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Editor Zhang
In order to facilitate everyone to understand and review the major events in the automobile travel industry in June 5438+February, Yiou Automobile sorted out the major events of the month according to different categories such as traditional automobile enterprises, new automobile enterprises and technology enterprises.
20 19 12, the big car companies were in an uproar. Volkswagen was raided by German prosecutors, and Toyota China was fined more than 87 million yuan: in violation of the Anti-Monopoly Law, BMW was suspected of sales fraud and was being investigated by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); Former Renault-Nissan Chairman Ghosn fled Japan.
The field of new energy vehicles is still hot. Dongfeng Group established H Division, aiming at high-end new energy vehicles; Weilai reached a charging service cooperation with Xpeng Automobile; The new energy automobile market welcomes the new brand Mei Tian Automobile; Guangzhou automobile weilai's first mass-produced pure electric vehicle HYCAN? 007 release; Rivian, an electric car company, received another round of financing from Amazon and Ford of $65.438+0.3 billion;
In the tourism market, enterprises move frequently. Geely and Daimler launched the high-end travel service "Yao Chuxing", which has landed in Hangzhou and connected to Cao Cao, and plans to land in Beishangguang in 2020; The new layout of Didi Enterprise Edition: launch the "Didi Team Edition" applet for small and medium-sized enterprise teams; FAW Travel and GoFun Travel reached a cooperation.
Traditional automobile enterprises
Changan Automobile: New Energy Technology, a subsidiary, plans to introduce strategic investment, and its shareholding will drop to 48.95%.
On February 3, 20 19, Changan Automobile announced that Chongqing Changan New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary, plans to introduce Nanjing Runke, Changxin Fund, Liangjiang Fund and Southern Industrial Fund as strategic investors, and the shareholders of the four parties plan to increase their capital by 654.38 billion yuan, 654.38 billion yuan, 740 million yuan and 654.38+ respectively. After the capital increase, Changan Automobile's equity in new energy technology will be diluted from 65,438+000% to 48.95%, losing control, and new energy technology will become a joint venture company of the company. It is estimated that the impact of giving up rights on the consolidated statements of the company will increase the net profit by 2,296,543,800 million yuan.
20 19 12 3 1, changan automobile announced in the evening that changan automobile has signed an equity transfer agreement with qianhai ruizhi and will hold changan PSA? 50% of the shares were all transferred to Qianhai Ruizhi, with the transfer amount of 654.38+63 million yuan. Qianhai Ruizhi is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Baoneng Automobile Co., Ltd., and the actual controller is Yao Zhenhua.
After the transfer, Changan Automobile will no longer hold the equity of Changan PSA. Changan Automobile expects that the impact of the sale of equity on the consolidated statements will increase the pre-tax profit by 6543.8+352 million yuan.
Chery increased its capital and shares, and Qingdao Wudaokou New Energy Automobile Industry Fund took over.
2019 65438+February 4th? According to the announcement of Anhui Changjiang Property Rights Exchange, Qingdao Wudaokou New Energy Automobile Industry Fund Enterprise (Limited Partnership) has reached a capital increase and share expansion project for Chery Holdings and Chery Shares, with the investment quota of 7.59 billion yuan and 6.86 billion yuan respectively, and the shareholding ratio is 30.99% and 18.52% respectively. After the above transaction is completed, Qingdao Wudaokou will hold 565,438+0% shares of Chery Holding and Chery Automobile respectively.
Toyota's organizational structure is adjusted, and its business in China and Asia will be split?
On February 4th, 20 19, Toyota officially announced that it planned to implement a new organizational structure from June 65438+ 10/day, 2020, and split its business in China and its business in Asia, which will be carried out separately in the future. In order to achieve sustainable growth, Toyota decided to adjust its organizational structure, including establishing business departments, reorganizing regional headquarters and introducing internal systems. Its purpose is to enable the leaders of each enterprise and region to implement the necessary strategy based on rapid decision-making, and to strengthen and speed up the implementation capacity. ? This adjustment means that Toyota will further strengthen its layout in the China market.
Volkswagen was raided by German prosecutors?
On February 4th, 2065438+0919, Reuters reported that German prosecutors raided Volkswagen's headquarters in Wolfsburg on Tuesday in order to search for information about diesel vehicles equipped with EA288 engines. EA288 engine is the "successor" of EA 189 engine, the chief culprit of the tailgate of 20 15 Volkswagen.
Volkswagen said that the vehicle equipped with EA288 engine did not show that the diesel filter was faulty and met the emission limit, and the engine was not equipped with illegal efficiency reduction devices. Regardless of the results of the investigation, this news invisibly extended the punishment time limit of the "Discharge Gate" incident to the public again.
Dongfeng Group obtained the license of European self-driving road test; Establish h department
20 19 12.4, Dongfeng Group released 1 1 monthly sales report. 165438+ 10, Dongfeng Group sold 353,000 vehicles and its own brand passenger cars sold 58,000 vehicles, up 7.9% year-on-year. The sales volume of commercial vehicles was 60,000, up 20.4% year-on-year. The cumulative sales volume of Dongfeng Group in 2065438+091-110/0 was 3.248 million, including 480,000 self-owned brand passenger cars and 2.203 million joint venture brand passenger cars. Independent brands only account for 14.8% of the total sales of Dongfeng Group, and joint venture brands are still an important support of Dongfeng Group.
20191211,the message sent back by the Swedish transport bureau shows that t? Engineering? AB Company applied for road test of self-driving cars to obtain road permission. It is understood that Dongfeng Company has become the first car company in China to obtain the license for self-driving road test in Europe, and it is also one of the only five companies in Sweden to obtain the license for self-driving road test.
20 19 12.30, You Zheng, member of the standing Committee of the Party Committee of Dongfeng Motor Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Dongfeng Company), revealed to the media that Dongfeng brand plans to release a high-end brand with the internal code name "H" at the Beijing Auto Show in 2020, mainly to build high-end new energy passenger car products.
10000 great wall gun goes offline; Harvard Cross-border Marketing Join Hands with the Great Wall
20 19 19 On February 5, 2009, the10000th pickup truck of Great Wall Motor's brand-new pickup truck "Great Wall Gun" was officially rolled off the assembly line at Chongqing Yongchuan factory. On September 5 this year, the first pickup truck model of Great Wall Gun, the passenger car version of Great Wall Gun, was officially launched. This product is the first pickup truck in China market.
On February 26th, 2065438+0919, Haval, an SUV brand of Great Wall Motor, and Great Wall Program Group of Beijing Satellite TV held a press conference in Dunhuang, Gansu. It is reported that "Great Wall" is the world's first Great Wall cultural experience IP program. It will land on Beijing Satellite TV at 20: 30 every Saturday night from 65438+1October 4, and Haval H6 and Haval F7 will participate in it and go to Jiayuguan, Shanhaiguan and other Great Wall relics with many stars.
Bosch and Mercedes-Benz launched the urban self-driving taxi project.
20 19 12.9, Bosch and Mercedes-Benz announced that their city self-driving taxi project will be held in San Jose, Silicon Valley. José) officially launched. At the beginning of the project, users can book their trips through the mobile phone application developed by Daimler Mobile Travel Company, and the security officer will monitor the Mercedes-Benz S-Class sedan equipped with autonomous driving technology, and then transport the passengers from the designated starting point to the destination.
Renault group is about to usher in a new CEO?
Renault's new CEO candidate has reached the final stage of competition. 20 19 12 9, French commercial news TV channel BFM? According to business reports, his successor will be Henry Plante Lafarge, the current CEO of Alstom, a French transportation infrastructure group. Henry. Poupar-Lafarge). But just two days later, AFP and Echo reported that Renault's board of directors held a board meeting on Tuesday and fell in love with Luca, the global president brand of Seat brand. De? Mayo (Luca? De? Meo). AFP even said that 52-year-old Luca? De? Mayo has the support of the French government.
Toyota China was fined more than 87 million yuan for violating the anti-monopoly law.
In February 20 17, the former Jiangsu Provincial Price Bureau filed an investigation on the suspected monopolistic behavior of Toyota Motor (China) Investment Co., Ltd., and in February 20 19, the Jiangsu Provincial Market Supervision Administration made an administrative penalty decision on this case.
According to the provisions of Articles 46 and 49 of the Anti-Monopoly Law, the Jiangsu Provincial Market Supervision Administration ordered Toyota to stop its illegal behavior and decided to impose a fine of 2% of its sales in the previous year (20 16), that is, 8.7610.3 million yuan.
BMW is under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for alleged sales fraud.
2065438+0919 On February 25th, BMW said that after receiving the sales report released by BMW, the US Securities and Exchange Commission suspected that BMW's sales data were fraudulent and was conducting an investigation. According to reports, in order to boost sales, BMW will instruct sales staff to register the vehicles still in the garage as sold. If the problem of sales fraud is confirmed, BMW may face huge fines.
Previously, as early as 20 16, BMW had sales fraud in the US market. A BMW spokesman said that he would contact the US Securities and Exchange Commission and fully cooperate with the investigation department. BMW declined to comment further.
Mitsubishi Motors will stop developing diesel vehicles.
20 19 12.27, according to foreign media reports, Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors will stop developing diesel vehicles. Mitsubishi Motors will eliminate its key diesel vehicles before the end of 20021and greatly reduce the existing diesel vehicle business scale.
The first model equipped with Huawei HiCar was launched, and the new Baojun RC-6 was released.
20 19 12.29, xinbaojun released the world's first Huawei? HiCar intelligent interconnection mass production automobile Xinbaojun RC-6. This model is equipped with the latest AI voice, intelligent driving, intelligent network connection and image recognition technology of Xinbaojun. Use Huawei? HiCar, Xinbaojun RC-6 can provide camera fatigue detection, video call, gesture interaction, Android application ecological enjoyment and other functions.
Ghosn: Are you sure you have left Japan? "Escaped from injustice and political persecution"
20 19 12 3 1, the American consumer news and business channel reported that carlos ghosn, the former chairman of Nissan Motor Company, was dismissed. Ghosn) confirmed many media reports that he had fled Japan and flew to Lebanon. Ghosn said in a statement, "I am now in Lebanon, and I will no longer be a hostage to the manipulated Japanese judicial system, where there is presumption of guilt, rampant discrimination, denial of basic human rights, and blatant disregard for Japan's legal obligations and treaties safeguarding international law."
Ghosn promised in a press release issued in Beirut that he can finally communicate freely with the media, and he will start to communicate with the media next week.
New car manufacturer
Li responded as an "executor": it has nothing to do with debt?
On the evening of February 3, 2065438+0919, Chongqing Ideality Intelligent Automobile Co., Ltd. issued a response to the recently listed "executed person": all lawsuits involved in Ideality Intelligent Automobile were debts incurred during the period when Lifan Group held and operated Lifan Automobile. After the litigation case occurred, Lifan Group docked with relevant creditors to seek a solution, and the later cases were also handled by Lifan Group.
Tesla Germany plant will be put into production on 202 1; Domestic models? Delivery began on February 30, 65438.
Beijing time 201965438+February 1 1 German media reported that Tesla's fourth super factory to be built in Germany will be completed in 20021year, with a planned annual production capacity of more than 500,000 vehicles, mainly for the production of Model? 3 and model? y .
On February 27th, 20 19, Tesla announced that it would deliver the first batch of domestic models to 15 employees on February 30th, 2009. The place of delivery is Shanghai Superfactory. There have been media reports that the first batch of domestic models? 3 It has been shipped from Shanghai factory and will be delivered to consumers on a large scale before the end of 2020 1.
Weilai reached a charging service cooperation with Xpeng Automobile; Weilai Q3 financial report was released, and its share price rose sharply.
20191211,Xpeng automobile officially announced its cooperation with weilai NIO? With the signing of the power contract, the two parties started interconnection and cooperation on the charging business, * * * providing car owners with a more convenient travel charging experience. According to the official cooperation agreement, Xpeng will cooperate with Weilai NIO? Power has realized the interconnection of charging pile distribution data and payment process nationwide, which means that car owners in Tucki can use Weilai super charging pile to charge quickly by scanning code through Xpeng Motors app. Similarly, Weilai car owners can also use Tucki super charging piles to power their cars in many first-and second-tier cities across the country.
On 20 19 12.25, some netizens broke the news that the salary of Weilai Automobile 12 could not be paid and was waiting to be laid off. In this regard, Wei Lai responded that it was not that wages could not be paid, but that the date of payment of wages was adjusted. The salary of the current month will be paid from the last working day at the end of each month and adjusted to the salary paid on the 8th of the following month. In the internal letter of HR of Weilai Automobile, it was explained in detail that with the increasing number of employees and the increasingly complex salary structure, the challenge of completing monthly salary accounting at the end of each month is getting bigger and bigger, and there are many problems, so the salary payment time will be adjusted.
20 19,19 On the evening of February 30, Weilai announced the third quarter financial report of 20 19 before the opening of the US stock market. The data shows that Weilai's revenue in the third quarter was183.68 million yuan, an increase of 25% over the third quarter of last year. The net loss was 252,654,387,000 yuan, a decrease of 65,438+00.3% compared with the third quarter of last year.
Weilai's share price rose sharply after the US stock market opened. At one time, it rose more than 100% in intraday trading, hitting $4.87, and finally closed at $3.72, an increase of 53.72%, setting a new high in the past six months, with a market value close to $4 billion.
The new energy automobile market once again welcomes new brands.
20191211,a brand-new energy automobile brand, Mei Tian Automobile, was born. It is reported that the parent company of Mei Tian Automobile is Kaiwo Automobile, which develops commercial vehicles, and its founder is Huang Hongsheng. Kaiwo Automobile obtained the passenger car access qualification approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on 20 17, and accepted the new energy access qualification on 5438+02 in June of the same year.
On the second day after the new brand was founded, Kaiwo Automobile and bicycle battery signed a strategic agreement, and the two sides established a long-term strategic cooperative relationship to jointly expand the new energy automobile business. According to the agreement, Kaiwo Automobile will purchase hundreds of millions of BIC battery power battery systems to promote the development of new technologies, new materials and new processes. ?
Xpeng Motors board adjustment: Yu Yongfu succeeded Cai Chongxin as a director.
20 19 12 12, according to the enterprise survey data, Guangzhou orange xingzhidong automobile technology co., ltd., the operating entity of Xpeng Motors, has undergone industrial and commercial changes, and Cai Chongxin, the co-founder of Alibaba, resigned as a director and added Yu Yongfu. At present, the board members of Saipeng Automobile have surpassed Yongfu, Gu, He, Liu Qin, Henry and Wang.
Evergrande's new energy automobile subsidiary went public and sold 20% of its shares.
According to official website of Shanghai United Assets and Equity Exchange, Evergrande Energy New Energy Automobile (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. was listed on February 19+02 to transfer its 20% equity, with a reserve price of 442.82 million yuan. The transferor is Shanghai Songjiang Economic and Technological Development and Construction Group Co., Ltd., and the disclosure deadline is June 65438+1October 9, 2020.
In this regard, Evergrande responded that it is normal to sell shares on the market and will not affect subsequent production.
Guangzhou automobile weilai's first mass-produced pure electric vehicle HYCAN? 007 release, 523km comprehensive cruising range of 260,000 yuan.
20 19 19 On February 27th, the first product launch conference of Guangzhou Automobile Weilai's "Every Kilometer Idea" was held in Nansha, Guangzhou. HYCAN, the first SUV new car? The wheelbase of 007 is 29 19mm, and the whole system comes standard with L2+ intelligent driver assistance system. Equipped with a 93kW·h battery pack, the cruising range of NEDC reaches 643km, and the price starts from 260,000 yuan. There are three regular versions and two customized versions, of which the price of the added version and the top version are 280,000 and 300,000 respectively, and the comprehensive battery life can reach 643 kilometers. It is reported that HYCAN? 007 will be mass-produced and delivered to users in Guangzhou Automobile Zhilian New Energy Automobile Industrial Park in April 2020.
The Ranger has not yet been mass-produced, and it is suspected to be discontinued. Huzhou government wants to take over.
20 19 12.20, the minutes of the 35th executive meeting officially released by the people's government of Wuxing District, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province showed that "the meeting held that the plan of the District Urban Investment Group to acquire the land of the Ranger automobile industry project and dispose of the projects under construction is generally feasible." At the meeting, it was agreed in principle that the District Urban Investment Group would dispose of the land of the Ranger automobile industry project and the projects under construction.
Rivian received another round of financing of $654.38+0.3 billion from Amazon and Ford.
20 19 12.24 according to Reuters, Rivian, a potential competitor of Tesla, said on Monday that it had completed a new round of investment of1300 million US dollars, which was funded by Puxin (T? Luo. Price), as well as the last round of investors Amazon and Ford. This round of investment also includes BlackRock, and the funds will be used to launch several models of Rivian.
The beam car obtained the business license.
On February 30th, 20 19, 19, Great Wall Motor announced that the Great Wall BMW joint venture company "Beam Automobile Co., Ltd." (hereinafter referred to as Beam) had received the business license of Beam Automobile Co., Ltd. issued by Zhangjiagang Municipal Market Supervision Administration.
However, at present, the approval of Jiangsu Provincial Development and Reform Commission for the project of Beam Automobile Production Base is only aimed at the full export manufacturing of fuel passenger cars and the development of pure electric passenger cars. If the crossbeam car needs to produce and sell pure electric passenger cars, it needs to obtain the approval of the whole vehicle project of pure electric vehicles in advance.
science-and-technology enterprise
Geely and Daimler launched high-end travel service "Yao Travel"
2065438+0919 On February 3, Geely Technology Group Co., Ltd. and Daimler Travel Co., Ltd., which are managed by Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, announced the launch of "Yao Travel", focusing on high-end travel services. Yao Chuxing will launch 65,438+000 high-end cars in the early stage, such as Mercedes-Benz S-Class sedan, E-Class sedan and V-Class MPV. It is estimated that in 2020, Yaochu Bank will expand its services to other major cities in China.
20 19 19 On February 9, 2009, Cao Chuxing, a new energy vehicle service platform under Geely Automobile, was also connected to Yao Chuxing, which means that Cao Cao Xing officially realized the "aggregate taxi call". Different tourism service brand products can be called at the same time on this platform. In addition, Yao Travel also announced that it will land in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou early next year.
Listener announced that it has obtained the investment from Siwei Zhilian and reached a cooperation with it?
On February 3, 20 19, 19, "Listener" announced that it had obtained the investment from Siwei Fund under Siweituxin, which was the same as the financing from No.1 Capital, Fashion Capital and Hanfu Capital completed last year. Listening partner CEO Yu affirmed the capital market's optimism about the smart cockpit and car audio track. He also said that listening partners are still negotiating with more investors. ?
Maodou teamed up with Wuling to launch a customized car of 63,800 yuan?
20 19 19 the customized version of 730 edamame jointly built by xinmedao automobile and SAIC-GM-Wuling was officially launched. The customized car is priced at 63,800 yuan, equipped with Wuling logo, and sold exclusively in the online and offline channels of the new edamame car. This is also the first time that the new domestic automobile retail platform has jointly launched a customized version with the OEM.
The new layout of Didi Enterprise Edition: the "Didi Team Edition" applet is launched for small and medium-sized enterprise teams.
20 19 12.5, the 20 19 "follow the trend" enterprise travel service summit hosted by Didi Enterprise Edition was held in Beijing. The summit mainly discussed the new mode of travel service and vehicle management of digital empowerment enterprises. At the summit, Didi Enterprise Edition launched the "Didi Team Edition" WeChat applet that will be released in the near future. This small program is mainly designed for small and medium-sized enterprise teams, which has the functions of creating teams, joining team members, paying for teams, simplifying the process, reducing costs and improving efficiency.
Baidu Apollo organization structure adds intelligent transportation business group; Permission to start self-driving manned/cargo test in Beijing
20 19 12.6 according to Sina science and technology news, Baidu Apollo has recently upgraded its organizational structure, adding an intelligent transportation business group in addition to the original self-driving and car networking business groups. The self-driving business group has been upgraded and expanded, and now there are three departments: intelligent automobile business unit, intelligent driving map business unit and automatic driving technology department. The original car networking business group continues the smart car networking services such as small-scale car OS. According to the latest data, Baidu's total number of patent applications for intelligent driving reached 1237, ranking first in the country, and the total number of driving test licenses was 150.
20 19 12.30 according to the Beijing municipal transportation commission, Beijing officially launched the self-driving manned cargo test. 40 vehicles of Baidu Company obtained the first batch of self-driving manned test qualifications, and the cumulative test mileage of these vehicles exceeded 65,438+10,000 kilometers.
Blackberry QNX Company has reached a strategic cooperation with auto parts manufacturers in Ma Ruili, China.
20 19 12 10, Blackberry QNX announced that it has reached a strategic cooperation with China, Ma Ruili, and will put QNX? Digital cockpit platform is integrated into electronic equipment in Ma Ruili? ECockpit and Digital? In a clustered solution.
Kai Wan, Senior Vice President and Co-Director of BlackBerry Technology Solutions (BTS)? Karimi said that China has the potential to become the largest market for car networking and electric vehicles. At present, more than 45 OEMs have deployed the BlackBerry QNX software on hundreds of models produced in North America, Europe and Asia, and more than 65.438+0.5 billion vehicles around the world have installed QNX software. Yiou Automobile has learned that there are currently 9 of the top 10 automobile OEMs in the world, and the top 7 first-tier automobile suppliers in the world are using the technology of BlackBerry QNX. ?
Cruise, a self-driving car company, will provide * * * ride service.
20191211,Dan Amman, CEO of Cruise, GM's self-driving car company (Dan? Ammann) said that it intends to provide * * * ride service "at a very low cost" as part of the final "overtaking" plan. He expressed the hope that by providing amazing experience at a very low cost, the riding mode enjoyed by * * * will be more attractive, thus reducing congestion. Cruise previously announced that it will cooperate with Honda Motor Company to develop a self-driving car dedicated to * * * *, and Honda Motor Company is also one of the investors of Cruise.
Contemporary Ampere Technology Co., Ltd. topped the GEM; Sichuan factory officially started construction.
On February 24th, 20 19, the share price of Contemporary Ampere Technology Co., Ltd. continued to soar after passing the 100-yuan mark. As of the close of February 26th, 105 12 yuan, the share price of Contemporary Ampere Technology Co., Ltd. reached 105 12 yuan, with a market value of 2321470,000 yuan, surpassing Mindray Medical to become the company with the highest market value on the Growth Enterprise Market.
20 19 12.24, Sichuan Yibin power battery project officially started, with an annual production capacity of 30GWh. The project is constructed in two phases, with a total investment of 4.5 billion yuan in the first phase and a power battery production line with an annual output of 15 GWh in the second phase, with a total investment of 5.5 billion yuan. In terms of construction period, the first phase of the project will not exceed? 26? Next month, the second phase of the project is scheduled to start within two years after the first phase is put into production.
Bicycle batteries have reached strategic cooperation with more than ten new energy suppliers such as Dang Sheng Science and Technology and Bai Rong Science and Technology.
20 19 12.26, the 2020 supplier conference of Shenzhen bicycle power battery co., ltd was held in Zhengzhou. At the event site, BIC battery signed strategic cooperation framework agreements with more than ten new energy suppliers such as Dang Sheng Science and Technology and Bai Rong Science and Technology. According to the strategic cooperation agreement, BIC battery will work with many suppliers to fully promote the development of new energy market in the future.
Ali signed a strategic cooperation agreement with FAW to build the next generation intelligent networked car based on zebra system.
2065438+0919 On the evening of February 27th, Ali officially announced that it had signed a strategic cooperation agreement with China FAW in Changchun, and both parties would build the next generation intelligent networked car based on Zebra Zhixing system. China FAW will build a digital technology infrastructure with cloud computing, data intelligence, China-Taiwan and mobile collaboration technologies as the core, so as to push the automobile industry into the era of cloud intelligence.
FAW Travel and GoFun Travel Reach Cooperation
20 19 12 3 1, GoFun Travel and FAW Travel held a signing ceremony for strategic cooperation in Chengdu. The two state-owned enterprises will join hands, and the cooperation between the two sides will first be settled in Chengdu, Chongqing, Guiyang and Xi' an, and will be extended to more cities covered by GoFun business.
The two parties will also rely on GoFun's mature operation and management system to carry out order cooperation, and obtain higher customer order income with GoFun's high-quality traffic portal and high-quality user base; At the same time, GoFun travel will also be supplemented by FAW in the process of transforming to lightweight mode to create a win-win cooperation mode.
Editor: Zhang
This article comes from car home, the author of the car manufacturer, and does not represent car home's position.