Artificial breeding of earthworms is a new undertaking, which is widely used and has high economic value. Can be used as livestock, poultry,&; 127; Fish and other protein feeds can use earthworms to treat urban organic waste, turn waste into fertilizer, and eliminate the pollution of organic waste to the environment. Earthworms can also be used to improve soil and improve soil fertility. In addition, they also have many medicinal values, such as extracting lumbrokinase and amino acids as light industrial raw materials to produce skin care cosmetics. Earthworm manure is a kind of high-quality fertilizer and soil improver, which can be used as fertilizer for planting flowers, vegetables and other crops.
2700 kinds of earthworms
There are many kinds of earthworms in the world, about 2.7 billion. There are 160 kinds of earthworms in China, including earthworm, Eisenia foetida, earthworm with different lips and earthworm with dura mater. What kinds of earthworms were there before artificial breeding? What are the wild species? Which ones are not suitable for artificial farming? Which varieties are suitable for artificial breeding? Only when the problems are clear can the most suitable varieties be selected for artificial breeding.
Introduction of several earthworm varieties suitable for artificial breeding
Worm Eisenia Eisenia commonly known as Eisenia Green. It belongs to the genus Eisenia. It is a large individual, generally with a body length of 150-250mm and a width of 8-12 mm. When sexually mature, the average fresh weight of each insect is 5.2 g, and the body color is bluish yellow or gray blue. Egg bags are pear-shaped, each egg bag has a young earthworm, and very few eggs have two. 127; This kind of earthworm is suitable for artificial breeding in Hai 'an County, Jiangsu Province. The Department of Biology of South China Normal University in Guangdong Province has bred "Eriocheir sinensis" (Eriocheir sinensis from Beijing,&; 127; Large individuals, strong wild habits, not suitable for artificial breeding). Eriocheir japonica is a species suitable for artificial breeding, which was selected by the Biology Department of South China Normal University in Guangdong Province. It is the dominant species in Guangdong Province. It is large in size, with a body length of 120-240 mm, a width of 6- 12 mm, a fresh weight of about 20g and a bluish gray color.
Red earthworm (environmental earthworm that can eat garbage) Eisenia foetida, commonly known as red earthworm, belongs to Eisenia foetida in classification. It belongs to dung earthworm. It is very small, generally 90- 150 mm long and 3-5 mm wide. At sexual maturity, the average fresh weight is 0.50 grams, and the reproductive zone is on the X-section. Its body color is purple and its tail is light yellow. 127; This kind of earthworm likes to swallow all kinds of livestock manure and has a strong dumping ability. It can be found in decomposed fertilizer piles or pulp sludge. It belongs to dung earthworm and is suitable for artificial breeding. (1) Beijing striped earthworm is a local variety of dung earthworm. It was bred by the Institute of Soil and Fertilizer of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences from the wild Eisenia foetida. Its body length is 100-60mm. 127; I like to eat pulp sludge, livestock manure, mushroom residue and so on. The humidity of the feed should be 70%-80%. It is an excellent local variety in Beijing and suitable for artificial breeding. (2) Beixing No.2 is an imported variety, belonging to dung earthworm. It was introduced from Hokkaido, Japan by Tianjin Science and Technology Commission 1979. Length 90- 140mm, width 3-5mm, fresh weight. The growing period is 70-90 days, and it likes to swallow livestock manure and is highly fattened. Suitable for artificial breeding. It belongs to dung earthworm. (3) Eisenia foetida was cultivated by Chongqing No.1 Normal School, which is suitable for artificial propagation. (4) Eisenia foetida was cultivated by Chongqing No.1 Normal School, which is suitable for artificial propagation.
This species is found in Beijing and Dezhou. Its length is 90-260mm, its width is 3-6mm, and its fresh weight is 0.7-1.3g.. Its girdle is saddle-shaped, and its body color is dark millet or taupe in XXVI-XXXVI. It likes to live in moist soil rich in organic matter, so it is suitable for artificial breeding, but there are many varieties.
Earthworm feed Earthworm feed Types of Earthworms
fodder
Preparation of
The quality of feed determines the success or failure of earthworm culture. The preparation and fermentation of feed is an important material basis and technical key for earthworm culture. The speed of earthworm reproduction largely determines the prepared feed. If the feed is well fermented and nutritious, and the C/N ratio is appropriate (between 20 and 30), the earthworm will grow fast and have a high reproduction rate. If the feed is fermented well (especially chicken manure, rabbit manure, pig manure, sheep manure, etc.). ), the earthworm will die or the reproduction rate will be low. So we must pay attention to the preparation and fermentation of feed. Earthworms have a good source of feed. They can all be used as feed for earthworms. There are many kinds of feed for earthworms, including animal manure, such as horse manure, cow manure, pig manure, chicken manure (nitrogen feed) and so on. There are various plant organs, such as straw, wheat straw, corn straw, leaves, sawdust (carbon feed), in addition to watermelon skin, rotten tomatoes, sugar aldehyde residue, bagasse, rotten fruits and so on. There are all kinds of agricultural products processed. Can be used as feed for earthworms. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) is the main nutritional index that needs various nutrients. At present, the carbonitriding requirement of artificially cultured "Beixing No.2" earthworm is between 20 and 30, and the protein in feed should not be too high, otherwise it will be harmful to earthworm. Because when protein decomposes, it will produce stench and ammonia, which is not good for the growth of earthworms. Therefore, nitrogen materials cannot be used alone, and carbon materials must be properly matched to make the C/N ratio appropriate. Carbon feed should not be used alone, because the nutrition is not comprehensive, which is not conducive to the growth and reproduction of earthworms. The basic principle of feed collocation is: the ratio of carbon to nitrogen should be reasonable, generally 60% of manure and 40% of forage. Variety should be as diverse as possible. Earthworms are organic substances that omnivores need rich nutrition. The speed of earthworm reproduction depends largely on nitrogen nutrition, especially available nitrogen.
The feed of earthworm is fully fermented organic waste. Such as livestock manure and straw. These organic wastes can only be swallowed and utilized by earthworms after composting. If the feed is not fully fermented, earthworms will die in large numbers. Therefore, the fermentation of feed is the key to artificially breed earthworms. General organic waste can be used as earthworm feed after three or four composting.
Fermentation of feed (1) Fermented earthworm is an omnivorous annelid. It likes to devour humus organic matter. Or fermented livestock manure, organic waste must be fermented.
Before fermentation, the used livestock manure, such as horse manure or pig manure, is sprinkled and mashed; For example, crop straws, such as rice straw or wheat straw, are cut into 6-9 cm lengths with a straw cutter, then watered and stirred evenly to make them fully wet, and then piled on the ground.
The stacking method adopts a layer of straw, about 20 cm thick, and a layer of livestock manure, about 10 cm thick, and fully sprinkles water, with water content between 50% and 60%. Stack layer by layer, and so on, the height is about 1 m, and the length is not limited.
When stacking materials, it is required that the materials are loose and not compacted, so as to facilitate the propagation of high-temperature bacteria, and plastic sheets can be covered on the materials to achieve the purpose of heat preservation and moisture retention.
15 days or so, turn the pile 1 time, turn the pile from top to bottom, turn the pile around to the middle, loosen the manure pile evenly, replenish water, improve air and water conditions, and promote microbial reproduction and compost maturity.
The composting process of feed is a biochemical process in which microorganisms decompose organic matter. It can be roughly divided into three stages.
(1) After 3-4 days, carbohydrates, saccharides, amino acids, protein, etc. When it is used by thermophilic microorganisms, the temperature can rise to 50-60 degrees Celsius, about 10 day, and the temperature begins to drop, and it can be turned over 1 time in about half a month. Water is added to keep the water content between 60% and 70%, and at the same time, the air condition is improved.
(2) Cellulose decomposition period This period is a high-humidity and low-temperature fermentation stage with a water content of about 70%. Cellulose bacteria begin to decompose cellulose, and turn over the pile 1 time in about half a month to replenish water.
(3) After-ripening period (lignin decomposition period) is mainly decomposed by Tricholoma, and the fermented product is dark brown flake; Lignin decomposes during fermentation, and various microorganisms appear and die alternately. At this time, the number of microorganisms tends to decline, and microbial debris is also a good feed for earthworms.
(2) The evaluation criteria of feed maturity are: the decomposed feed is dark brown, odorless, soft in texture, not sticky or greasy, indicating maturity.
For the sake of prudence, take part of the feed and put it on the earthworm bed, and then put 20-30 earthworms on the bed. If the earthworm enters the bed quickly and does not climb out, it means that the feed has been fully decomposed and can be used.
If the earthworm doesn't want to enter the feed or escape, it means that the feed is not completely decomposed and can only be used after fermentation.
Earthworm world
Earthworms, also known as "earthworms" and commonly known as "Qu", are well-known annelids. Courtyard, front and back of the house, roadside, field, where there is mud, there is a place where they live, which can be described as everywhere. According to Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty, "Earthworms walk, then stretch and roll like hills, hence the name earthworm." The ancient book (Book of Rites) vividly describes the habits and growth laws of earthworms. Earthworms belong to the order Trichopoda in animal taxonomy. There are two kinds of earthworms: aquatic and terrestrial, and terrestrial earthworms are closely related to human beings. Although earthworms are sticky and ugly, people often ignore them. But its life is unknown, and it strives to cultivate artificial glue. As early as 1882, Darwin said that earthworms played an important role in mixed soil. They constantly expose a large amount of subsoil to the air through their own bodies, and pile these soils in holes, thus bringing detailed mixed substances to the surface. The role of earthworm in improving soil fertility is pointed out. Working people in China have long had the habit of using earthworms as feed. Or graze chickens and ducks and feed on earthworms when turning the land. However, with the development of livestock and poultry breeding, the shortage of feed, especially in protein, has become a prominent contradiction at present. Therefore, countries have started earthworm breeding. Earthworms are rich in protein. According to the analysis of Eisenia foetida, the dry body contains crude protein 6 1.02%, and the crude fat content is higher than that of fish meal. This is a new way to provide feed for protein. Earthworm manure is an excellent organic fertilizer. According to analysis, it contains 0.82% total nitrogen, 0.80% total phosphorus and 0. 44% of total phosphorus and 29.93% of organic matter. In addition, earthworms have a wide diet and can be used to treat garbage, turning harm into benefit. It can also be made into medicine. With the development of industrial production, earthworms can also be used as raw materials for canned food and cosmetics. In short, artificial rearing of earthworms is simple, and all localities can use local materials to develop earthworm breeding industry according to the actual situation.
Earthworms in China
At present, there are more than 2000 species of earthworms that have been found and named in the world. In Australia, there is a species called "giant earthworm", which is more than 9 feet long and the longest is 15 feet. China has a vast territory and abundant earthworm resources. There are four families: Orthognathus, Gastropoda, Giant Earthworms and Tongue, * * 65,438+05. There are earthworms 2-3 feet long. A kind of "Dunla earthworm" was found in Wuxi, with a length of 2.4 feet. Stomach worms in Suzhou and Wuxi are about 3 feet long, while ordinary earthworms are only 3 inches long. On the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, you can also see a kind of ice earthworm, which survives tenaciously in the ice and snow, and occasionally has pollen. In most parts of China, from the red soil in the south to the loess area in the north, except.
New Zealand and the United States are the first countries to cultivate earthworms artificially. In recent ten years, due to the rapid development of industries in various countries in the world, "three wastes" pollution has brought great harm to people. After experimental research, people found that earthworm is a "cheap labor" to deal with "three wastes", which attracted the attention of relevant parties. After New Zealand and the United States, Japan, Canada, India, Myanmar and the Philippines, as well as Taiwan Province Province of China, have also started to cultivate earthworms artificially. The rapid development of earthworm culture has gradually promoted the industrialization and commercialization of earthworm culture. According to the estimation of earthworm breeding experts, the existing earthworm farms in the United States can handle 150 tons of garbage every day. In Japan, proliferation and its feces reach 2000 tons per quarter; Earthworms raised in Canada by a German immigrant. 127; It can eat 20 tons of garbage every week, and harvest the same amount of earthworm dung, then mix these earthworm dung with mud moss and fine sand, and then pack them and sell them to nurseries, greenhouses, supermarkets and department stores everywhere as fertilizer for flowers, which is very popular. In recent years, the earthworm breeding industry in Taiwan Province Province of China has also developed rapidly. At present, one of the successful export projects in Taiwan Province Province is earthworm, which only lasts from/kloc-0 to September. A new earthworm species, Reti-Ma, has been bred, and its reproduction rate is over 65,438+05,000 times, that is, once every 6 hours. In the past two years, China, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hebei, Shandong, Jilin, Fujian, Beijing, Tianjin, Sichuan, Hunan, Xinjiang and other provinces and cities have started artificial breeding of earthworms. Japanese experts guide earthworm production. According to the preliminary calculation in Jinshan County, Shanghai, more than 1 000 counties in China have raised Japanese earthworm "Daping No.2". At present, there are three kinds of artificially raised earthworms: Jinshan County, Chongming County and Chuansha County, Buhai City. Besides Eisenia foetida and Eisenia Wilhelm, "Daping No.2" earthworm was introduced from Japan.
The upsurge of artificial breeding, development and utilization of earthworms swept the world. The breeding, development and utilization of some countries are listed as follows:
American Earthworms The United States developed artificially cultured earthworms earlier, and now large and small earthworm farms have spread all over the country. According to the report of American News (World Report) (1September 22, 997), it is agreed that "it is a good idea to breed earthworms". In recent years, the earthworm breeding industry in the United States began to flourish again. They gave a high evaluation of earthworm breeding industry and thought it was a good industry. This industry is "a profitable industry, a guardian of health and a hero of environmental protection". At present, there are about 300 large-scale earthworm farming enterprises in the United States, and in recent years, the International Association of Earthworm Farmers has been established. Some earthworm breeding companies are focusing on the "global" and "local" environmentalism, using earthworm breeding to deal with the garbage in the backyard of big cities. It is estimated that by the year 2000, the number of people sent to landfills will be reduced by half. They organized 1200 urban residents, and gave them earthworm tickets to treat domestic garbage and reduce environmental pollution. An earthworm breeding company in Qian Bo can sell 4,000 pounds of earthworms a year, with a price of about $20 per pound, which has achieved good economic benefits. On the streets of new york, USA, a street vendor appeared. A vendor who specializes in selling poached eggs of earthworms. The price of the big box is $65,438 +07.99, and the price of the small box is $7.99, which has become a favorite food of new york citizens. American scientific experts have made the following comments on the comprehensive utilization of family-raised earthworms: "Using earthworms to treat domestic organic garbage, purify the living environment, plant flowers and vegetables for families, and provide high-quality fertilizers (earthworm manure) for people who like family gardening. It has special value. " A farmer in the United States used compost to breed earthworms, and he had a bumper harvest for 60 years in a row. The crops he planted have high yield, low cost and good economic benefits. An American earthworm expert wrote a monograph on earthworms in 1977, which specifically commented on the biological characteristics, physiological ecology, living habits and soil improvement of earthworms. This paper also introduces the experience of 19 farmers in how to serve agriculture and horticulture by breeding earthworms. Japanese Earthworms In the 1970s, Japan sent a delegation to the United States to learn the experience of earthworm breeding. By the 1980s, the earthworm breeding industry in Japan had spread all over the country. There are more than 200 large earthworm farms. In Shizuoka Prefecture, 1977, an earthworm breeding factory of16500m2 was established to treat organic wastes and paper pulp. The earthworm breeding factory in Hyogo Prefecture can treat 3000 tons of organic waste every month and produce earthworm feed additives. 654.38 billion earthworms were bred, and 654.38 million tons of sludge from food factories and fiber processing factories were treated, turning waste into fertilizer. In Hokkaido, an experimental field for recycling organic waste was established. The purpose of the experiment is to turn waste into protein to meet people's needs, and try to change the Japanese food structure and increase the number of protein. These methods are as follows:
Crushing rice husk, adding sugar accounting for 2% of the weight of rice husk, stirring evenly, sterilizing, and inoculating mushroom residue to make mushroom residue protein. The remaining mushroom shavings can be used to feed cattle, and the beef produced is very popular among the public. Add sawdust into cow dung, stir evenly, ferment, and then feed earthworms. The produced earthworms are used to raise chickens and ducks. Raise fish. Earthworm manure and chicken manure can be used to grow rice on fertile land. This circular compound agriculture has invested 200 million yen, and the investment is expected to be recovered in two years. Due to the rapid development of earthworm breeding in Japan, the National Earthworm Association was established with more than 65,438+0,500 members, which promoted the development of earthworm breeding in Japan. Professor Mihara Heng of Miyazaki Medical University in Japan successfully extracted protease from earthworm. This medicine can be used.
Crocker, a French immigrant of Canadian earthworms, applied to the environmental department of Ontario for using earthworms to treat urban garbage, produce organic fertilizer (earthworm manure), and then add some peat for processing, which will be transported to all parts of the world as nutrient soil for horticultural crops, and achieved good economic benefits.
British earthworm 1982165438+1October19 Britain (Daily Telegraph) reported: Dr. Lewis, an entomologist who studies farm-eaten earthworms, commented that farm-raised edible earthworms are as nutritious as beef steak, and they contain about 70% protein and a variety of amino acids. Minerals and vitamins. He also tried to feed pigs and livestock with earthworms, proving that livestock can gain weight, and the fish fed with earthworms are better than ordinary commercial fish. Britain produces 42 million tons of cow dung every year, which will pollute the environment if it is not treated. As long as13 cow dung is treated with earthworms, protein with an output value of about 300 million Jin can be obtained. Can be used as a supplement to feed. This money is equivalent to the money we spent on importing protein. Earthworm dung can be used as high-quality fertilizer for horticultural crops, and artificial breeding of earthworms is considered to be a very promising cause. Edward, a famous British earthworm expert, is the author of this book (earthworm biology), 65438-0980 in Lausanne experimental station, England. The experiment of treating organic waste (hunting manure) with earthworm and transforming it into protein feed was carried out. (Foreign Science and Technology News) No.1 1988 14 reported that hunting manure was used to produce animal feed in Britain. The British company Comprost established a factory to treat hunting feces with earthworms, and the solid hunting feces were converted into protein feed for feeding fish and poultry. Earthworm manure is a high-quality fertilizer. It can compete with industrial fertilizers. This factory has the capacity to treat pig manure produced by 65438+ 10,000 pigs. There are 900,000 pigs in Hengde area. It is planned to build 654.38+02 factory in the next five years. The Holderness factory will employ 40 people to do this job. This factory can eliminate the pollution of pig manure to the environment. Earthworms are high in protein and can replace fish meal and soybeans as feed.
Italian earthworm
The earthworm breeding industry in Italy has become a new industry. Twenty years ago, an earthworm breeding company was established near Florence, with a breeding area of 16 hectares, which is the largest earthworm farm in Europe. It is engaged in earthworm breeding in California, and the cultivated earthworm is continuously supplied to earthworm farmers all over the country. The company also undertakes to cultivate earthworms to treat cow dung in livestock farms, and the cultivated earthworms are used as protein feed for livestock and poultry. The produced earthworm manure is sold to France as nutrient soil for flower fertilizer. Another use of earthworms is to treat urban and rural domestic garbage. The way is to build a garbage tower. Garbage is loaded from the top of the tower, fermented and treated with earthworms. After 2-3 months, harmful substances, humus, metal plastics, glass, etc. are separated from the bottom of the tower. It's all recovered. In Rekabi, Italy, the method of using earthworms to treat garbage is to first separate organic garbage from inorganic garbage. After the organic garbage is fermented, put earthworms, with 20,000 earthworms per square meter. After a period of earthworm treatment, the original organic garbage has become earthworm dung, and its nutritional content is much higher than that of ordinary fertilizer. Then use earthworm dung as fertilizer for wheat and pea, the yield increase effect is extremely remarkable, and the value of earthworm per square meter reaches 8000 francs, which is quite profitable because it is profitable. Farmers are happy to breed earthworms. German earthworm is very popular in Germany, which is used to treat household food residues, remove kitchen garbage and turn it into humus soil as high-quality fertilizer. The method is: set up a wooden box with a length of 90cm, a width of 60cm and a height of 30cm on the balcony of the house, which contains 2/3 pieces of soil mixed scraps of paper, and then put 500- 1000 pieces. Dump kitchen food residue 1 feed earthworm. After earthworms swallow organic garbage, their excrement is mixed with sand to form humus soil, which is then used to plant flowers and beautify the environment. Because of the simple method and high profit of raising earthworms, thousands of enterprises are engaged in this business, forming a new industry in Germany. In 2008+0989, it was reported that Germany began to cultivate an earthworm (California red earthworm). For the treatment of domestic organic garbage, you can buy 1 box of red earthworms (800 per box) for only $20, which is used to treat domestic garbage such as vegetable leaves, peels, coffee grounds and leftovers. Earthworms turn these domestic wastes into humus, and some people even use them as food (earthworms are chopped, and salt and pepper are added), which tastes like eggs.
Agricultural journals of the Soviet Union and the former Soviet Union reported in 1984 that organic compost was treated with earthworms, and 5000 ~ 30000 earthworms were inoculated in each compost. After 3-4 months, earthworm compost can be made. The application of this earthworm compost can improve crop yield and pit resistance, and the fruit has bright color and good appearance quality. Earthworm compost is also suitable for flowers and fruit trees. Vegetables and so on. Dutch earthworm Piton earthworm breeding company uses earthworms to treat municipal waste. This company has160,000 earthworms, and uses maze system to breed earthworms rapidly. The method is as follows: establish an octagonal earthworm pond with a diameter of 654.38+065.438+0 m and a height of 30 cm; Put 50 tons of garbage and 2 million hungry earthworms, and in about 90 days, organic garbage can be transformed into fertilizer with high fertilizer efficiency. Wan bicester, a soil expert at Dutch Agricultural University, is engaged in this research, and 40 octagonal earthworm culture ponds can treat a 50,000-person municipal waste. Earthworms in the Philippines (World Agriculture) 1984 10 reported that in the Philippines, earthworm breeding technology has been standardized. Generally speaking, earthworm breeding companies provide earthworm seeds for earthworm farmers, and farmers sell the harvested earthworms to the company for export or domestic processing and consumption. At present, there are as many as 50 thousand people raising earthworms. Everyone thinks that earthworms are waste processors, and all organic wastes can be swallowed by earthworms. At present, there are 7 species of earthworms. One of them is from China, and Luning National University is experimenting with its own earthworm species. Some charity officials believe that:
Some parts of Spain are testing Spanish earthworms to promote the reproduction of red earthworms. This aquaculture industry is a way for farmers to make money. Developing red earthworm breeding can combine garbage disposal with fertile soil. At present, Spain has established 65,438+05 earthworm farms. A red earthworm breeding experimental field was established in ares, Catalonia. The treatment of urban organic waste with earthworms has achieved remarkable results. Humus treated by earthworms can be sold for more than two yuan per 600 grams in the market. Humus soil is very effective for planting flowers and fertilizing. In urban garbage dumps, there is a bad smell, which can be eliminated after earthworm treatment. Earthworms in India
(Beijing Evening News) 1995 65438+ 10 12 reported that India is using earthworms to treat the mountains of garbage in cities. With the help of a native earthworm in India, it was put into a garbage pit or dustbin. Earthworms feed on garbage and then discharge a thin and brittle compost. Earthworms in Australia
(Beijing Evening News)1996165438+17 October, it was reported that an Australian environmental expert proposed a method of digesting garbage on the spot. Specially made a box-shaped iron box with many small holes at the bottom, and put it in a shallow pit, which contains soil and earthworms. After removing the glass, plastic, metal and fishbone from the domestic garbage, these leaves, crumbs and fishbone are all put in. Earthworms enter the iron box through the small hole to eat garbage. Earthworms are excreted when eating, and garbage is added when eating. When the iron box is full, turn the box upside down, and the earthworm dung and garbage will be poured into the pit together. After a period of time, the pit can be taken out as fertilizer for flowers and vegetables.
China new earthworm exhibition hall
1979, China introduced "Daping No.2" earthworm and "Beixing No.2" red earthworm from Japan. These two earthworm species imported from Japan belong to Eisenia foetida. They are characterized by strong adaptability and high reproduction rate, and are suitable for artificial reproduction. Since 1980, it has been experimented and popularized in all provinces (autonomous regions) and cities in China. In the same year, the earthworm cooperation meeting was held in Shanghai. 10, the Ministry of Agriculture held an earthworm seminar in Ganzhou Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangxi Province. A national symposium on earthworm was held in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, and 150 representatives attended the meeting. Now the whole country. Carry out artificial breeding of earthworms. The National Earthworm Congress pointed out that artificial breeding of earthworms is suitable for the principle of "self-propagation, self-feeding and self-use" to avoid economic losses. The way out for artificially breeding earthworms lies in comprehensive utilization. Cultured earthworms are used as protein feed for chickens, ducks, bullfrogs, eels and turtles, and earthworm dung is used as fertilizer or feed additive for vegetables and flowers.
Earthworm in Tianjin
The Municipal Science and Technology Commission introduced 500,000 red earthworms "Beixing No.2" from Hokkaido, Japan, and conducted introduction experiments in Tianjin Feed Research Institute and Shuang Gang Brigade respectively. The purpose is to use earthworms to treat pig manure, cow dung, chicken manure and urban organic domestic garbage, to obtain a large amount of earthworm protein feed, to transform urban organic garbage into high-quality fertilizer (earthworm manure), and then use it to plant flowers and grass to beautify the city.
Earthworms from China Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1980 researchers from soil and fertilizer research institute, Tan and others began to study that earthworms are organic wastes and turn them into fertilizers, thus eliminating the environmental pollution caused by organic wastes. Earthworms are used as fertilizers for flowers and other crops to beautify the city.
Researcher Huang Fuzhen has been engaged in the research of improving soil by earthworms for a long time, and engaged in the research of extracting anti-cancer drug "Fu Naikang" from earthworms.
Zoological Society held an academic seminar on earthworm breeding and comprehensive utilization in Chongqing from March 27th to 30th, 1982. Earthworm scientists from 15 provinces (autonomous regions) attended the meeting and published more than 60 papers and summary reports, which were compiled into a collection of essays (earthworm breeding and utilization). Published by Chongqing Publishing House 1984. This book summarizes the scientific research achievements of earthworms in China in recent years. This paper mainly introduces the growth and development, reproduction, ecology, flora, variety selection and improvement, feed formula and processing, breeding technology, breeding density and management technology of earthworm. It uses earthworms to treat organic wastes, feed fish, raise prawns, pigs, chickens, quails and the medicinal value of earthworms.
Comrade Chen Saiying of Shanghai Natural Museum has been engaged in the research of earthworm varieties for a long time, and cooperated with Hai 'an Feed Research Institute and Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute to carry out the research on earthworm breeding and utilization. Jinshan Earthworm Science and Technology Committee conducted the artificial breeding experiment of "Daping No.2" red earthworm in 1980, and soon popularized 22 earthworm breeding experimental sites in this county. Feeding chickens and ducks with earthworms has a remarkable effect on increasing production. 1986 Jiangsu Haiding earthworm promoted artificial breeding and earthworm breeding in the county, and considered that local earthworm cirrhosis and "Qutang 1" red earthworm could be used as local artificial breeding varieties. The researchers carried out a study on benign circular eco-agriculture among 7366 farmers who raised earthworms in this county. Cattle dung, cultivated earthworms and earthworms were used to feed chickens and ducks, earthworms and chicken manure were used to feed pigs, and pig manure was used to feed pigs.
In 1980s, the Institute of Animal Husbandry of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences introduced 0.5 tons of open-air red earthworm for cow dung treatment. The area of earthworm culture is 4.05 mu (mu is illegal unit of measurement, 1 hectare = 15 mu, the same below), and the total output of earthworm is 1 1642 kg, which is 20 times higher than the previous year. The production cost per kilogram is only 0.99 yuan, and earthworm can be used as protein feed for livestock and poultry. Study on high-yield cultivation technology of earthworm in Shandong Laiyang Agricultural College, using earthworm instead of imported fish meal and using earthworm manure instead of part of energy feed to feed pigs, chickens and fish. Using the method of cultivating earthworms in the open air, the yield per mu of earthworms reached 5253.9 kg. The yield of earthworm per mu reached 15000 kg in plastic greenhouse. The experiment of feeding tilapia with earthworm significantly increased the yield. Earthworms from Shenyang Agricultural University
Cui Yuzhen and other researchers are engaged in the research and experiment of cultivating earthworms to treat organic wastes. They believe that breeding earthworms is an effective way to increase the source of organic fertilizer. They think that using organic waste to cultivate earthworms can breed quickly, and earthworm dung is a high-quality fertilizer with high nutritional content. Researchers such as Chen Zujian, Department of Bioengineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, use lower animals to treat agricultural and sideline products and recover maggots, snails and earthworms.
Hu Xiuren, a researcher from the Department of Environmental Protection of Earthworms in Tsinghua University, was engaged in the experiment of treating organic waste with earthworms in 1985- 1989. He believes that cultivating earthworms to treat municipal solid waste is simple, does not need special equipment, has less investment and no secondary pollution, and can be used as one of the methods to treat municipal solid waste. It has social, environmental and economic benefits. It is difficult to realize the huge amount of garbage only by earthworms. It is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions, combine ecological engineering and biological engineering, make comprehensive utilization, diversify or utilize the surplus labor force in rural cities and towns, and disperse farming to achieve more remarkable economic benefits.
198 1 year, earthworm yue qingquan and other researchers carried out the breeding and feeding experiment of Eisenia foetida in Meishan, Sichuan. They think that the local Eisenia foetida in Meishan has good settlement, stable production performance, obvious distribution in the province, strong disease resistance and precious local varieties, so we should make full use of local resources. We can use Eisenia foetida and imported Eisenia foetida. In order to cultivate new varieties with higher yield. In addition, the experiment of extracting "silkworm protein" from earthworm was carried out. The results show that spraying silkworm protein on mulberry leaves can improve the disease resistance of silkworm, increase eggs and silk, thus improving silk yield and economic benefits. Comrade Tian Fang of Shuangqiao Earthworm Farm in Beijing has been raising earthworms with pigs and cow dung for nearly 20 years. He has rich experience in cultivating earthworms artificially.