Known as the "fourth generation gymnasium", the great architectural work "Bird's Nest" not only witnessed the unremitting pursuit of human beings in the field of architecture and human settlements in the 2nd/kloc-0th century, but also witnessed the historical process of China, an ancient oriental civilization, opening up continuously.
On June 25th, 2002, authorized by the Beijing Municipal People's Government and the Organizing Committee of the 29th Olympic Games, the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission collected the conceptual design scheme of the main stadium of the 2008 Olympic Games-China National Stadium.
The National Stadium is the first Beijing Olympic venue facility to enter the architectural design process. According to the introduction of Beijing Municipal Planning Commission, the national stadium architectural concept design competition is divided into two stages: the first stage is pre-qualification; The second stage is the official competition. By June 20th, 2002, 165438+ Competition Office had received valid prequalification documents from 44 famous design companies. After strict pre-qualification, 14 design companies were finally determined to enter the formal scheme competition, from China, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada and Switzerland.
The Olympic Games not only attracted the greatest athletes in the world to create the best results, but also attracted the greatest architects in the world to create the greatest works. Many of the world's most powerful design teams and talented designers, including the winner of the Plic Award, the highest prize in world architectural design, participated in the competition. On March 8, 2003, 13 well-known architectural design companies and design consortia from all over the world finally participated in the competition, and delivered their grand ideas for China National Stadium to Beijing. 13 design scheme includes 2 domestic schemes, 8 overseas schemes and 3 Chinese-foreign cooperation schemes.
In the subsequent scheme evaluation, the evaluation committee composed of three authoritative figures, including Guan Guan, academician of China Academy of Engineering, Koolhaas, Dutch architect, etc. 13, made strict evaluation, repeated comparison and careful screening of the entries. After two rounds of secret ballot, three excellent schemes were finally selected. They are the "Bird's Nest" scheme designed by Herzog, De Mellon and China Architectural Design and Research Institute, the "Floating Roof" scheme independently designed by Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute of China, and the "Sky Stadium" scheme jointly designed by Sato Comprehensive Project of Japanese company and Tsinghua University Architectural Design and Research Institute of China.
On this basis, the jury selected the "Bird's Nest" scheme by an overwhelming majority and recommended the implementation scheme. When discussing the "Bird's Nest" scheme, * * * 8 votes were in favor, 2 votes against and 2 abstentions, and 1 vote was invalid. It is rare for a scheme to gain so much knowledge in an international architectural competition.
In order to solicit public opinions, the organizers of the competition also exhibited all the 13 design schemes at the Beijing International Convention Center. The exhibition lasted for 6 days and attracted more than 6,000 votes from the audience. Among them, the "Bird's Nest" scheme recommended by Chinese and foreign judges won 3506 votes, the "floating roof" won 3472 votes and the "Sky Stadium" won 3454 votes, ranking the top three. "Bird's Nest" ranked first, which showed the recognition of the audience and the judges to a considerable extent.
After careful study by the decision-making departments, the "Bird's Nest" was finally determined as the final implementation plan of the main stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games-China National Stadium.
Meet the needs of the Olympic Games and attach importance to "post-Olympic development"
-not only to build historical buildings, but also to embody the concept of thrifty hosting the Olympic Games and lay the foundation for the implementation of "post-Olympic development"
Many people who have seen the design model of the "Bird's Nest" describe it as a warm bird's nest made of a stadium with a capacity of 65,438+10,000 people and a branch-like steel net! The "nest" used to nurture and take care of life places human hopes for the future.
Indeed, the components of the whole stadium structure support each other to form a grid-like frame, which looks like a bird's nest woven with branches. Its gray mineral-like steel mesh is covered with transparent film material, which includes a khaki bowl-shaped stadium stand. Here, the hollow-out technology, ceramic lines, the red brilliance and enthusiasm in China traditional culture are perfectly integrated with the most advanced modern steel structure design.
Amazingly, the whole building is connected by a giant net structure, and there are no columns inside. The grandstand is a complete bowl shape, without any cover, like a huge container, which brings incredible drama and unparalleled shock to the stadium. This even and continuous ring will also give the audience the best view, stimulate their excitement and inspire athletes to sprint faster, higher and stronger. Here, people are truly given a central position.
More subtly, the "Bird's Nest" slightly raised the outdoor terrain of the whole stadium, and placed many ancillary facilities under the terrain, which not only avoided the huge investment consumed by underground excavation, but also landed slowly at the edge of the outdoor square, and built 2,000 open-air seats in the warm-up venue according to the situation, which was organically integrated with the surrounding environment and saved investment again.
Guan Guan, chairman of the judging committee and academician of China Academy of Engineering, commented that this building has no redundant treatment, and everything has an image because of its function, and the architectural form and structural details are naturally unified.
The jury and many other architectural experts agreed that the "Bird's Nest" will not only set up a unique historic landmark for the 2008 Olympic Games, but also be of pioneering significance in the history of world architectural development, and will provide historical testimony for the development of China and the world architecture in the 2nd/kloc-0th century.
It is not easy to design and build the "Bird's Nest", and it is even more difficult to make the "Bird's Nest" full of vigor and vitality in the future. According to reports, the concept of thrifty hosting the Olympic Games and sustainable development has been running through the design of the "Bird's Nest" at the beginning and in the process of deepening the design. On the premise of meeting the Olympic functions, the balance between permanent facilities and temporary facilities should be fully considered. According to the requirements, the Bird's Nest has 654.38+million seats, of which 80,000 are permanent and the other 20,000 are temporarily added during the Olympic Games.
On this basis, the function of the "Bird's Nest" is combined with the future orientation of the surrounding areas and even the long-term development planning of the whole city. According to the established planning scheme, the central area of the Olympic Park where the "Bird's Nest" is located will become a civic activity center integrating sports competitions, conferences and exhibitions, culture and entertainment, business and leisure shopping. As the main stadium of Beijing Olympic Games, the "Bird's Nest" will become one of the landmark buildings in Beijing, and it will also become a hot spot for people to visit and travel for a long time. At the same time, in the design and construction of the "Bird's Nest", great efforts have been made in the versatility of the site and space to improve the utilization efficiency of the site. In addition to undertaking the opening and closing ceremonies and sports competitions, it will also meet the needs of fitness, business, exhibitions and performances, laying a solid foundation for the successful implementation of "post-Olympic development".
Accelerate the innovation of system and mechanism in exploration.
-Using the government-guided and market-oriented operation mode to promote the Olympic "Bird's Nest" to incubate the "golden egg" industry.
As a social welfare project, in the past, the construction of stadiums and gymnasiums was generally invested by the government, operated by the competent department, and the losses were subsidized by the finance. Therefore, many sports facilities often become a long-term "burden" of government financial subsidies after completion.
Beijing is determined to "change its mind". Facing the largest stadium construction in history, Beijing, with the thinking mode of market economy and on the basis of drawing lessons from foreign advanced experience, has accelerated system innovation and mechanism innovation, and actively explored the Olympic project construction and operation mode of "government guidance and market operation".
According to the plan, the venues and supporting facilities in Beijing will be financed by market mechanism, and the project legal person will be determined by public bidding, and the project legal person will be responsible for the financing, design, construction and operation of the project. In the words of a BOCOG professional, it is "the Olympic' Bird's Nest' will incubate the industrial' golden eggs'".
The first thing to be built is of course the main stadium, which will host the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Olympic Games and can accommodate 654.38 million spectators. On the basis of in-depth investigation, careful analysis and scientific calculation, Beijing divided its construction investment into two parts: the Beijing Municipal Government contributed 58%, and authorized Beijing State-owned Assets Management Co., Ltd. as the capital contribution representative; The other part of the investment is funded by the project legal person partner who finally won the bid through global bidding.
Considering the characteristics of large investment and high operating cost of the National Stadium after the Games, Beijing has provided quite favorable conditions to attract investors. In addition to 58% investment by state-owned companies on behalf of the government, quite preferential policies have also been given in land transfer and demolition.
On June 28, 2002, 10, Beijing publicly sold the pre-qualification and bidding documents for Olympic projects to the world, marking the official start of the legal person bidding for the national stadium project; From June 5th to February, 2003, the evaluation committee composed of Chinese and foreign experts reviewed the bidding qualification, construction scheme ideas, financing scheme ideas and operation scheme intentions of the bidding applicants, and determined five shortlisted projects. In July 2003, after a comprehensive review of the optimized design, construction, financing, operation and handover submitted by bidders, two successful candidates were recommended. Subsequently, after negotiation and approval by relevant departments, the winning bidder of the project legal person partner was finally determined.
On the morning of August 9, 2003, the signing ceremony of the corporate partner of the National Stadium Project was held. The consortium, represented by China CITIC Group Corporation, finally became the winning bidder of the national stadium project. Members of this consortium include Beijing Urban Construction Group Co., Ltd., Golden State Holding Group Corporation of the United States and Guoan Yueqiang Co., Ltd. under CITIC Group Corporation. The winning consortium and Beijing State-owned Company jointly set up a project company, which will gain the right to operate the National Stadium for 30 years after the 2008 Olympic Games. State-owned companies do not participate in dividends for 30 years, and recover the intact stadium after the expiration of the operation period. According to the information provided by BOCOG, so far, the bidding for the main venues and related facilities of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games has been successfully completed. Six projects, including the National Stadium, which have been tendered by enterprises, have a total investment of about 20.5 billion yuan, of which 85%, that is, 654.38+07.4 billion yuan, have been completed through enterprise tendering and market mechanism financing.
Let's look forward to it together: In the summer of 2008, the whole world will dance with China in the magnificent Chinese National Stadium "Bird's Nest"!
Fuwa information: Fuwa is the mascot of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. Its color and inspiration come from the five Olympic rings, the vast mountains, rivers and lakes in China and people's favorite animal images. Fuwa conveys the spirit of friendship, peace and initiative to children all over the world, as well as the beautiful wish of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
Fuwa are five lovely close friends whose shapes combine the images of fish, giant panda, Tibetan antelope, swallow and Olympic flame.
Every doll has a catchy name: Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying and Nini. In China, the same name is a traditional way to show love for children. When the names of the five dolls are linked together, you will read Beijing's kind invitation "Welcome to Beijing" to the world.
Fuwa represents the dreams and aspirations of the people of China. Their prototypes and headdresses contain their connection with the ocean, forest, fire, earth and sky. Their image design applies the expression of China traditional art and shows the splendid culture of China.
Bring blessings to all corners of the world.
For a long time, China has a tradition of conveying blessings through symbols. Each doll of the mascot of the Beijing Olympic Games represents a good wish: prosperity, happiness, passion, health and good luck. With the hospitality of Beijing, the dolls brought their blessings to all corners of the world and invited people from all over the world to gather in Beijing to celebrate the 2008 Olympic Games.