The word "haze" has quickly moved from unfamiliar to the ordinary people's field of vision, and along with the aggravation of China's haze weather in recent years, more and more by the state, the media and the public's attention. Haze is a kind of air pollution, the human body has a great harm, especially for the respiratory system has a great harm. At the same time, haze can cause a variety of diseases, such as bronchitis, pharyngitis, asthma and so on. Haze weather leads to a reduction in sunshine, children's ultraviolet irradiation is insufficient, the body of vitamin production is insufficient, the absorption of calcium is greatly reduced, serious will cause rickets and children's stunting and other serious consequences. The hazy weather will also have a great impact on the calcium absorption of the elderly, and at the same time, for some people suffering from rheumatism, it will exacerbate the pain of their disease.
In early 2012, Beijing was continuously in the grip of haze and issued a yellow alert. 20-23 October 2013, Changchun, Shenyang and Harbin were in a continuous state of emergency, and most parts of the three northeastern provinces were not spared by the haze weather, which had a serious adverse impact on local transportation and people's lives.
From the evening of the 21st to the morning of the 22nd, the Heilongjiang provincial meteorological department issued two consecutive fog red warning signal. Daqing, Jiamusi, Qitaihe, Yichun, Harbin and other places with visibility less than 50 meters, Harbin, Daqing and other places at the same time haze weather occurs.
Because of the severe haze, all highways in Heilongjiang province are closed, and the highway detachment of the Heilongjiang Provincial Traffic Police Headquarters started the emergency plan. Harbin Taiping International Airport has been under continuous closure. Changchun many pollution index burst, the air pungent, fog lock city continued to worsen.
22 at 5:00, Changchun City, 10 PM2.5 monitoring points, there are four one-hour concentration value of more than 500 micrograms / cubic meter, the index "table", air pollution. Because of the haze caused by the air odor pungent, many people are wearing masks.
Since 18:00 on the 21st, the official website of the Changchun Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau has remained inaccessible due to excessive traffic. Liaoning issued the first haze orange warning signal this year, the impact of the highway in Liaoning is paralyzed.
First of all, the haze formation causes the following aspects:
First, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and respirable particulate matter, the three main components of the haze, the first two for the gaseous pollutants, the last particulate matter is to aggravate the hazy weather pollution is the main culprit. They combine with the haze to make the sky gray in an instant. The acronym for particulate matter is PM, and Beijing monitors fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which is pollutant particles with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. Such particles are both a pollutant in their own right and a carrier of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic substances.
Second, urban toxic particulate matter is also a major component of the haze, starting with automobile exhaust. The use of diesel cars is the emission of fine particulate matter "repeat offenders", the use of gasoline small cars, although the emission of gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, but when it comes to foggy days, it is easy to convert into secondary particulate pollutants, aggravating the haze.
Third, industrial emissions out of the exhaust is also a major element. For example, metallurgy, electromechanical manufacturing industry, industrial kilns and boilers, and a large number of automotive spray paint, building materials production kiln combustion emissions. In 2012, the world burned 7 billion tons of standard coal, China burned 3.6 billion tons, accounting for 51% of the emissions can be imagined.
Fourth, dust from construction sites and road traffic.
Any environmental control requires the general participation of groups and people at all levels of the country. The haze control should be vigorously promoted in the following aspects:
1 Investing in building a low-carbon eco-society
To realize the transformation from "haze" to "ecology", it is necessary to promote industrialization to achieve economic transformation.
(1) The government should encourage the green economy industry to become the mainstream of the current economic growth area, and realize the green industry to create jobs. Most of the reasons for the haze are due to the current state of energy use in China, where about 70 percent of the country's current energy is coal and oil. This requires that the country must increase the program, efforts to explore, renewable energy in the energy supply to account for a larger proportion, such as increasing the supply of wind, water, solar and other green energy, reducing the dependence on coal and oil and other highly polluting energy sources.
(2) to better build an ecological society, China's environmental pollution is not only in the city, now the countryside is also showing more and more pollution. For this reason the government has to subsidize policies of energy saving throughout the society, such as subsidizing the installation of solar panels on roofs. In the coastal and Gobi desert areas to guide the use of wind energy, the establishment of wind power stations. In addition, the government should pilot the retail industry to take the lead in building some "zero-carbon" supermarkets, through their own biomass generators, building energy efficiency, recycling rainwater to create a low-carbon shopping environment.
2 Preventing Haze Weather by Reducing Pollutant Emissions
To reduce the production of PM 2.5 from the following aspects: (1) To control the source, can not be built in the upwind direction of the city of the air pollution of the heavy enterprises, and to eliminate outdated processes and equipment. (2) Enterprises that cause serious air pollution should be treated so that they can emit less exhaust gas. (3) Promote the use of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, wind power, nuclear energy and solar energy, and minimize the use of heavily polluting fuels such as coal, heavy oil and waste materials. (4) Developing public **** transportation to reduce traffic flow, and calling on the public to save energy and reduce emissions by using energy-saving home appliances, taking more public **** transportation as well as traveling by bicycle. (5) Raise pollution emission standards for motor vehicles and reduce emissions through technological means, such as installing particulate filters in cars and imposing a surcharge on vehicles without filters.
At the same time, the establishment of "environmental protection zones", only allowed to meet the environmental standards of the vehicle into the vehicle, the tailpipe does not meet the standards of the vehicle is strictly prohibited to enter, violators of heavy fines. (6) to control the living pollution, food and beverage hoods should be cleaned regularly, dry cleaners should be closed operation, through watering and other operational methods to prevent construction and road dust. (7) to pay attention to agricultural and rural pollution, not open burning straw and garbage, less use of pesticides and fertilizers, more trees.
3 The necessary haze weather emergency plans
The local municipalities should be based on the specific circumstances, the development of the corresponding haze weather emergency plans issued in a timely and effective response to and prevention of haze weather hazards to the public's physical and mental health, the establishment of a sound mechanism for monitoring, forecasting and emergency response to the haze weather.
The haze weather emergency plan consists of five parts: haze weather introduction, haze weather pollution day classification, monitoring and forecasting, haze weather pollution day emergency measures, organizational structure and responsibilities.
The haze weather contingency plan should be divided into three levels of haze weather, heavy pollution day, severe pollution day, very heavy pollution day, according to the results of the air quality forecast, will be initiated respectively yellow warning, orange warning and red warning, graded to take the appropriate pollution emergency measures, including health protection measures, recommended pollution reduction measures and mandatory pollution reduction measures.
In accordance with the requirements of the haze weather emergency plan, when there is haze and heavy pollution weather, the City Meteorological Bureau to the City Emergency Response Office and related departments to provide meteorological monitoring and forecasting information, and the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau **** with the Air Pollution Forecasting Consultation. The Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau will jointly with the Municipal Meteorological Bureau through television, radio, network, newspapers, SMS and other means of haze pollution level information release, so that the public can timely understand their own production and living areas of the air quality conditions and trends, and strengthen self-protection. At the same time, all relevant departments should coordinate with each other and take immediate, quick and concrete actions in response. (1) banning some vehicles, or banning all vehicles in heavily polluted areas; (2) restricting or shutting down large boilers and industrial equipment; and (3) restricting the operation of construction sites within the city.
4 Focus on the long term, improve the long-term mechanism to improve air quality
For several years, has been attached great importance to the haze weather, it seems that there is no people in a variety of discussions and to take a variety of measures to retreat, and the opposite has become more and more intense trend.
Of course, the analysis of the causes of the haze are various, some will be attributed to man-made various wrong policies and concepts leading to the aberrant development, but also will be attributed to the objective reasons for the weather changes.
Development in all parts of the world has not yet come out of the only economic theory of the strange circle, the local government is inevitably often in the economic data and inhibit environmental pollution in the wavering, and even difficult to bear the pain of high-polluting enterprises. In fact, the two on the GDP soybean oil pulling effect, but the latter compared to the former, temporarily difficult to proportion, the development of the tendency is also self-evident.
This time it is necessary to the central financial hand, must be rooted out from the source of the generation of hazy weather. On the one hand, through market-oriented reforms will be the government stretched too long hand shrink back, become no no interest related regulator, enhance the effectiveness of regulation; on the other hand, through the policy of tax regulation and encourage enterprises to merge the external impact of internalization, so that a variety of subjects can consciously deal with their own due to pollution of the environment to bear the cost.
So all levels of government should attach great importance to air pollution control, real-time release of ambient air quality monitoring information in major cities, the implementation of local standards for air pollutant emissions gradually tightened in phases, and the establishment of a long-term mechanism to deal with hazy weather. Focus on "adjusting structure, promoting management and greening". That is, resolutely eliminate backward production capacity, adjust the energy structure and industrial structure; actively explore new ideas and new approaches to urban environmental management, vigorously carry out the prevention and control of air pollution in key industries; vigorously implement the afforestation and greening, build green ecological barriers, increase the carrying capacity of the environment, the greening rate of the city plan does not meet certain requirements, in the planning of the environmental impact assessment to be vetoed. To this end, the government should also develop some initiatives:
(1) Government departments should advocate green administration, abandon the traditional development of the GDP is the first thought, and actively adjust the industrial structure, reduce the elimination of high-polluting, high-consumption, low-output industries, and the introduction of more green environmental protection industry.
(2) In the process of urbanization, try to promote urbanization construction without destroying the original ecological basis to avoid destroying the original ecological balance of the city or the countryside.
(3) Government departments should set an example by minimizing the use of buses and avoiding the use of buses wherever the problem of travel can be solved by public **** transportation.
(4) Set emission standards for all motor vehicles. For example, emission caps are set for all types of vehicles such as cars, light or heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.
(5) Strict emission standards for large boilers and industrial facilities. The directive sets stricter regulatory standards for emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter from coal-fired power plants. Operators of coal-fired power plants will be required to show "best available technology" to demonstrate a reduction in environmental impacts in order to get a license to continue operating, or they will be shut down. But there is a need for some flexibility in tightening regulations on emissions from coal-fired power plants.
(6) Provide emission standards for machinery and equipment. The state clearly specify the corresponding emission standards, set limit values, prompting some mechanical equipment such as diesel engines must be equipped with particulate filters.
(7) Strengthen the policy assessment of ecological civilization construction, compared with the assessment of local economic development performance, ecological civilization performance assessment has a more important positive significance for the protection and development of people's livelihood.
(8) to strengthen the environmental responsibility related system construction, the establishment of environmental protection local government "a hand" responsibility system.
(9) to further improve the laws and regulations related to environmental protection, improve the market access standards for the discharge of pollutants, and increase the penalties for corporate emissions.
4 Enhance the awareness of environmental protection, harmony between man and nature
To enhance the environmental awareness of the whole nation, the protection and rational use of natural resources, and strive to improve the ecological environment. Want to fundamentally improve the environment, relying solely on a large amount of capital investment and government mandatory measures will not work. The environment is maintained by everyone, only when every one of them spontaneously protect the environment, the haze can be fundamentally effective. And raising the environmental awareness of all people should take different measures for different groups of people.
Education is a good way to raise people's awareness of environmental protection, and Japan has done an excellent job in this regard, which we can learn from. Environmental education in Japan is divided into three levels, one is school environmental education, one is family environmental education, and one is social environmental education. School environmental education is available from elementary school to high school, and it is a compulsory subject with detailed educational contents, both theoretical and practical. This not only allows students to learn in the classroom, but also allows them to learn how to protect the environment in real life from the actual local environment. For example, every year we organize a visit to a garbage disposal plant to let students know how daily garbage is disposed of.
Family environmental education is a parent association that communicates between the school and the parents and cooperates with the school in environmental education. Every day, students and parents are asked to bring in old paper, newspapers, magazines, plastic cans, pop cans and other waste from home for recycling, and then the joint meeting takes the waste to a recycling station, where the proceeds are used to buy toys and school supplies for the children. Social education is the conscious action of the entire Japanese society and every citizen. For this reason, in Japan, in various public **** places in society, whether it is a store, parks, parking lots, streets, plazas, garbage separation recycling bins can be seen everywhere, placed in an orderly manner, the recycling of household garbage by a person in charge.
It is this kind of school, family, society, three-pronged high-intensity environmental protection publicity and education, to ensure that the Japanese environment is increasingly optimized. And China's environmental protection education has achieved little, the reasons probably include the following two points:
(1) in the stream of exam-oriented education, most schools are just to respond to the call of the Ministry of Education, only superficial to carry out the following environmental protection courses or activities, the school province do not pay attention to environmental protection posture, of course, can not be very good environmental protection ideas passed on to the students. Of course, there is another aspect is that schools do not know how to implement environmental education, the heart is not enough.
(2) The government does not pay enough attention. Governments around the world do not pay enough attention to environmental education has objective reasons, one is that China's less developed regions due to population expansion, lack of resources, insufficient capital investment and other serious constraints on its economic development, necessarily, the government's work is focused on the development of the economy in order to get rid of poverty, and to promote the development of the economy has become the core.
Between economic development and environmental protection, regional governments often choose to develop the economy at the expense of the environment, environmental education issues have naturally received a cold shoulder; secondly, due to the gradual nature of environmental problems, hidden, long-term and other characteristics, so it is not easy to cause government policymakers to pay attention to the vigilance and attention to the environmental protection of the education of neglect.
In response to these problems, schools should use textbooks as a vehicle to explain, in a purposeful and well-planned manner, the dangers of environmental pollution to human beings and the importance of protecting the environment, so as to cultivate in students the virtue of protecting the environment. Schools should encourage teachers to explain the process of intentional guidance, timely penetration, through the form of discussion to enhance students' awareness of environmental protection, such as guiding the analysis of the "greenhouse effect", so that students understand that is due to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising year by year, resulting in the Earth's infrared radiation can not pass through the atmosphere and make the surface temperature rise, glacier melting. Schools should also play a guiding role and educational function through the examination, guiding students to care about society and understand society, promoting quality education in secondary schools, and raising the importance of students' awareness of environmental protection.
The government, first, should make full use of press conferences and other forms to publicize in a timely manner the significance of major environmental protection activities and the introduction of important laws and regulations. Secondly, it should further promote the socialization of environmental publicity and education. The formation of citizens' environmental awareness requires the comprehensive use of publicity, education, legal, administrative and public opinion. Environmental protection departments at all levels should do a good job of organizing and coordinating the work, and strive for the support and participation of news, publishing, science and technology, culture, art and other departments at all levels, as well as social groups. Through environmental protection knowledge publicity activities, gradually standardize public behavior, and gradually protect the environment, improve the ecology, rational use and conservation of all kinds of resources penetrate into daily life.