Lantern Festival is an ornamental decoration hung and decorated in the Spring Festival and Lantern Festival. It is made of various materials and shapes by traditional techniques, commonly known as lantern, lantern color or colored lantern. The development of lanterns is directly related to watching and enjoying lanterns in Lantern Festival, which is also called "Lantern Festival".
Lantern Festival began in Han Dynasty, prevailed in Tang and Song Dynasties, and spread in Ming and Qing Dynasties. At that time, it was called "Burning Lantern in Shangyuan". Sima Qian suggested that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty amend the legislation, and listed the Lantern Festival as a major festival when the taichu calendar was created. Since then, "Lantern Festival" and "Flower Watching Lantern" have been held everywhere, followed by social fires, singing and dancing to celebrate the peace.
According to "Music Records of Sui Shu", "On the 15th day of the first month in the second year of Emperor Yangdi's great cause, a huge fire was set off outside the terminal gate of Kyoto, and it was listed as a theater with eight miles of light and candles, and the sound of all-round revolution was heard in ten miles, so it is natural for every year."
In the Legacy of Tianbao in Kaiyuan, it is said: "Mrs. Han set up a hundred lamp trees, which are 81 feet high, and the mountains are vertical. You can see them in the night of the last Yuan Dynasty, and the light is dazzling." The capital "The lamp wheel is 21 feet high, the clothes are cotton and colorful, decorated with gold and silver, and it burns 51,111 lamps, which are clustered like flowers." Tang Minghuang had a lamp tower as high as 151 feet, and beads were hung on it.
in the song dynasty, lanterns reached a new peak, and their styles changed a lot. "Old Things in Wulin" said: "That's the most exquisite lamps." There are boneless lamps like glass balls, organ lamps that turn irrigation and everything moves together, squid lamps decorated with carved gold and platinum, bead lamps with five-color beads as nets and drooping tassels, and story lamps made of white jade, such as the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, Xi Shi Cai Lian and Liu Hai.
After the founding of New China, the art of lanterns has been greatly developed. Zibo Lantern, Zigong Lantern and Jianghuai Lantern have been competing for research, making the ancient art of lanterns in China more colorful and showing the vitality of the new era.
Zibo Lantern originated in Fengqi, Jiang Taigong. Most of the ancestors of Shang and Zhou dynasties in central Shandong planted mulberry and raised silkworms. Zhoucun is the hometown of silk in northern China. According to legend, sericulture was taught by Lei Zu, the wife of the emperor, and people called Lei Zu "the queen of heaven". Shang Yu Lingcheng (now South Ancient City Village of Zhoucun) was the capital of Yu Ling in Shang Dynasty. In Han Dynasty, Yuling County was subordinate to Ji 'nan County, and Tianhou Niangniang Temple was built. On the 16th of the first month, Tianhou Niangniang's birthday was celebrated. People had to brush silkworms' curtains and other things in the Ba River before sunrise on the 16th, but the survival rate of the silkworms' curtains brushed by the red sun was high, because there was a moon on the fifteenth day of the first month, and some of them lit torches. Later, a variety of gauze lanterns were invented to be hung on the riverside for lighting (the river was later changed to Gan River, which flowed from the north of Fenghuang Mountain and the west of Gucheng Village into the downtown area of Zhoucun), forming a bright light on both sides of the river from the night of 15th to the dawn of 16th, which looked like a long fire dragon from a distance.
Some wealthy families and kind-hearted people hang lanterns at the gate for illumination, while others carry lanterns to the Niangniang Temple to burn incense, and hang lanterns in the temple to pray for good luck, good weather, peace and prosperity, thus forming the custom of hanging lanterns at night on the Lantern Festival.
Jiang Taigong used gauze lanterns of various colors as "signal lamps" in the military, and used them to command the three armed forces at night, which made Zhou Jun win Shang Zhou.
After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, he canonized the fallen generals and made great efforts to pray and sacrifice. Make the lanterns of Qi state move from folk to military, palace, temple and social fire. This custom continued in the 1951s. On the 16th day of the first month of Zhoucun, like the first day of the first month, jiaozi was asked to set off firecrackers to sacrifice to the gods, which was called "Sixteenth Day."
"Zibo Lantern Festival" began in the Zhou Dynasty and flourished in the early Qing Dynasty. With the rise of silk industry in Zhoucun and ceramic glass industry in Boshan, lantern hanging in Zhoucun and Boshan Lantern Festival also rose. Boshan is mainly made of lanterns, with wooden frames and glass inlays. Because of the painting foundation of ceramics and glass, there are many styles of lanterns, and the content of painted lanterns is also very rich. The decoration and modeling of glass beads are luxurious and elegant, which is a must in the country. Make Boshan silk six screens, screens, hall lamps and beads sold all over the country and all over the world.
The lanterns in Zhoucun village are mainly made of silk, which has formed its own style in the long history:
1. Cover the sky with colorful silk, and it will not hinder the viewing of lanterns if it rains and snows.
second, birds and animals, birds and flowers, melons and fruits, pears and peaches, whole grains, fish, turtles, shrimps and crabs, cattle, donkeys, mules and horses can all be made into lanterns. It embodies a bumper harvest scene and shows the superb art of binding.
Third, the box lamp, a round box with a diameter of 61 cm and a height of 31 cm, fell into the air, just like the big cake box now, the bottom was lit, giving off flames and ping-pong sounds, and colorful paper-cut shapes fell out of the box, such as Cowherd and Weaver Girl, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, Eighteen Gifts, Good Luck and Good Luck, and heavenly god blesses the people. With the burning, people live a happy life.
fourth, animal activity lights are hung in the air. For example, goats can move and fight by themselves when they reach the corner, snipe and mussel compete, tortoise and rabbit race, butterflies fly and dragonflies play in the water.
5. Movable lights for drama characters hanging on the wall, such as picking up jade bracelets, herding cattle and fishermen's hate. The characters performing in the small theater on the wall are more than ten centimeters high, and records are played inside, and some monkeys are playing drums, and pigs and pigs eat watermelons, which makes people laugh even more.
6. Palace lanterns and lanterns made and pasted with local silk are all integrated with painting, paper-cutting and calligraphy, with a wide range of contents, such as Liaozhai, Fengshen Romance, Four Great Classical Novels, folk stories, idiom stories, twenty-four filial piety, landscapes, flowers, etc., which are well-made, exquisitely painted and skillfully paper-cut, reflecting the profound Qilu style of cultural heritage.
seven, watching lanterns is combined with watching cores during the day, watching dragon lanterns, playing lions, running dry boats and walking on stilts at night.
After the founding of New China, the art of lanterns has been greatly developed, and there were three climaxes in Zhoucun Lantern Festival:
The first climax was in the first Spring Festival of the People's Republic of China in 1951. Lights were hung in the whole street, mainly in Sishi Street, and all towns and villages.
During the Lantern Festival, the whole village became a joy.
In the evening, playing as a team shows the splendor of the lights. The team opens the way with fireball, bells are ringing, gongs and drums are loud, followed by
double lions dancing, followed by dry boats, yangko team, waist drum team and Erlong playing beads are constantly hanging in the air, and the cloud lanterns rise and fall with the dragon dancing. Panlong rolls, plays with beads and plays with water, which is really like flowing clouds, followed by stilts and water. Finally, there are small gongs and drums and bamboo sticks. Under the bright red light reflected by the flag umbrella fans, the crowds of men, women and children on both sides of the street, and the colorful clothes and hats, the drums and drums are loud, the lights and the moon are shining, the fire trees and silver flowers are rolling and jumping, and the happy ocean is straight into the sky. It is the charm of the East and the incomparable charm of the East culture, which is the concrete embodiment of the people of China standing up.
The second climax In 1956, on the evening of the 15th day of the first month, there were four coaches from Qingdao to Jinan, which were basically empty at Zhoucun Railway Station (I saw them with my own eyes), and Zhoucun Street cleaned a basket of boots and shoes in the morning.
The third climax was in the 1981s after the reform and opening-up, with great scale, innovative contents and shapes. The story lights were mainly large-scale activities on the ground, exquisite and gorgeous, with a variety of styles. The teams who pretended to play performed on the wide newly-built roads, which were luxurious, elegant and colorful. The ancient cores were also carried to the streets, dazzling and crowded for miles.
During the Lantern Festival in the 1991s, all districts and counties in Zibo put up lanterns for fun, which were large in scale and had their own characteristics. All of them were mainly mechanical lanterns for large stories, and most of the parades were held in the daytime.
From September 5th to October 5th, 1991, the First China Ceramic and Glazed Art Festival held the First Zibo Golden Autumn Lantern Festival in Zibo People's Park. It gathered the essence of the Lantern Festival over the years, and contained 37 large mechanical lantern groups and nearly 1,111 small ethnic lanterns and a garden. It was uniformly planned and cleverly arranged, and it was in harmony with mountains, waters, lakes, trees, roads and other gardens, and it was successful. The organic combination of shape, color, sound, light and movement, the music of the lantern group is elegant and the artistic conception is far away, which is pleasing to the eye and unforgettable, showing the great charm of traditional art. According to statistics, more than 511 thousand Chinese and foreign audiences were received during the lantern festival.
Forty-eight large mechanical lanterns and more than 611 small ethnic lanterns in the second "Golden Autumn Lantern Festival" closely revolved around the two major themes, namely, the story of Qi State and the story of Liaozhai, and complemented the garden art, presenting a scene of "colorful lanterns filled the garden, making it fall in autumn". The lamp group uses many raw materials such as ceramics, glass, silk and plastic, which gives people a distinctive and refreshing impression. The proud as a peacock made by Boshan Ceramics Factory with more than 2,111 bowls, plates, spoons and saucers is exquisite and beautiful, and the glazed colored door with double Kirin arches is crystal clear. The lamp groups such as "Jinggong Bus Horse", "Taigong Fishing" and "Levin Wine Flag Wind" made by Linzi and seven groups of "Liaozhai Story Lamp Groups" made by Zichuan District and Shandong Aluminum Factory show the ancient civilization of Zibo and zhoucun district. According to statistics, the audience of this Lantern Festival reached more than 611,111 person-times, and the ticket income was more than 8 million yuan. * * received foreign guests from Japan, the United States, Italy, Germany, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and other 21 countries and regions, and at the same time held the "International Exhibition and Evaluation of Ceramic Art Works" and "Zibo Industrial Products Fair" (the Lantern Festival was held for four times, and this article was written according to Yan Shuicun) <
Since the reform and opening-up, the colorful lanterns in Zibo have not only been sold all over the country, but also have been held in Russian and German, which has promoted cultural exchanges with foreign countries, promoted national culture and displayed China folk art, and played a certain role in enhancing friendship and developing Zibo lanterns.
CCTV, Shandong TV Station, has greatly enhanced the popularity of Zibo Lantern from news reports and special topics of Lantern for many years. "Zibo Lantern", a cultural heritage showing Qilu style, is carried forward, so that more people can enjoy the fragrance of Zibo folk culture and art and better serve the society. It is necessary to change the development mechanism, establish a lantern industry association, make the lantern industry have a leading institution, coordinate the relationship between the government and lantern enterprises, establish a lantern research and design institution to reform and innovate, enhance the scientific and technological content of art, and change incandescent lamps into low-carbon energy-saving lamps with colorful LEDs, so as to have more selling points.
change the development concept, development mode, comprehensive strength, joint development, and establish the "Zibo Lantern Museum" to combine with tourism, art festivals, cultural fairs, cultural performances, temple fairs and folk customs, so as to create a more ideological, artistic, ornamental, distinctive spirit of the times, rich national spirit and rich and colorful social life, stimulate enterprising, inspiring, diversified and scientific and technological.
The Fifth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee put forward that "promoting the cultural industry to become a pillar industry of the national economy". The government departments and local governments attached importance to the cultural industry and the introduction of relevant policies brought opportunities to the development of the cultural industry of lanterns. With the leadership, care and support of the Party and the government, Zibo Lantern should forge ahead in unity, blaze new trails, gather the essence of Qilu culture, stand in the east of the world with the demeanor of a king, and shine for generations to come.
Li Zhongjun