1. China's e-commerce development a brief review
China's computer applications have a history of more than 40 years, but e-commerce is only more than a decade, September 20, 1987, China's first e-mail over the Great Wall, to the world, opened the prelude to China's use of the Internet.
China's e-commerce development process can be divided into three stages:
1. 1990-1993, to carry out EDI e-commerce application stage
China in the nineties began to carry out EDI e-commerce applications, since 1990, the State Planning Commission, the Science and Technology Commission will be included in the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" national scientific and technological projects such as the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the State foreign trade licensing EDI system, China's Foreign Trade and Economic Relations License EDI system, China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation Sinotrans sea/air transport management EDI system, China National Chemical Import and Export Corporation "Sinochem financial, petroleum, rubber trade EDI system" and Shandong Yarn Drawing Company "EDI in the application of export trade", etc. In September 1991 by the State Council Office of the promotion and application of electronic information systems led by the State Council in conjunction with the State Planning Commission, the Science and Technology Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation, the Ministry of Domestic Trade, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Postal Service, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Domestic Trade, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Electronics, State Bureau of Technical Supervision, Commodity Inspection Bureau, Foreign Exchange Administration, General Administration of Customs, Bank of China, the People's Bank of China, the People's Insurance Company of China, the Taxation Bureau, the Council for the Promotion of International Trade and so on eight ministries and commissions initiated to set up a "China to promote the coordination of the application of EDI group" in October the same year set up a "China EDIFACT Committee" and to participate in the Asian EDIFACT Council. At present, there are 18 national department members and 10 local committees. EDI is applied in domestic and foreign trade, transportation, banking and other sectors.
2. 1993-1997, the government led the organization to carry out the "Three Gold Project" stage, laying the foundation for the development of e-commerce.
In 1993, the State Council was set up to pay the Premier as Chairman of the National Economic Informatization Joint Conference and its office, and successively organized the Golden Pass, Golden Card, Golden Tax and other "three gold projects", and has made significant progress. In May 1994, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of Electronics, the Global Information Infrastructure Committee (GIIC) *** with the organization of the "Beijing E-commerce Inter-Forum", from the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Egypt, Canada and other countries, 700 people attended. 1994 October "Asia-Pacific E-commerce Symposium was held in Beijing", so that the concept of e-commerce began to spread in China. 1995, China's Internet began to be commercialized. In 1995, China's Internet began to commercialize. Internet companies (ISPs, .COM companies) began to rise.
In January 1996, the State Council set up the State Informatization Leading Group, headed by the Vice Premier, with the participation of more than 20 ministries and commissions, to provide unified leadership and organization for the construction of China's informatization.
In 1996, the Allbridge Network and the Internet were officially opened.
In 1997, the Information Office of the organization of relevant departments to draft the preparation of China's information technology planning, held in Shenzhen in April 1997, the National Informatization Work Conference, the provinces, cities and regions have set up information technology leading group and its office of the provinces began to formulate their own provinces, including e-commerce, the information technology construction plan. 1997, advertisers began to use online advertising. since April 1997, the China Commodity Ordering System (CGOS) began to operate.
3. 1998 began to enter the Internet e-commerce development stage
March 1998, China's first Internet online transactions successfully. In July 1998, China Commodity Exchange Market was formally announced, known as the "never-ending Canton Fair". China Commodity Spot Market is the first spot electronic trading market in China, and the electronic trading volume of the spot electronic market in 1999 reached RMB 200 billion. Bank of China cooperated with the Telecommunications Data and Information Bureau to carry out the pilot project of Bank of China's e-commerce in Hunan Province, launching China's first SET-based e-commerce system. In October 1998, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Information Industry jointly announced the launch of electronic trade as the main content of the "Golden Trade Project", which is a promotion of networked applications, the development of e-commerce in the field of economic and trade circulation of large-scale application of the pilot project. In 1998, the capital, Shanghai and other cities to start e-commerce project, to carry out electronic shopping malls, electronic shopping malls and e-commerce pilot, to carry out online shopping and online trading, the establishment of financial and non-financial demonstration centers, and the relevant standards and regulations for the future development of e-commerce to lay the foundation. At present, China's e-commerce is still in its infancy or initial stage. Pharmaceutical e-commerce network was put into operation in 1998, with 10,000 enterprises and institutions in the medical and health care industry connected to the network, and capable of providing information on thousands of Chinese and Western medicines. The national inventory commodity regulation network, the national construction online, real estate online promotion, have been officially opened.
March 1999, 8848 and other B2C Web sites officially opened, online shopping into the practical application stage.
In 1999, the rise of government access to the Internet, enterprise access to the Internet, e-government (government access to the Internet project), online taxation, online education (Hunan University, Zhejiang University online university), remote diagnosis (Beijing, Shanghai, the big hospitals) and other broadly e-commerce began to start, and there have been pilots, and into the actual trial stage, 4. 2000, China's e-commerce has entered the stage of pragmatic development.
E-commerce gradually to B2B from traditional industries as the main body. E-commerce service providers (dotcom Inc.) is shifting from illusory, risk capital market to the reality of changes in market demand, and there is a combination of traditional business enterprises, and at the same time began to appear some of the more successful, began to make a profit in e-commerce applications. Due to the further improvement of infrastructure and other external environment, e-commerce applications to further improve the real market demand for e-commerce is maturing, e-commerce software and solutions to accelerate the trend of "localization", the domestic enterprises to develop or focus on the domestic application of e-commerce software and solutions gradually dominate the market. China's e-commerce has been fully launched and has begun to bear fruit. The advantages of network-based e-commerce will be further realized.
2. China's e-commerce development status
2.1 China's computer ownership, Internet users, the number of sites in recent years, rapid growth
China's computer Internet users, Web sites and domain names, "rapid growth, according to the relevant departments of statistics:
2000 2001 2002.6 2002.12
Computer The number of computers installed 22 million 28 million 35 million 39 million
The number of networked computers 8,920,000 12,540,000 16,130,000 20,830,000
Internet users 22,500,000 33,700,000 45,800,000 59,100,000
The number of domain names 22,000,127,000 12,660,000 17,990,000
The number of web sites 265,000 277,000 293,000 37.1 million
The rapid development of the Internet in China has promoted e-commerce and computer application networking.
2.2 E-government project started in a comprehensive manner and began to see results
In 2002, e-government into the full implementation of the stage, the national government procurement investment of 35 billion yuan (25 billion yuan of hardware, software 4.5 billion yuan, 5.5 billion yuan of information services) than the same period of growth of 25% in July 2002, the State Information Office announced the construction of China's e-government guidance, which consists of three major Measures: 1) Establish two unified e-government network platforms, intranet to deal with office, extranet to deal with interdepartmental and business and public service obligations. 2) Promote the construction of 12 golden projects, (Golden Tax, Golden Customs, Golden Finance, Golden Audit, etc.). 3) Accelerate the construction of important strategic databases (Population, Agricultural Information Base, etc.). The implementation is underway at all levels of government nationwide. 4615 gov.com domain names were applied for by all levels of government in January 2001, and in December 2002, there were already more than 7796 domain names. In some provinces, township governments have all gone online, and government websites at all levels have published government information on the Internet, opening up channels for communication with the public and the provision of services, and many local governments have set up information dissemination and query systems for the public, and set up "mayor's mailboxes" and "government mailboxes" to facilitate the public's participation in politics and deliberation on political affairs. Beijing Capital Public Information Platform has established 142 government websites to carry out more than 80 online office programs, providing 565 types of downloadable office forms. Shanghai has set up 143 government websites, realizing the cross-sectoral business online parallel examination and approval, and in the past, it took more than 30 days to run 18 departments, and now it takes only 5 days to run 1 department to complete. Guangzhou has established 76 government websites, 93 application systems, such as 43 departments in the "business registration and annual inspection and approval system" for online approval, etc., Qingdao e-government project by the General Office of the State Council and the Ministry of Science and Technology as one of the national e-government demonstration projects, the most advanced technical performance, the most abundant information resources, the largest number of visits, etc., the construction of a number of government websites record, in the e-government strategy, Technical research and e-government planning and construction are also at the forefront of the country's customs and other departments to establish an electronic port system, import and export customs declaration and customs clearance business management on the Internet, enterprises can complete the customs declaration and customs clearance procedures on the Internet. National tax system computer wide-area network has more than 4,000 points, basically built a national tax computer network, more than 20 million taxpayers in the country computer management, 75% of the country's tax collection through the computer, anti-counterfeiting tax-control system has been implemented throughout the country, the tax department in some areas to carry out online declaration and payment of taxes on a pilot basis, online taxation has been realized in some provinces and cities, such as Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong and so on. Realization, online government bidding and procurement has been implemented in some provinces and cities, such as Shenzhen, 600 million yuan of drugs have been in the online bidding, procurement. E-government into the full implementation of e-commerce to promote the development of e-commerce.
2.3 China's e-commerce environment continues to improve
China's development of e-commerce environment (network infrastructure, such as the operating environment, legal environment, market environment, online payment, information security, certification center construction and other conditions) is gradually improved, the state policy on e-commerce, regulations are about to be introduced, has been the development of e-commerce to establish the basic conditions. Network bandwidth increased, the total international export bandwidth in 2002 the sum of the bandwidth has reached 8880M, an increase of 23. 5% over 2001; nine Internet units and China's National Internet Exchange (NAP) interconnection bandwidth sum of 21,412M, broadband access has achieved a substantial growth, the number of users reached 4.17 million, of which 1.87 million ADSL access, 1.7 million LAN access, and 1.7 million users, and 1.7 million LAN access. LAN access 1.7 million, Cable Modem, wireless and other access methods 600,000 households. Substantial progress has been made in the nationwide modernized payment system, with the large-value real-time payment system successfully put into operation in Beijing and Wuhan on October 8, 2002, and the promotion of the system in 11 economically developed major cities, including Shanghai, Tianjin, Jinan, Shenyang, Chengdu, Xi'an, Shenzhen, and Haikou, completed by the end of February 2003, which has preliminarily formed a nationwide cross-branch and cross-region bank card information exchange network. Logistics and distribution have seen some progress, with China Post, which has the largest delivery network in China, joining the e-commerce field, and a number of professional distribution enterprises specializing in e-commerce project services have also emerged one after another.
China's government attaches great importance to security issues related to the application and development of e-commerce. Industry certification centers, such as telecommunications, customs, the People's Bank of China to lead the organization of the security certification center has been established, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities of the certification center has also been established, and security standards, electronic signatures, cryptographic systems and other related core technology development has also been attached importance to and increased investment. 2002, and e-commerce-related regulations, laws and regulations are also maturing, 2002 to complete the electronic Signature point regulations drafting, more laws are in the pipeline.
2.4 Industry e-commerce rapid development
2002 foreign trade e-commerce operating environment greatly improved, the national import and export licenses network to apply for and issue the full operation of the system, the enterprise can be online application for import and export licenses; the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation has long been in the international Internet to establish an on-line Canton Fair, the China Commodity Exchange Market, the China Technology Export Fair, China Merchants and other sites, including China Commodity Exchange Market (China market.com.cn ), has more than 8,000 enterprises nearly 30,000 kinds of commodities in the virtual market year-round display, this year opened the online negotiation platform, through www.cantonfair.org,www.cecf.com,www.ccme.org.cn等 The three websites provide e-commerce services such as information release, trade matching, online negotiation and assisted transaction for the exhibitors and businessmen. According to statistics, as of April 27, the total number of visits to the websites of the Canton Fair reached 50.9 million, an increase of 50.95% over the same period of the previous session. Among them, the cumulative number of overseas visits was 25.89 million. The intended turnover of the three platforms of Canton Fair website was 2. 218 million dollars, and the confirmed turnover was 47.847 million dollars. According to statistics, among the major categories of products, the best online turnover is electromechanical products, accounting for 73.4% of the total turnover, followed by grain and oil products and mineral and chemical products.The establishment of the Yiwu Small Commodity Online International Expo in 2002 has promoted the export of small commodities. The national processing trade network approval management system has been promoted nationwide, with 300 approval authorities and more than 20,000 enterprises realizing online declaration, approval, real-time monitoring and management of processing trade. The commercial bank outlets nationwide have been electronized, and the financial industry issued 469 million bank cards of various types as of November 2002, a year-on-year growth of 22%, and 210 million cards were issued in the period from January to October 2002, including those with UnionPay logo. The financial industry issued 469 million bank cards of all kinds by November 2002, a year-on-year increase of 22%, and 210 million cards were issued from January to October 2002, of which more than 60 million were issued with the UnionPay logo. At the end of September 2002, the cumulative transaction volume of bank cards amounted to 10.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 43 percent over the end of 2001. ''The financial system has been opened and operated by the China Financial Certification Center (CFCA) jointly built by the People's Bank of China and twelve commercial banks nationwide; China Merchants Bank, Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Construction Bank and Agricultural Bank of China have carried out on-line business, and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China has opened 312 on-line banks, with a turnover of RMB 600 billion yuan in 2001, and exceeding RMB 5 trillion yuan in 2002.''2002 New services such as agency exchange, reservation business, online charging, fund and treasury bond business were added, and new businesses such as bill payment, e-card, foreign exchange trading and fund trading were added to the personal online business. At present, 2,623 securities offices of 101 securities companies and 239 trust and investment companies nationwide have basically established electronic business processing systems, and computer and network communication technologies have become the support for various securities businesses. Computer and network communication technology has become a key measure to support the operation of the securities business, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Beijing and other securities companies in the establishment of sites on the Internet, can provide stock market quotes, online securities online trading (online speculation), in 2002 through the Internet to complete the securities transactions of 523 billion yuan, an increase of 8.99% over 2001. 2002 most of the insurance companies have opened the In 2002, most insurance companies opened websites, some of which have been developed to e-commerce type, such as PICC's e-picc, Ping An Insurance pa18 and other websites, where customers can insure automobile insurance, homeowner's insurance, cargo insurance online, and enjoy real-time services such as policy inspection, premium trial calculation, insurance inquiry, complaint reporting, risk assessment, policy approval and correction, etc., and achieved better results in 2002 in terms of online sales of policies, etc. The industry has set up industry websites to carry out online securities trading (online speculation). The industry has set up industry websites to publish product information online, conduct online negotiations and contracts, and carry out online distribution.
Chinese textile network launched a more reliable than e-mail communication, more simple, real-time and allows buyers and sellers to obtain timely communication of network trading tools --- BTOB real-time online communication system, allowing Chinese textile enterprises to go online in real time to talk about "buying and selling".
Real estate transaction system online online transactions, the summer of 2002, customers can be installed in China Telecom host room server EES real estate information online transaction system for real estate transactions. The system is a set of online real estate information developed specifically for the real estate business transactions, management of large-scale e-commerce system. The system adopts the latest B/S system, Win2000 as the development platform, friendly operation interface, and complete background management of the website. Building products and building materials products suitable for online sales. The current "China Building Materials Commodity Network", "China Decorative Materials Network", "China Cement Network", "Luban Network", "E-Net Hardware Network" and other construction and building materials websites have formed a multi-species, wide coverage. Vertical and horizontal network pattern. Tourism has also started e-commerce, national travel agencies, youth travel agencies to carry out online tourism business, online booking of tourist attractions, hotels and restaurants, arrange travel plans. National tourism website has nearly 300, online tourism market is developing rapidly,
"China Wan Tourism Network", "Huaxia Tourism Network", "Kanghui professional overseas travel site", "Ctrip Tourism Network" and "Tourism Information Network" launched by the characteristics of the tour by the general welcome.
According to a sample survey conducted by the China Article Numbering Center, in 2002, 62.7% of the country's retailers had built local area networks (LANs), and 38.8% of retailers published commodity information on the Internet; 17.9% of retailers provided on-line shopping methods; and only 3% of retailers implemented vendor-managed inventory (VMI). China's agricultural websites are developing rapidly. Not only provinces and cities generally established the "agricultural information network", but also emerged similar to the "China billion agricultural by-products network" "Fuzhou Yafeng" "Nanjing Baiyunting" such a number of large-scale online market. Online business varieties changed last year to grain, fertilizer-based situation. By-products, poultry, pesticides, souvenirs, flowers, gardens, aquatic products, tea, fresh fruit, etc. all online. Jiangsu has nine categories, thirty agricultural markets to realize the network. Pei County took the lead in the realization of the county's 28 townships connected to the network. Online sales of vegetables, grain and other agricultural products 2.3 billion kilograms. Global Farmers Business Network", "China Youth Farming Network", "China Rural Spark Data Broadcasting Network" allows farmers to use the TV to enter the network time and space. It has become a digital information network for 900 million farmers. The Agricultural Monitoring and Early Warning System has begun to provide monthly monitoring reports on wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton, and sugar, and by the end of the year, a data platform for several varieties can be established. Rural supply and demand information service system, rural supply and demand information national joint broadcasting system (rural supply and demand one-stop), over the past year there have been 18,000 registered members, the monthly promulgation of 6,000 pieces of information, the content of the detailed examination of 130,000, China's agricultural information network (www.agri.gor.cn) has become China's most comprehensive and authoritative agricultural information network, the monthly click has reached 10 million times, agricultural products Price supply and demand information is also sent to users nationwide through China Unicom's pager. 2002 improved the information management of the website, established a three-tier structure content management system, promoted the construction of counties and townships' information service points, and by the end of the year, it is expected to complete the task of constructing 60% of the county-level and 20% of the townships' rural economic information service stations
The on-line agricultural products supermarket was opened, and the staff of the Beijing Wanfuji in Beijing's Daxing County Employees of the Beijing Wanfuxi Food Company prepare agricultural products for customers who order online at its distribution center. The company from May 2002 to use the Internet to sell agricultural and sideline products, the public as long as the login "> www.hhl.com.cn网址, you can see the graphic and graphic Daxing vegetables, fruits and meat and other agricultural and sideline products, the company set up a distribution site of the district residents through the network order, the company for the customer's requirements for cleaning, processing and distribution, the public does not go out of the district on the Can buy fresh, cheap quality agricultural and sideline products. At present, 60,000 Beijing residents have become members of the company. Since 1997, Nantong City, farmers through the Internet sales of agricultural products reached a total of more than 200 varieties, realizing sales of nearly 100 million yuan, through the information bridge, farmers embarked on a fast track to prosperity.
2.5. Provincial and municipal areas of e-commerce has made a lot of progress
Beijing, Shanghai, Hunan, Xuzhou, Hainan and other places of e-commerce has made a lot of progress.
Beijing's capital e-commerce project has made great progress, the capital e-commerce as the main infrastructure of the capital e-commerce, has begun to domestic and foreign enterprises, merchants to carry out national and global e-commerce play a role in the monthly visitors up to millions of people, the monthly online business turnover has amounted to millions of yuan RMB. 2002 Beijing e-commerce has gradually set up and formed the capital characteristics of the E-commerce system has been gradually established and formed with the characteristics of the capital, the function of the e-commerce service platform - Capital E-Mall has been further improved, and the four-level community e-commerce service information network system has been fully opened. From January to September 2002, B to B and B to C e-commerce transactions amounted to RMB 36.01 billion and RMB 383 million respectively, representing an increase of 121.87% and 164.14% compared with the same period last year, and the e-commerce market has a favorable outlook. Xidan Mall invested 9 million RMB to set up an e-commerce company (igo5.com) at the end of 2001. By June 2002, the monthly sales of igo5.com had exceeded 4 million RMB. In September 2002, Silvateam broke a new record of open and pure e-commerce purchasing in Asia with a single cross-border online purchase of more than 10 million RMB, and opened four bidding markets for four different kinds of specialty plastics. The total turnover exceeded 10 million RMB, saving the buyer more than one million RMB, with a saving ratio of 10.72%. Up to this point, Silvateam has successfully held more than a dozen online bidding and ordering sessions for Chinese export commodities for some of the largest office stationery chains in the United States as well as some of the largest retailers in Germany. NetEase 2001 early eBay cooperation online auction, July 5, 2002, the contract expired, the two sides of the auction cooperation officially expired. July 9, 2002 NetEase home page appeared on the "NetEase Auction" launched its own auction services. March 18, 2002 the United States eBay company for the eBay injection of 30 million U.S. dollars in eBay and the U.S. eBay company to cooperate with the eBay eBay obtained a 33% stake in eBay, so that eBay In 2002, China's Internet sales of cell phones increased by nearly 150%, and there are 264 models of various brands of cell phones at home and abroad, all of which can be sold through the Internet; the price of the same cell phone sold online is 1% to 2% lower than that of the traditional stores, and the online sales of cell phone accessories can be 40% to 40% cheaper than that of the traditional stores. The online sales price of the same cell phone is 1% to 2% lower than the traditional store sales price, and the online sales of cell phone accessories can be cheaper than the traditional store by 40% to 50%. Beijing community e-commerce project has achieved remarkable results in the past one year: relying on the capital's public information platform, 18 districts and counties, 149 streets are connected as a whole to realize interconnection, 169 websites are established in 169 community service centers to form a group of websites covering the city's community service information, 149 sets of street hotlines are installed to call the system, 1,200 communities are installed with management software, and community e-commerce support platforms are developed to provide support to 2,400 communities. An e-commerce support platform has been installed in 1,200 communities, and network access has been realized in 2,400 communities, with three types of access: 96156 hotlines and information kiosks. Shanghai's social security card project has been effective over the past few years, with a total of 8 million cards issued and 6 million people used for medical insurance settlement.
Jinan e-commerce and modern logistics application demonstration project over the past year, with the Sanlian Group as the leader and 22 home appliance manufacturers and more than 20 sellers to establish home appliance e-commerce alliance, 34 chain stores to transform, 24 implementation of the close distributor management system, 10 implementation of the core distributor management system (i.e., by the ERP unified management). Headquarters and even sales store distribution efficiency greatly improved, order processing from 1.5 days to shorten to 5 minutes, realizing the business flow, information flow, logistics, fully integrated, resources **** enjoy. Hainan in tourism e-commerce, online marketing of agricultural products, Chongqing in the online agricultural, trade supermarkets, online light industrial market, Xuzhou Huaihai Food Mall, Tianjin in the logistics and distribution of the pilot, has accumulated useful experience, China Telecom Hunan e-commerce center established a 179 portal, to carry out online security transactions, secure payment, securities, banking, shopping and CA argumentation and other security services.
2.6 China's B2B, B2C market development status quo according to CCID's research and analysis of information: December 2002, China's e-commerce Web site 3804, 3391 than in 2001, an increase of 12%, can effectively run 1533, 1326 than in 2001, an increase of 16%; consumer e-commerce Web site 2277, of which 285 comprehensive category website 285, 1992 professional website, can effectively run 737; B2B website 1527, of which 189 comprehensive website, professional website 1338, can effectively run 796; e-commerce market size, e-commerce transactions in 2002, 180.9 billion yuan, 108.8 billion yuan in 2001, an increase of 66.2%; B2C transactions In 2001 for 1.315 billion yuan, 2.5 billion yuan in 2002, an annual growth rate of 90%; B2B transactions in 2001 for 107.5 billion yuan, 178.4 billion yuan in 2002, an annual growth rate of 65.9%.
2.7? E-commerce in China's industrial and transportation enterprises has made remarkable progress
In 2002, the pilot demonstration project of manufacturing informatization application was launched in full swing, and 27 provinces and cities, 46 key cities and nearly 2,000 enterprises nationwide carried out the pilot demonstration project of manufacturing informatization.
In August 2001, CCID surveyed more than 600 enterprises in 13 industries in 10 cities, 22.3% of which participated in e-commerce, 9.3% of which carried out supply chain management, 15.6% of which carried out distribution channel management, 51.4% of which carried out on-line sales, 72.9% of which carried out information querying, and 72.4% of which Online information dissemination. A survey conducted by the State Economic and Trade Commission shows that 66.67% of 6 aviation enterprises have implemented e-commerce, 57.14% of 7 petrochemical enterprises have implemented e-commerce, 46.67% of 15 foreign trade enterprises have implemented e-commerce, and the proportion of e-commerce implemented in other industries, such as electronics, railroads, pharmaceuticals, machinery, automobiles, chemicals, textiles and metallurgy, is in the range of 20%-50%. 50% or so, accordingly, e-commerce in industries such as light industry, electric power, tobacco, transportation, etc. is not sufficiently carried out, below 20%, especially in coal, construction and non-ferrous metal industries, the proportion of e-commerce carried out are below 10%.In 2002, about 26.1% of enterprises in China were involved in e-commerce. In 2002, about 26.1% of enterprises in China participated in e-commerce. Large enterprises were the most active in e-commerce, with a proportion of 32.1%, while the proportion of medium-sized and small enterprises was 27.8% and 21.4%, respectively.
By the nature of the enterprises, the proportion of wholly foreign-owned enterprises participating in e-commerce was the highest, at 41.3%, followed by Sino-foreign joint ventures, with a proportion of 33.5%. The proportion of state-owned and private/private enterprises is relatively low, are less than 25%, but and 2001 than, have improved to varying degrees Some large and medium-sized enterprise groups such as Baosteel, Sinopec, Lenovo, Founder, Haier and other groups, in the realization of the enterprise's internal ERP management on the basis of the development of online marketing, online purchasing, has been or has been in the construction of supply chain management and customer relationship management.
China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina), whose transactions on B2B sites have been incorporated into the main production plan, has exceeded 19.3 billion yuan in transactions as of December 2002, including 10.6 billion yuan in e-procurement and 8.7 billion yuan in e-sales.
In the first 10 months of 2002, PetroChina's on-line transactions amounted to 15.0 billion yuan, of which 9.2 billion yuan were e-procurement and 8.8 billion yuan were e-sales. 5.8 billion yuan. Average savings of 5% of the procurement cost, "West-East Gas Pipeline" project, a more than 600 million yuan online procurement in just seven hours to complete, saving 120 million yuan. Petroleum special pipe electronic procurement, oil companies can save 200 million yuan a year
China's petrochemical products sales e-commerce network has the following benefits: 1. Reduce the cost of sales, petrochemical products turnover of 30.2 billion yuan from August 2000 to December 2002, to save hundreds of millions of dollars in sales costs; 2. more effective customer service, customers can access the product online, ordering More effective customer service, customers can check the online products, orders, processing information, you can better provide customers with timely technical support and technical services to improve customer satisfaction; 3. Increased business opportunities, online publicity enterprises, product performance, expanding sales turnover, the opening of so far more than 100 new customers. Petrochemical materials procurement e-commerce system procurement transactions 1. 97 million, turnover of 20.9 billion yuan, saving procurement funds of more than 500 million yuan. Haier Group has realized the business process reorganization centered on order information flow, centralized online bidding, purchasing, service and marketing through the B2B e-commerce platform, improved product quality, reduced costs, reduced storage area and inventory funds. As of December 31, 2001, the online transaction amounted to 18.8 billion yuan. Transaction amounted to 12.36 million yuan; orders throughout the country in more than 90 cities, including rural areas, the online acceptance of nearly 10,000 processing information, including suggestions, advice, cooperation, services and other types of information, including a number of product design proposals were adopted, through the order information and receive all kinds of information for analysis and mining, sales and production decision-making services, improve enterprise competitiveness, for the internationalization of the road to Haier laid a solid foundation. It has laid a solid foundation for Haier's internationalization. Haier achieved a global turnover of 60.2 billion RMB in 2001, established mySAP.com e-procurement platform, 10% of the purchase orders were placed online, and realized the first-class triple-network, centered on the information flow of orders, the global supply chain resource network, the user resource network, and the computer information network, which lowered the purchasing cycle from an average of 10 days to 3 days, reduced the warehousing area by half, and lowered the inventory capital by about 700 million RMB, and the inventory turnover date from 30 to 30 days. 700 million yuan, inventory turnover date from 30 days to less than 12 days, realizing instant procurement, instant delivery, instant distribution logistics. Baosteel Corporation through the application of the Oriental Steel Online Bsteel platform bulk materials online bidding work, as of July 2002 to achieve the procurement amount of more than 5 billion yuan, the participation of nearly 400 suppliers. At present, Baosteel Group's annual sales of tens of thousands of tons of steel products and tens of billions of RMB, including exports, are all conducted online. Lenovo Group has standardized and optimized 77 business processes through the implementation of Resource Management Plan (ERP), and strengthened the integration between the subsystems of finance, sales, manufacturing and purchasing, etc. Currently, Lenovo Group has completed the informatization of the supply chain chain link, and has already carried out collaborative e-commerce. `About 70 percent of the country's large and medium-sized enterprises have gone online, set up Web sites, with Web sites, home pages, to carry out online release of product information, online negotiations, contracting, and carrying out network distribution.
The application of computers in the railroad, civil aviation and shipping sectors has made great progress, with the basic completion of the railroad transport management system TMIS, the computerized ticketing system put into operation by the railroad bureaus, and the nationwide railroad ticket sales and booking system put into operation in 1996, with computerized ticketing implemented in more than 6,000 windows at 2,199 stations, and the completion of the Ticket Center of the Ministry of Railways and 24 regional ticket centers, realizing nationwide networking and the establishment of a nationwide ticketing center. The passenger ticket center of the Ministry of Railways and 24 regional passenger ticket centers have been built to realize nationwide networked ticketing, with ticket sales accounting for more than 90% of the total number of passenger tickets issued by the national railroads. Pilot work. The civil aviation booking system provides flight seat control and sales services for 26 domestic airlines, and the departure system, cargo system, air traffic control system, aviation information system and civil aviation business data network have been further improved, and the construction of the civil aviation distribution system (GDS) has been started, which has been connected with 386 foreign airlines and 2,000 hotels, laying the foundation for the development of e-commerce, and information technology on the highway, Inland water transport and ocean shipping system, including highway freight trading information system, container transportation, port management EDI network, electronic bill of lading system and water safety supervision and other aspects of the application, substantial progress.
2.8 Rapid Development of Distance Education
Nationally, about 100,000 primary and secondary schools have been popularized computer classes, more than 10,000 primary and secondary schools have been built campus network, computer-assisted teaching has been popularized in the university, secondary schools, the development of a number of courseware to improve the quality of teaching, distance learning through the network in recent years, first realized in Tsinghua University, Peking University, University of Posts and Telecommunications, and the country's key universities are now Distance education, the Ministry of Education has authorized 67 universities to operate online universities. The national enrollment in September 2001*** was 60.8 million people, of which 460,000 were from the Central University of Electricity and Television; more than 200 regular online schools have been established in secondary schools nationwide, and more than 700,000 secondary schools have registered more than 600,000 students in online schools." During the SARS period, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education opened "Classroom Online" for students to study online at home. The National Basic Education Resource Network has also been opened. The widespread use of modern network technology in teaching and learning has provided the education system with unprecedented opportunities for development.
The 67 cyber universities approved by the Ministry of Education were even more unprecedentedly developed during this period, and in the extraordinary period, ordinary school students and school-leavers as well as students registered for distance education experienced distance education together. All high schools and universities in Beijing make full use of the existing distance education colleges, so that school-leavers can leave school without being "discharged". Beijing has set a record of 80,000 people attending classes at the same time. The online school attached to Peking University has recently launched a new program