Hong Kong, the full name of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. It consists of Hong Kong Island in the Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories connected with Chinese mainland, and 235 small islands nearby. The sea area north of tung ping chau in the northeast and the other side of Shenzhen River in the north are Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province. South of the waters is Wanshan Islands in Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province. Hong Kong used to be the territory of China, but it was ceded and leased to Britain by the Qing government in batches from 1842 to 1898. On July 1, 1997, the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong.

According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed by China and Britain, the Chinese people and the Chinese government promised to implement the policy of "one country, two systems"; Within 51 years after the reunification, the socialist system of the People's Republic of China will not be implemented in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense.

Population: Before 1841, Hong Kong was just a small fishing village with a population of only 5,111. Today, the population of Hong Kong exceeds 6.6 million, and more than 11 million tourists visit Hong Kong every year. After the reunification in 1997, it has its own Hong Kong regional flag and Hong Kong regional emblem.

Origin of the name: Hong Kong, which means "a fragrant harbor", is probably related to the fragrance of sandalwood and incense sticks made on the island a long time ago.

Ethnic group: 97% are Chinese, most of whom are Cantonese; Foreigners account for 3%

Religion: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Catholicism, Islam

Language: English, Cantonese and Mandarin

Reputation: Pearl of the Orient, City of Motion, Shopping Paradise

District Flower: Bauhinia

Historical Overview

In p>1842, the Qing government and Britain signed the unequal treaty of nanking.

In p>1861, the Beijing Treaty was signed, and Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain.

In p>1896, Britain forced the Qing government to make a new treaty to lease the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula and its nearby islands for 99 years, which was occupied by Japan during World War II.

in p>1945, Japan surrendered and was reoccupied by Britain.

In p>1984, China and Britain signed a joint declaration on the question of Hong Kong.

in p>1997, Hong Kong returned to China and implemented "one country, two systems" and "a high degree of autonomy".

Climate temperature

Hong Kong has a subtropical monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of 22.8 degrees Celsius, an average rainfall of 2,225mm and an average relative humidity of 78%.

Spring (March to mid-May): the weather is warm and humid, with frequent fog and Mao Mao rain, with an average temperature of 23 degrees Celsius and a humidity of 82%;

Summer (from May to mid-September): The typhoon season follows midsummer, and the weather is hot and humid in summer. In the afternoon, the temperature can rise by over 31 degrees, with occasional showers and thunderstorms, with an average temperature of 28 degrees and a humidity of 81%.

Autumn (from late September to late February): The weather is sunny, cool and dry, so it is the peak season for arrival in Hong Kong. The average temperature is 23 degrees and the humidity is 72%.

winter (mid-February to late February): the weather is the coolest and driest, and occasionally there will be a cold current blowing from the northern inland, at which time the temperature may drop below eight degrees. As for winter, the average temperature is 17 degrees and the humidity is 72%.

Festive Festivals

Hong Kong's multiculturalism is also reflected in many festivals. This has brought more excitement and joy to Hong Kong people and more surprises to tourists. China's traditional festivals are lively, festive and auspicious, so you can't miss them. Western festivals are trendy, exciting and interesting, and even more exciting.

Lunar New Year (the first month of the lunar calendar): The New Year is the most important festival in China. In addition to family reunion, visiting relatives and friends and other essential content;

There are also special Spring Festival events in Hong Kong:

Lunar New Year Fair is held in many districts a few days before the Lunar New Year, among which the annual Victoria Park Lunar New Year Fair is the most lively, selling peach blossoms, chrysanthemums, daffodils and other new year flowers and other commodities.

float parade: held in the city on the first day of New Year's Day. Every year, there are floats from all over the world and parade teams showing the cultures and customs of different regions, which are combined into colorful large-scale performances to celebrate the prosperity of the new year.

Fireworks display: On the second day of New Year's Day, it will be held off the coast of Victoria Harbour. Both sides of the harbor and the sea side of high-rise buildings have become the best viewing positions.

Christmas (February 25th): Christmas is the most lively and grand festival in Hong Kong. The tall buildings on both sides of Victoria Harbour were decorated with colorful lighting more than a month in advance, and the shops were also decorated with Christmas decorations. Just this scenery attracted many tourists' admiration. At this time, Hong Kong shows the most brilliant city appearance. If you are interested in the prosperity of Hong Kong, then the best time to visit must be Christmas.

The most lively event is Christmas Eve. There is a holy Christmas Eve mass in the church. Some hotels, shopping malls and choirs sing Christmas songs. People from all over Hong Kong flock to the streets, especially the promenade of Tsim Sha Tsui Waterfront Garden and the adjacent streets.

If you can come to Hong Kong at Christmas, shopping is also a great pleasure. At this time, all major shopping malls will implement a big sale, which can be as low as half price. This has become a common practice in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong residents will choose this time to buy Christmas gifts to send a deep warmth to their loved ones.

New Year's Day (October 1), Valentine's Day (February 4), Tianhou Birthday (March 23), Buddha Birthday (the eighth day of April), Taiping Qingming Festival (the eighth day of April), Dragon Boat Festival (the fifth day of May), Beggar's Day (the seventh day of July) and Yulan Festival (the fourteenth day of July).

history of hong kong: from a small fishing village to an international metropolis

main item: history of hong kong

people lived in hong kong as early as the Neolithic age. Neolithic human settlements have been found in many places in the New Territories and Lantau Island. In the 24th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Xunzhou. Set up Tuen Mun Military Town [1] and send 2111 troops to protect maritime trade. At that time, the army was stationed in today's Tuen Mun, hence the name. And because the sea around Dabu is rich in pearls, Liu of the Southern Han Dynasty set up an official pearl farm in 963 AD, which was called Meichuan Capital. After the destruction of the Southern Han Dynasty in Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, official pearl picking was banned. In the Yuan Dynasty, the official pearls were recovered, but they were opposed by the gentry, and they were closed again soon. Pearl picking in Ming and Qing dynasties was forbidden from time to time, but it still could not return to the prosperity of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

hong kong from the Tang dynasty to the first year of Kangxi in the Qing dynasty, that is, until 1662 ad, the soil in hong kong's Liyuan and shaluo bay in daxishan was suitable for the growth of fragrant trees, so the planting and production of fragrant trees also developed slowly. according to research, all fragrant tree products from southern dongguan and the whole territory of Xin' an (including hong kong) in the Ming dynasty were packed in wooden boxes and transported by land to xiangbutou (fragrant tree products wharf) in Tsim Sha Tau by boat. In 1662 AD, in order to prevent coastal residents from committing crimes and Zheng Chenggong, a legacy of the Ming Dynasty, made a counterattack, so that the planting and production of incense were greatly dealt a blow. Even if the border was restored in the eighth year of Kangxi (AD 1669), it would be difficult to restore the old concept.

Hong Kong has a long coastline, so many places in Hong Kong are suitable for building saltworks. In 971 AD, in the fourth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty, an official rich field was set up in today's Kowloon Bay, and salt officials were stationed to be responsible for salt production and co-ordinate various small saltworks. In 1183 (May 29th, 2111, Emperor Xiaozong Chunxi of the Southern Song Dynasty), the illegal salt in Daxi Mountain was banned, which caused a riot in 1197 (the third year of Ningzong Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty). At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, two small emperors, Song Duanzong Zhao and Song Di Min Zhao Min, were forced to flee to Hong Kong by the Yuan army. It is said that they had rested on a big stone and called it Song Wangtai. Later, Emperor Min of Song Dynasty ascended the throne in Mei Wei. Because of the pursuit of the Yuan army, he crossed the shallow bay along the sea road to Xinhui. However, when the ship sailed to Yamen, Xinhui, Guangdong today, it was arrived by the Yuan Army, so Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with 8-year-old Zhao Min on his back and died.

in 1514 (the ninth year of Zhengde), Portugal sent troops to Tuen Mun and captured it. Then in 1521 (the sixteenth year of Zhengde), the Sino-Portuguese war broke out. The battle lasted for 41 days, but the Portuguese army was still unwilling to retreat. On June 27th, two more warships came from Malacca to reinforce it, and it was still unable to recover the defeat. Finally, they decided to concentrate the remaining soldiers on three warships and prepare to break through. On the morning of September 8, the three ships tried to break through in the dark, but unfortunately they met a warship from China. There was another fierce battle between the two sides, and the Portuguese army was outnumbered and fell into a desperate situation. Soon, there was a storm at sea, and the enemy ship escaped by the wind because of its large hull and returned to Malacca in a mess. However, the Portuguese army was unwilling to fail. In April of the following year, it sent a fleet of four warships, adding two more on the road, in an attempt to reoccupy Tuen Mun and invade the China sea area on July 11. In August, the two armies confronted each other near Xicaowan in Daxishan. Because China's coastal defense strength has been greatly strengthened, this battle has been fought from the sea of Qiancao Bay to the sea of Shaozhou [2]. The China Navy captured two enemy ships, captured 42 officers and men such as Captain Yu Dulu alive, and beheaded 35 people. The Ming army won a total victory.

Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County in Qing Dynasty. In order to prevent coastal residents from helping Zheng Chenggong, a legacy of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing court ordered to move to the sea in 1662 AD, the first year of Kangxi, and the coastal residents had to move 51 miles inland, so that their homes were completely lost. Coupled with the implementation of the maritime ban, the local area of Hong Kong has been seriously affected. After moving to the sea, the fishing and salt industry was abandoned, and the countryside was deserted. The coastal residents suffered greatly from moving to the sea. Guangdong Governor Wang Lairen and Guangdong Governor Zhou Youde asked for a second boundary. In the eighth year of Kangxi (AD 1669), the imperial court finally allowed the resumption of the boundary, and residents in this area moved back one after another. Therefore, the five ethnic groups in the New Territories [3] set up the Baode Temple [4] in Sheung Shui to pay tribute to the two temples, and the Deng family set up the Zhouwang Ergong Academy in Centian, and played once every ten years as a thank you.

During the period of British rule

Early rule

In p>1842, the Qing Dynasty was defeated by the British Empire in the First Opium War, and in the following year, it signed the treaty of nanking with Britain, ceding Hong Kong Island and its neighboring Ap Lei Chau to Britain. In 1861, the Qing court was defeated by the British and French allied forces again, and was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty, ceding the southern part of the Kowloon Peninsula, which often disturbed the peace of Hong Kong Island, to Britain together with the neighboring Stonecutters Island. At that time, the new border on the Kowloon Peninsula was only divided by short barbed wire, which was located in today's Boundary Street. In 1898, the United Kingdom signed the Special Article on Expanding Hong Kong's Boundary with the Qing Court and a series of other lease treaties, and leased more than 211 outlying islands in the northern part of Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories and its vicinity, except for the Kowloon Walled City, for a lease period of 99 years. This series of leases and cessions formed the boundary of Hong Kong today.

after the founding of the Republic of China, the national government intended to cancel the unequal treaties. But the national strength did not continue, and the Northern Expedition made the national government have no leisure to consider taking back Hong Kong's sovereignty. However, at that time, the Hong Kong Government still opened the border between China and Hong Kong, and citizens of the two places were still able to travel freely. At that time, in order to build the country, many Hong Kong people not only donated money to return to China, but also joined the work of the National Government. Wu Tingfang, former foreign minister of the National Government, was a celebrity in Hong Kong at that time.

During the Anti-Japanese War,

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, and the Japanese army landed in Guangdong in 1938, and quickly occupied Guangzhou and its nearby areas, and sent spies to sneak into Hong Kong to investigate the British defense position. The Chinese in Hong Kong supported the War of Resistance and contributed money. The Japanese military government was dissatisfied with this and protested to the British consul many times. On February 8, 1941, a few hours after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, it simultaneously attacked Malaya and crossed the Shenzhen River to occupy Hong Kong. During this period, there were many fierce wars between Japan and Canada and British and Indian troops. Finally, due to the lack of combat power of the British troops stationed in Hong Kong, on February 25th, 1941, the then Governor Yang Muqi announced his surrender to Japan, and began the Japanese rule of Hong Kong for three years and eight months. During this period, the Japanese moved Hong Kong people back to Chinese mainland for the convenience of rule.