Case 1:

Longdou Village, shuibei town, Shaowu City

"2? 14 "fire case

1. Summary of the case

On February 4, 2114, a forest fire was caused by farmers burning weeds in vegetable fields in Dashishan Farm, Xiachang Formation, Longdou Village, shuibei town City, Shaowu City, causing a major accident in which eight people died. The affected forest area was 27.5 hectares, and the fire lasted for 19 hours, and the direct cost of extinguishing the fire was 26,111 yuan.

2. Introduction to the fire situation

At 11: 41 on February 4, 2114, Peng Yikang, a villager of Xiachang Formation in Longdou Village, set fire to reeds on the edge of the cooking field to prevent voles from damaging snowflake bean seedlings. After lighting them, he left the bean field and went home for dinner without taking preventive measures, resulting in a forest fire. At about 12 noon, the villager Dai Xueying found a fire on the mountain and immediately reported it to Feng Kaiyun, secretary of the village party branch. Feng Kaiyun immediately organized villagers to rush to the fire to fight the fire.

(1) Overview of the fire site

The mountain shape of Forest Class 76 (burned from Forest Class 77) is surrounded by mountains on three sides and sandwiched by a small grass pond ditch. The bottom of the ditch is 11 meters wide, and the bottom of the ditch is only 2-3 meters wide. It is a southeast slope with a slope length of 11 meters. The casualty accident site is at the lower part of the hillside, only 21 meters away from the bottom of the slope. The mountain is steep with an average slope of 3511. The mountain field is an artificial forest land made of mixed Chinese fir and Pinus massoniana in 2111, which has not been nursed for 3 years. There are 3 meters high five-section awns, 2 meters high awn bones and some small miscellaneous irrigation of succession trees in the forest, and the weed coverage rate reaches 95%. It is precisely because of the characteristics of steep slope, narrow ditch and relatively concentrated flammable materials that the environmental conditions prone to high-intensity forest fires are formed.

on that day, the wind was northwest wind, the wind force was 1-2, the temperature was-1.6℃-23.1℃, the humidity was 21%, there was no rain, and the fire risk level was 5.

(II) Development process and analysis of the fire

At around 12:21 on p>14, after receiving the phone call from Feng Kaiyun, secretary of the Party branch of Longdou Village, the ranger He Guoliang immediately called his three brothers and the villager Lin Quanshui and other 16 people, boarded the small four-wheeled agricultural vehicle of the villager You Jianjun, and rushed to the side of the burning mountain to prepare to open a fire road to stop the fire from spreading. At about 12:41, the fire area of Xushanchang has reached 111 mu, and 12 villagers directly entered the fire point and arrived at the drinking water source of Xiachang Group, which was divided into two roads. One road with 11 people was only about 21 meters away from the fire head by the water source, and the other road with 4 people fired up along the small ridge in the north direction. On the right side of the fire source, they fired along the drinking ditch to the northeast. After driving for 2-3 minutes, it was found that the northwest mountain valley wind was blowing in the fire, accompanied by a cyclone of 3-4 grades, and the fire was fierce and the visibility was low. He Guoliang told everyone to retreat quickly, and He Guosheng and other four people ran to the ecological public welfare forest in the northeast on the right side of the hillside and escaped safely. He Guoliang and other 11 people first headed northeast of the hillside, and then turned back to the northwest to run to the top of the mountain. Soon after running out, they were blocked by the fire burning down from the top of the mountain. Because the mountain was steep, the mountain road was difficult to walk, the fire was strong, and the temperature of the fire was 21℃ at that time, and the wind speed reached 2-3 m/s, the river wind and the valley wind convected to form a whirlwind. The smoke on the hillside was mixed with dust, and the visibility was extremely low. At that time, 11 fire fighters lost their way. Two brothers, He Guoliang and He Guoshui, ran at the end, slipped and rolled down the mountain, lying in a small ditch only about 8 meters away from the scene of the accident, and escaped by luck. The other eight people were unable to tell the direction in panic, choked by thick smoke in the fire, suffocated and burned to death by high temperature. The whole burning process is only 21 minutes. This is an example of a fast and high-intensity surface fire that caused casualties.

III. Case analysis

(I) Cause analysis

Judging from the occurrence of this fire, the fire started in the vegetable fields on the river beach beside the old 316 national highway, followed by farmland, railway and forest on the top of the 316 national highway, and the weeds along the roadside and the ridges were high and dense, which made it easy to burn. It takes about 1 hours for the perpetrators to ignite weeds and spread them to the mountain field, and the fire point is not far from the village, so it should be found in time, but no one called the police until the forest fire crossed the road and the railway burned up the mountain. It shows that in some places, there is a dead end in the propaganda of the people in forest areas, and the responsibility for the management of wild fire sources is not implemented, especially during the period after 11: 11 am or 4: 11 pm before the farmers call it a day, which is the peak period of agricultural fire use, and neither the forest ranger nor the person in charge of management and protection is in place, resulting in a vacuum in management, thus causing a major disaster.

judging from the deaths of firefighters, after arriving at the fire site, the villagers rushed into the forest land to set up a fire isolation belt without carefully observing the fire, the meteorology and vegetation of the fire site. The route to enter the fire site was unreasonable, the location of the isolation belt was incorrect, the firefighting tools were rudimentary, the firefighters had no safety protection equipment, and their ability to escape from danger was poor. In case of danger, they panicked and fled blindly, leading to tragedy.

(II) Several lessons to be learned

Although the accident was caused by objective factors such as steep mountain terrain, complex forest vegetation and high-intensity mountain fires, it was also closely related to the poor quality of village commanders, and the lessons were profound:

1. It is necessary to strengthen publicity and education on fire fighting safety and strengthen fire source management. Forest fire prevention must start with publicity and education, and the safe use of fire in the field must be known to everyone, so as to eliminate fire hazards.

2. The training of forest fire fighting commanders and members of fire fighting teams should be strengthened. Conduct systematic fire prevention professional knowledge and safety fire fighting knowledge training for fire fighting commanders, fire fighting team captains and full-time forest fire prevention cadres at all levels at the grass-roots level, so as to improve their professional quality and command level. It is necessary to strengthen the safety knowledge education of grass-roots firefighters and the training of their ability to escape and save themselves in distress to ensure the safety of firefighters.

3. Strengthen the organization and command of fire fighting. In the initial stage of fire, when the fire is not strong and the terrain conditions are favorable, people with fire fighting experience can be spontaneously organized to put out the fire. However, when the fire is big, the fire line is long, the terrain is dangerous and the meteorological conditions are bad, the county and township (town) must organize professional and semi-professional teams to fight the fire in strict accordance with the requirements of the plan.

4. Firefighters should be equipped with corresponding safety protection articles, such as fire rescue covers, wet towels, kettles, matches, etc. Once in danger, you can save yourself and escape.

case 2:

case of "2.28" forest fire in shangyong town, Dehua county

1. case summary

on February 28th, 2114, in Huluban mountain field, Xiayong village, shangyong town, Dehua county, Fujian province, four people were killed because the pin insulator was separated from the crossbar of the high-voltage pole.

Second, the fire situation

At about 11: 31 on February 28th, 2114, five people, including Chen Qingsheng, who worked in Xiayong Village, Shangyong Town, found a fire in the opposite forest. Because of the high mountains and dense forests, overgrown with weeds, coupled with the frost in winter, the vegetation died, and it coincided with a long drought and no rain, and the fire spread rapidly everywhere by the wind. After receiving the report, the town government immediately organized the town cadres and the town emergency detachment to put out the fire, and reported to the county forest fire prevention headquarters. The leaders of five teams in the county also quickly rushed to the fire and organized more than 1,111 people to participate in the fighting.

(1) Overview of the fire site

Topography of the fire site: It is located in Zhongshan, with an altitude of 751-991 meters, and it is chicken-claw-shaped and surrounded by mountains on three sides. The mountain is steep and undulating, with obvious valleys and mountains.

slope direction of the fire: west, 865 meters above sea level, slope position: middle, with a slope length of 111 meters and a gradient of 41. Mountain range: from east to west. After the fire, the fire spread mainly from east and west.

Casualties: The terrain is gourd-shaped, with an altitude of 751-962m, and the mountain is steep with a slope of 31-45. Five mountains in the gourd are inserted into the bottom of the gourd from top to bottom (forming the second narrow place). The forest stands are lush, with weeds under the canopy and in the glade, with a height of 1-2 meters and a coverage of over 91%. The fire spread inward from the left side of Gukou (south) to the second narrow place, and a strong wind penetrated from south to north to form a number of fire heads. < P > It was sunny on the 28th, with a daily maximum temperature of 23.5 degrees and a minimum temperature of 9 degrees, and the wind direction was mostly southerly with an average wind force of 2-. According to the Jiuxianshan Meteorological Observatory, during the noon, the wind reached 6-7 in the upwelling area.

(II) Analysis of the development process of the fire

At about 2: 11 noon on the 28th, after the cadres and militia of Shangyong Town who rushed to the mountain to put out the fire arrived at the fire, Lin Jianquan, deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Shangyong Town, and Sun Yizhong, deputy mayor, led a group of fire fighters to Huluban Mountain Field to take charge of opening the fire isolation zone. Huluban Mountain Field is named after its shape like a gourd-shaped valley. The altitude is about 861 meters, and the vegetation in the forest is mostly reeds and five-section awns, with a coverage of 91%. At that time, the microclimate in the ravine formed a spiral wind with a wind speed of 45 km/h, and the forest fire spread northward. The walking route of the rescuers is also from north to northwest and then to north. The north and south hills are more than 311 meters apart. According to the normal speed, it will take at least half an hour for the fire to spread. However, the wind was too strong that day, and the wind direction suddenly changed from blowing north wind to blowing southeast wind, resulting in a strong fire in the east at the foot of Huluban Mountain, and it spread to the northwest across the first fire isolation belt. The fire in the south also burned to the northwest, and the flame blew from one hill to another, and the group was immediately surrounded by the fire. Five firefighters, led by Zeng Shangxun, chairman of the National People's Congress of Guobao Township, quickly ran to a cemetery, and Sun Yizhong, deputy mayor, also leaned forward and climbed out of the fire. Comrade Lin Jianquan and three women who opened the isolation belt (Guo Qing, Li Su, Guo Chunmei) were swallowed up by the fire because the fire was too fierce and too fast, and they were killed on the spot.

After nearly 21 hours' hard struggle, the fire was finally put out. The fire killed four firefighters, and the affected forest area was 151 hectares.

II. Case analysis

(I) Cause analysis

This is a typical forest fire caused by power supply lines. The forestry department often ignores the power supply department when investigating the hidden dangers of forest fires. In future work, it is necessary to strengthen contact and communication with the power supply departments to eliminate the hidden dangers of forest fires caused by power supply lines in time and ensure the safety of forest resources.

Analysis of the cause of death of firefighters: The location of setting up the isolation belt on the hill leg was not ideal. At that time, the microclimate in the valley formed a spiral wind with a wind speed of 45 km/h, and the meteorological conditions were relatively bad. The location of setting up the isolation belt was relatively close to the fire line, leaving relatively little time for setting up the fire prevention belt. In the case of large load of small combustible materials, complex terrain and changeable wind direction, the fire changed rapidly, which easily caused casualties.

(2) Some lessons to be learned

1. At ordinary times, we should strengthen the training of fire-fighting personnel on safety knowledge and methods of avoiding danger and self-rescue, and be calm and resourceful after being in distress, and take corresponding measures to save themselves.

2. It is dangerous to set up a fire isolation belt in front of the fire head, so professional fire fighters should be organized to set it up, and it is forbidden to organize the old, weak, women, young and people with poor physical fitness to participate.

3. When fire-fighting personnel set up a fire isolation belt at the designated position in front of the fire head, they should first set up a fire safety zone, define the evacuation route, and assign a special person to monitor the changes of the surrounding fire during operation. Once the danger is found, they should immediately command the fire-fighting personnel to evacuate to the safety zone.

4. When putting out forest fires in mountainous areas, the fire is put out directly mainly by beating along the line of fire. An isolation belt should be set up in front of the spread of the fire head, and the taller trees should be cut down and fall down against the burning direction, so that the thatch can be overwhelmed, and the fire will be relatively weak when the fire breaks out, which is conducive to beating and the safety of fire fighters.

case map of "2.28" forest fire in Shangyong Town, Dehua County

Case 3:

Case 3 of "3.9" forest fire in Zhenghe County State-owned Forest Farm

I. Case Summary

On March 9, 2114, Zhenghe State-owned Forest Farm, Fujian Province (affiliated to Four firefighters were killed (3 forest farm workers and 1 farmers), with a fire area of 1,283 mu and a damaged area of 1,283 mu.

II. Introduction to the fire situation

On March 9, 2114, Chen Changmei, a villager from Xibiao Village, Dongping Town, Zhenghe County, went to work in Chashan Mountain, the "Tea Tree Ping" mountain farm in Xibiaoxia Village. At about 5 pm, after Chen Changmei finished his farm work, he moved the ant nest into the straw shed, lit it with a match, and covered it with soil after burning for about 4 to 5 minutes. Because the fire was not completely extinguished, At 19: 21 that night, Lian Zhenhai, the ranger of Xibiaoxia Village Work Area, reported to the forest farm. Liu Yonggui, the director of the forest farm, immediately organized 31 members of the forest farm professional fire fighting team to rush to the scene and put out the fire in three ways. The county forest fire prevention headquarters quickly mobilized 261 firefighters to rush to the fire to put out the fire.

(1) Overview of the fire scene

The terrain conditions of the fire mountain field are complex, with deep gullies and many small gullies, and the mountain height difference is large, with the altitude ranging from 621 meters to 941 meters. The overall slope is to the west, with a gradient of 25-31 degrees. The first burning place is located at the downhill of the small ridge, next to the gully, with good ventilation and easy air circulation, belonging to the tuyere.

The forest fire mountain field is mainly timber forest, and the tree species are Pinus massoniana and Chinese fir. Pinus massoniana is 2114 years old and Cunninghamia lanceolata is 2119 years old. The average tree density is about 111 trees/mu, and the canopy density is 1.77. Some mountain fields are economic forests, and the main tree species are Castanea henryi and tea. The initial fire is surrounded by ravines and barren fields. Vegetation is mainly five-section awn, cogongrass and small miscellaneous irrigation, which is dense and easy to burn, and the fire line spreads and spreads quickly, with Fei Huo phenomenon.

on March 9th, the meteorological conditions were as follows: the average temperature was 12.6 degrees, the highest temperature was 23.1 degrees, the daily minimum relative humidity was 24%, and the average wind force was about Grade 4. The wind direction was easterly at night and westerly during the day. The forest fire risk rating is level 5. At that time, it had been frosty for two consecutive days and the wind was strong at night.

(II) Fire Development Process and Analysis

After receiving the fire report, Liu Yonggui, the director of the forest farm, immediately organized 31 members of the professional fire fighting team of the forest farm to enter the fire in three ways. The first route was led by Liu Yonggui, the second route was led by Huang Shengjun, and the third route was led by Lin Guande, director of Xiacun Work Area, who arrived at the fire site at 21: 31. According to the fire situation, Lin Guande and others decided to quickly pass through the scooter road and rush to the top to open a fire prevention road to stop the spread of forest fires. When nine people, including Lin Guande, went to the vicinity of Lishuping, the accident site, the wind direction suddenly changed because they were in the tuyere, and the vegetation below the accident site was mainly five-section awn and imperata, which was very dense and easy to burn. In an instant, the fire quickly spread to the scooter road. Four people, including Lin Guande, failed to retreat and were surrounded by fire. Although they fell down on the spot, they were unfortunately killed because of the excessive fire (three people were prone and zero were lying on their backs on the scooter road). The remaining five people survived because they were separated from four people by a certain distance.

According to the comprehensive analysis of the burning situation of trees in the fire site and the burning degree of ground residues, the trend of forest fire is as follows: at the fire point, three roads spread outward, and all the way burned down along the edge of the small ridge tea tree to the path, afforestation mountain, weeds burned completely, and the upper side of the trunk of the standing tree was blackened; The second road burns up to Castanea henryi mountain along the edge of tea tree on the small ridge, and the lower side of the trunk of the standing tree burns black, and then burns to the Chinese fir forest above and around Castanea henryi forest respectively. The third road burns along the eastern ditch to the wasteland, where it spreads to the Chinese fir forest above the plow tree in multiple ways. Burn all the way to the opposite side