Space is a place to accommodate people's behavior, and people's behavior and psychological feelings are of great significance to the composition of space. Fundamentally speaking, people's feeling of space begins with visual image. Different spatial images come from different functions and aesthetic requirements, and also bring different psychological feelings to users. Www.Examda.CoM's exam is coming.

As the main body of space, people's psychological needs for the environment and the influence of the environment on individual behavior mentality are obvious. People's perception of the environment is holistic, and the perception of space is not limited to the specific form of the interface. We can also perceive an atmosphere beyond the specific form through deeper psychological activities and comprehensive visual experience and behavioral experience. In addition, space should adapt to and meet the needs of people's behavior patterns, provide necessary hints for people's behavior, and thus affect people's behavior in internal and external space. This paper will mainly discuss the different influences of different space elements on human behavior, the most direct manifestation of which is the guidance and restriction of space on users. Source of this article: Examination Network

First, the orientation of spatial elements

Space guidance refers to the use of different components in space to indicate the movement route and clarify the direction of movement. These elements, in their different forms, connect one area with another, emphasize the clear direction of progress, guide people from one space to another, and provide basic behavior patterns for people's activities in space. ?

1. Guiding type of spatial sequence combination?

Reflected in the direction of architectural space, usually through the combination of spatial sequences. The application of this method is mainly based on people's gradually specialized emotions, desire for strong stimulation and spiritual expectation, and psychologically induces people to explore the key and climax parts of space. ?

The climax of space is not isolated under any circumstances, and there is no lead time. Space brewing, foil, foil preparation, can not form an climax. Just like music, climax can only unfold gradually in overture, introduction, prelude and contrast melody, which is fascinating. According to the different spatial conditions, there are the following methods to predict the climax through the spatial sequence in the building:

① Suggest the action route by comparing the size and shape of the space volume or the regular change from small to large, and guide the viewer to the key space. ?

The spatial sequence on the central axis of the Forbidden City in Beijing clearly reflects this technology. Through the sequential comparison of the small vertical rectangular space between Tiananmen Square and the end gate, the large rectangular space between the end gate and the meridian gate, the horizontal rectangular space between the meridian gate and the Taihe gate, and the wide square space in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, visual guidance is produced. Source: Examination University

(2) With a deep sense of rhythm, guide the viewer to the key space. The common method is to use colonnade or repeated coupon arch. The longer the distance of continuous depth, the stronger the sense of rhythm, and the stronger the theme hope people expect from the sense of rhythm. The repeated extension of the rhythm column or continuous arch has a sense of dynamics, a tendency to predict the climax of space, and an obvious role in organizing and guiding progress. ?

2. Guidance of steps and ramps?

Most people think that the space with high floors is more important than the space with low floors. Even in the same space, the local convex part will be considered special. Stairs or steps are used to connect high and low terraces, and their directions indicate the appearance of high tide areas in space. The method of setting steps is an effective measure and can play a guiding role. For example, the three halls of the Forbidden City in Beijing stand on three white marble railings, and the myopia of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is gradually revealed in the gradual rise. The viewer's curiosity and expectation are gradually strengthened in the process of going upstairs. The closer to the main building, the stronger this feeling is. This process is the full embodiment of step guidance and suggestion. Source: www.examda.com.

In addition, the form of stairs is also very important. Generally, double running or triple running stairs can only play the role of traffic connection, but can not predict or set off a climax. Only straight stairs can get this feeling, so this type of stairs is often used in some important buildings, such as government buildings, memorial buildings, Expo buildings and so on. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Memorial Hall is located at the top of the pedestal, and the three-step wide steps guide the viewer to climb the stairs. In this building, the steps are between cypress trees and green trees. As the only way to the main building, it not only has strong guidance, but also plays a role in purifying the viewer's mood during the journey. Therefore, using steps as the guiding element of space is not only the need of material function, but also the need of spiritual function. ?

3. The guidance of a single long and narrow rectangular space

A single long and narrow rectangular space is a common element to organize different architectural spaces, and the proportional relationship between the height, width and depth of the space will have a deep psychological appeal to people in it. So it can obviously guide the flow of people. For example, the veranda in the garden, a long and narrow space form, uses the continuation direction of its space field to suggest to people that if you follow its extension direction, you will find something, so people in it will unconsciously feel the expectation and skillfully use this emotion to guide people to a certain goal-where the scenery is. In the design process of using this component element, it must also be considered that people tend to feel repetitive and monotonous when traveling in a continuous and narrow space, which in turn affects the guiding role of this spatial form. In order to improve the emotional factors that space may have on users, which are not conducive to the spatial form and function, other design methods can be assisted. If you embed some changes in the corridor that are different from the long and narrow repetitive space, you can not only adjust the speed, but even stop to have a rest, and also increase the interest brought by the spatial changes. This can adjust the mood of people passing by and enhance the guiding role of narrow space. In Suzhou Changyuan, in order to strengthen the guidance and suggestion, people's emotions are activated by expanding the space or focusing on the scenery, and every corner of the veranda is skillfully emphasized, so that people unconsciously come to the main hall of the garden-Liuyunshan Room. Others, such as the stone pavilions before and after the eighteen pairs of stone statues in the Ming Tombs in Beijing, the colonnades at both ends of the East-West Ring of St. Peter's Square in Rome and the prominent rest space in the middle, also have the same effect. ?

4. Take the www.Examda.CoM exam with the guidance of higher scenic spots.

Using the high advantages of scenic spots or high-lying building entities to form attractive landscapes in the distance can also play a good role in guiding people to travel, and then along the path leading to it, reach some important spaces that the viewer does not know in advance. For example, the Tiger Hill in Suzhou, which is at the commanding height, is hidden in the distance, with sparse branches and leaves, which is very attractive. With its help, people can be induced to go to Jianchi, the main scenic spot that can't be observed at the entrance of Tiger Hill, along the first-class winding mountain road. ?

In addition to the above elements, other elements such as roads, ground, bridges, walls, etc. , can also be treated, play the role of guidance and suggestion. There are some winding paths leading people to explore secluded places. The so-called "winding path leads to a secluded place" is precisely this truth. ?

These spatial elements used to guide the route contribute to the orderly combination of complex space, maintain the continuity of space and path, and make the change of route and the expansion of spatial order proceed orderly under the guidance of different elements. ?

Second, the limitation of spatial elements.

The key factor in the formation of space place is to establish a certain space enclosure. Different forms of space interface can define different spaces, which makes people have different psychological feelings and spatial feelings. The so-called space limitation refers to the use of physical factors or human psychological factors to limit the observation direction or action range of the line of sight, thus producing a sense of space and psychological sense of place. ?

The limitation of space can be roughly divided into the following forms: enclosing with entities, completely blocking the line of sight; Through the virtual body, it not only defines and delineates the space and place, but also maintains a good vision; An unfixed space place is defined by people's inherent psychological factors. ?

1. Limited collectors of physical enclosure were dissolved.

Entity enclosure is the basic method to define and form space. A place surrounded by walls and other entities has a certain sense of space and orientation inside and outside. Its important role in spatial organization is to ensure the privacy and integrity of internal space. ?

2. Restrict the space with a virtual body?

The virtual body mentioned here refers to the space-limited body that can penetrate the line of sight. Such as hollow walls, traditional indoor covers in China and various forms of columns, curtains or greening. Defining space with virtual body can make space both separate and connected. Because the space interface is not complete to some extent and the line of sight is not completely blocked, the space is flexible and interesting. For example, if a large space is not divided, there will be no hierarchical changes, but if it is completely divided, it will be dull and there will be no space penetration. Only when it is well divided and properly connected can people's eyes penetrate from one space to another, so that the two spaces can penetrate each other, and the advantages of the big space can be fully exerted to show the hierarchical changes of the space. This truth is very similar to the theory of "flowing space" advocated by western modern architecture. Because the divided space was originally in a static state, once it was connected, it seemed to extend into each other with mutual penetration, which broke the original static state and produced a feeling of flow. ?

Using this principle, space can be defined and separated by different virtual elements, which can create rich spatial level changes. ?

① Use a linear cylinder to define space?

As a linear factor, cylinder participates in the formation of space and can soften the transition space. The application of two granite pillars standing on the bank of St. Kyle Square in Venice is a model of using virtual body to limit space. Along the beautiful facade of the Governor's Mansion on the left and the Scarmochi Library on the right of PiAccetta Square (Little Square in St. Kyle's Square), visitors' sight is naturally led to the wide sea, and two pillars make the transition between the relatively narrow square and the wide sea soft and rich. There will be no sudden change in spatial level because of the sudden stop of the building facades on both sides. When people's eyes fall on the two pillars, "the two pillars greatly enclose the external space of the square", which brings visual and psychological enrichment to the square space, and its role is to limit the line of sight and define the space. When the line of sight passes between the pillars, because the distance between the pillars and people is close, the line of sight can still form an open field of vision after passing through the pillars, and feel the vastness of the ocean and the sky, which is in sharp contrast with the space in Accetta and Little Square, and brings out the best in each other. ?

(2) Use hollow walls to limit space?

In China classical gardens, it is very common to use hollow walls to restrict space, which creates rich spatial level changes. In fact, hollowing out is to look at a scene through a specially set doorway or window, so that if the scene is like a picture embedded in a frame, it will be more subtle and far-reaching because it is seen through a heavy layer (powder wall). Source: beauty editor of the big exam

If a series of windows are continuously arranged on the partition wall of two adjacent spaces, this orderly virtual partition will have a more interesting impact on people's sports vision. For example, you can see the scenery around Xiuzhu Pavilion from the corridor in the front yard of Lion Forest Snow Museum. Six hexagonal windows are opened on the west wall of the corridor, through which you can take pictures of the external space. With the movement of the viewpoint, the window keeps a certain continuity and changes in turn, and the feeling of being away from the scene is particularly strong. Using this separation, not only can two adjacent spaces maintain good relative independence, but also the spaces surrounding the two sides of the box can make up for their respective shortcomings by using the advantages of their adjacent spaces. ?

In the design of defining and dividing space, if multiple virtual partitions are set in a certain direction, the sense of distance of the whole space can be increased. There is a difference between looking directly at an object and looking through a layer. If you look through multiple layers, although the actual distance remains the same, it seems to be much farther. In the eastern scenic spot of Liuyuan, the space is divided into several small courtyards by a white wall with many doors and windows. People's eyes can see a series of spaces from one space through one door and window after another, so that several spaces penetrate each other, producing a profound and even inexhaustible feeling. To a great extent, Jiangnan gardens use hollowing out as a virtual separation method, which has a penetrating effect in space and makes a relatively narrow space appear infinitely far-reaching. Others, such as Shilin Academy, have very small space courtyards and dense buildings. However, due to the mutual penetration and dislocation of several definitions, the spatial level changes are extremely rich, which makes people feel profound and endless. ?

③ Use rocks and trees to restrict space?

Natural things such as rocks and trees can also be used as virtual partitions to divide and define space. For a large space, in order to avoid being empty, monotonous and unobstructed, and at the same time ensure the integrity of the space, this form can usually be used to divide a single large space into several smaller spaces. Using rocks and trees to define space and artificial structures such as walls to divide space have the same purpose, but the effect is different. Rocks and trees are amorphous. Although they are artificial, they belong to natural forms after all. Any space they define can usually make the divided space continuous, extend and penetrate each other, so that no clear dividing line can be found, while the space defined by artificial buildings is completely different from each other. Although each has its own characteristics, the former can define the space without trace and enhance the intimacy of the space because of the participation of natural forms. ?

(4) Using people's behavioral psychological and visual psychological factors and people's senses to limit the space, the www.Examda.CoM exam will be big.

A space place can also be defined by using human behavioral psychology, visual psychological factors and human senses. Compared with the method of defining space by virtual and real partition, this limitation is not obvious in space form, but depends more on the feelings of people-space users, so it is more flexible, and sometimes the position of the limited field is even uncertain. For example, in the park, if someone is sitting in a chair, even if there is still room, latecomers will rarely squeeze in the middle. This is an invisible field defined by the inherent social security distance of human psychology. Although this field is invisible, it effectively controls the range of people's activities. Although the aesthetic characteristics of social behavior in this interpersonal relationship are intangible, architecture, as the intermediary between people and the environment, should be full, meticulous and meticulous in dealing with the practical and aesthetic functions of space. As a designer, we should fully consider the activity factors of people as the main body of space, organize space more effectively and avoid the conflict between people and space functions. ?

Others, such as local floor elevation, top suspension, different color temperature lights between regions, different overall colors, different temperatures, different sounds, different smells and so on. , can play a role through human senses and psychology, suggesting the transformation of space field to people, thus playing a role in limiting space. ?

3. Spatial elements with dual attributes of guidance and restriction?

Sometimes the attributes of architectural elements or spatial forms used to define space and guide progress are dual, that is, the same element has both guidance and limitations. Therefore, the spatial effect formed by using such elements is richer and more interesting than that formed by using single attribute elements. ?

1. Arch?

As a traditional entrance symbol, the archway in China traditional architecture is not only a sign to guide people to enter, but also a way to complete the space division. Because this architectural form can establish a certain sense of orientation, this sense of orientation not only refers to the inside and outside of its sides, but also serves as a symbol of the orientation of a large space, such as Dongsi Pailou and Xisi Pailou. Because of the establishment of such a marker, people can know their position changes in the process of activities. Based on this, the archway is not only a guiding sign to guide people into space, but also has the function of macro-limiting space. ?

2. Gallery Source: Examination University

Corridor can not only be used to connect single buildings and guide people to move in different spaces, but also be used to separate spaces, so that the scenery on both sides can penetrate each other and play the role of enriching spatial levels as virtual body partition. For example, an empty porch passes through a large space, and the original space will be immediately divided into layers. With the mutual infiltration of the two sides of the space, the scenery in each space will be each other's vision or background, and the porch itself plays the role of the middle scene. There are three levels of landscape: far, middle and near, and the space naturally appears far-reaching and the spatial levels naturally become rich. ?

lamplight

The use of light is a modern technology in modern architecture. Light has an extraordinary shaping power on space, and it is also an important means to guide and limit people's behavior. Inside the building, we will find several places especially suitable for people to rest and sit still, which is the special regional effect caused by the limitation of light. For example, in a house, many people are willing to stay or rest in places like windows and corners of doors. It is because these places are the clearest places to observe the outside world because of the dim light. Such a space can satisfy the psychological tendency that most people don't want to be exposed to the public, so the alternating areas of light and shade caused by different illumination can play a good role in people's activities. At the same time, the environment is light-oriented, just like the performance effect of chasing light on stage. Creating areas with different brightness in the space, setting key areas brighter or using ceiling light bands can naturally guide people to move from dark to light or along the direction indicated by light bands. For example, the change of light and shade plays an obvious guiding role in the process of gradually entering the underground courtyard from the above-ground gatehouse through the tunnel.

Binding language

Guidance and restriction are two important forms in which different spatial forms affect people's vision and behavior. Different spatial forms and architectural elements generally have different degrees of guidance and restrictions. Through the perception of eyes, we can convey a message, create an atmosphere, understand a spirit, and then influence and dominate people's emotions and thinking, and establish people's basic behavior patterns in the internal and external spaces of related buildings. Analyzing, understanding and mastering the orientation and restriction of different architectural elements will help to improve our ability to organize complex traffic routes inside and outside the building space, to improve our ability to organize sight, define places and shape space, and to improve our level of space design.