics and the tech industry. Using atoms at ultra-low temperatures, scientists can study the distribution of gravity, and the best way to apply this is in oil exploration. This application will make the cost of oil extraction is much lower, there have been a number of oil companies are very interested in this research. The same application may also discover more secrets between the ring Zeus to find answers. Another major application is in biophysics, which also utilizes laser cryo-capture technology to decode DNA.
Zhu's father, Rujin Zhu, is also a contemporary scientist who came to the United States from mainland China in 1949, and is now 80 years old. He has a doctorate in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and is married to Li Jingzhen Zhu, who studied economics at the same university. Ru-Jin Chu and Steven Chu are both members of Taiwan's Academia Sinica "father-son" team. Chu's father was elected as the fifth academician in 1964, while Chu was elected as an academician in 1994 with a high number of votes on the recommendation of his father, as well as four other academicians, Cui Qi, Chuo Yi-Ho, Koo Yuk-Siu, and Tien Ping-Keng***. Rujin Zhu has served as a professor at many universities in the United States, including St. Louis, Virginia, and New Jersey, and as a consultant to more than sixty companies in the chemical, petroleum, and space industries in the United States and Europe. Steven Chu is the second oldest in the family. His older brother, Chu Chuk-man, has a Ph.D. in physics from MIT, graduated from Harvard Medical School, and is now a professor at Stanford University School of Medicine. His younger brother, Chin-Wen Chu, is a Harvard J.D. and is now a practicing attorney in Los Angeles. The family is truly a "doctor's family".
As a full-fledged scientist, Chu has his own philosophy of life. He often said, "We don't have to be geniuses, but we know our goals and plans; we will be frustrated from time to time, but don't lose your enthusiasm." Although Chu's father and his three outstanding sons are all top scientific talents, in fact, Chu's father did not approve of Chu studying physics back then because "it's too difficult to get ahead in this line of work". Having loved drawing since childhood, Chu's father thought that architecture might be a good way out for him. However, Chu, whose body was full of physics cells, used his talent for drawing on the drawing of physical structures. Luckily, his father didn't try too hard to discourage him; and he, too, finally broke through what was seen as a rocky road with his own efforts.
In the eyes of his students and friends, Chu had a strong scientist's temperament and a great sense of humor. He was often able to deliver impromptu academic speeches that were interspersed with fun in their depth. Whether in research, work, or even teaching, he had a philosophy of "retreating to advance". He does not set high expectations for himself or his students, and feels that achievement in his work is what fuels his motivation and gives him confidence. He is a keen sportsman and regularly rides his bicycle to campus every Friday and takes advantage of experimental gaps to "scoot". In his opinion, the explosive power of sports is just like the beautiful fire in physics experiments, which is a combination of the "power" of physics and the "beauty" of life.
Steven Chu was a dedicated researcher who traveled the world of physics. In his case, is it his greatest wish to gain global recognition? Steven Chu, however, replied: seeing himself as a scientist, his greatest hope is that no matter in the next ten years, twenty years, or even hundreds of years from now, the results of his own laboratory in the DouDa can make a contribution to mankind, and human life is truly integrated together.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced on Oct. 13, 1998, that it had awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics to German scientist Horst Stolmer, Chinese-American scientist Cui Qi and American scientist Robert Laughlin for their significant contributions to quantum physics research.
Qi Cui and Stormer conducted research in 1982 on electrons in strong magnetic fields and under ultra-low-temperature experimental conditions. They pressed two semiconductor wafers, gallium arsenide and gallium arsenide chloride, together so that a large number of electrons gathered at the junction of the two wafers. They will be this wafer combination placed in only one-tenth of a degree Celsius higher than absolute zero (about minus two hundred and seventy-three degrees Celsius) in the ultra-low temperature environment, and then to be equivalent to the strength of the Earth's magnetic field of one million times the super-strong magnetic field. They found that a large number of interacting electrons under these conditions could form a new quantum fluid with some specialized properties. A year later, Prof. Laughlin explained their experimental results. On the basis of this discovery, scientists have made some significant discoveries one after another. The results of these three scientists are a major breakthrough in the field of quantum physics, which has made important contributions to the development of new theories in many branches of modern physics.
Cui Qi was awarded the prestigious Franklin Prize in the United States. On his own Web site on the Internet, Cuiqi says his main academic interest is in studying the nature of electrons in metals and semiconductors. His research will be applied to the development of more powerful computers and more advanced communications equipment.
Born in 1939 in Henan Province, China, Cui Qi was educated in Hong Kong in the 1950s, graduated from Pui Ching Middle School in 1957, and then moved to the United States to continue his education, earning a doctorate in physics in 1967 from the University of Chicago. Afterwards, he worked at Bell Laboratories, which is known as the "cradle of Nobel Prize winners" in the U.S. It was here that Cui Qi and Schmidt discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect (1982), for which they were both awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998***. He has been a professor at Princeton University since 1982, where he is currently engaged in research in the field of fundamental properties of electronic materials. Cui Qi's wife is Norwegian-American, and they have two daughters, the eldest of whom, Irene, studied in Wuhan.
In the United States, Prof. Cui Qi's students from China, including Li Jiqun, were quoted by Xinhua News Agency as saying that Cui Qi is easy-going but very strict with his students. He is a sharp thinker and has a high reputation among students and faculty. Early in the morning of the 13th Cui Qi came to the school as usual, when everyone congratulated him, he smiled faintly as usual, only said "thank you" and hid. According to reports, Cui Qi is very concerned about his country and often talks with Chinese students about its development.
Here are some of the
References:
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