This dangerous mountain was called shadowless mountain in ancient times. In the southeast of Huangyuting, there is a strange stone. At three o'clock in the summer solstice, there is no shadow on the stone. Wuyuan River and Juye River pass around the mountains, and the feng shui is very good. In addition, to the north of the dangerous mountain is Dongping Mausoleum, an important city in the Han Dynasty, which was quite prosperous in the Han Dynasty. With a long history and culture and superior political and economic conditions, many dignitaries flocked to it and were buried here after their death. It is in this historical background that many Han tombs and rich pottery figurines appeared around the dangerous mountain.
In the sixteenth year of Emperor Wen, Emperor Wen named his nephew Liu Biguang King of Jinan and lived in Dongping Mausoleum. Diguang began to build palaces in the city, and Jinan was once prosperous. In the third year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Liu Biguang participated in the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" and committed suicide after failure. When Emperor Jing heard about it, he thought that he was "robbing for profit, not a crime", so he ordered to build a tall tomb for him at the top of the dangerous mountain, that is, the iron tomb top standing on the top of the mountain. After Bi Guang's death, Jinan Prefecture was changed to Jinan County, which was still under the jurisdiction of Dongping Mausoleum. The counties under its jurisdiction are Dongping Mausoleum, Zouping, Tai, Tugu, Yuling, Ying, Chaoyang, Licheng, Zhegao and Yicheng.
In the third year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was made King of Jinan, and in the fifth year, Liu abdicated. In July of the first year of Shi Ben, Emperor Gaozu made King Guangling king of Jinan. In the first month of the first year of Zhao Jian, Prince Cherry leung was made King of Jinan in Liu Shuang, Yuan Di. In the second year of Yan Yuan, Emperor Gaozu Liu Ao made Liu Feng king of Jinan.
In 9 AD, Wang Mang established a new dynasty. Because it was from Dongping Mausoleum, it was renamed Le 'an, which lasted 16 years.
In the fifteenth year of Jianwu, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, named his third son, Liu Kang, King of Jinan. Seventeen years, king; Twenty-eight years, king. This is another prosperous time of Dongping Mausoleum. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, "Jinan An Alva Wang ... was founded fifty-nine years ago and died in Kang, and his son Liu succeeded to the throne by mistake. "In the first year of Yuan Xing, Xiang Liu succeeded to the throne. In the first year of Yongjian, Xiang Liu died, leaving no children. Shun Di made Liu Xian, the son of Liu Bao, king. Yongjian died in five years, and his son Liu Guang succeeded him. In the first year of Yongxing, Liu Guang died because he had no son. In June of the third year of Jiaping, Emperor Gaozu and Liu Hong were kings of Jinan, and Cao Cao was then prime minister of Jinan. After Liu died, his son succeeded to the throne. In the 12th year of Jian 'an, the Yellow Scarf Army captured Dongping Mausoleum and killed Liu Yun. His son Liu Kai succeeded to the Three Kingdoms and belonged to Wei.
Second, there are historical records of princes buried in dangerous mountains.
Looking through many historical books, in the Han Dynasty, the princes buried in dangerous mountains were mainly recorded in the historical books, such as Bi Guang and Qi Liu in Jinan, and all of them were recorded in inscriptions.
According to relevant records, Liu Biguang ruled Jinan as Ping Ling City, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City. According to the geographical records in Hanshu, there are 14 counties under the jurisdiction of Jinan County, while according to Water Mirror Notes and historical geographical records, its scope is centered on Ping Ling City, and its area and scale are larger than that of Jinan City now. Because King Liu, the capital of Jinan, is in Ping Ling, it is also called the King of Ping Ling in the history books. After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, he committed suicide and was buried in a steep mountain. He called his tomb King Ping Ling's tomb, and later the world built King Jianping Temple on the top of the mountain.
After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, six kings of Jinan, such as Bi Guang and Qi Liu, and Ada, the son of Yingping Xindu and the son of Hou Ningguo, committed suicide on the same day and were buried together at the dangerous top of Zhangqiu Mountain. The tombs here were cast of iron, so they were commonly called iron tombs, and the burial system was made in Han Dynasty. From then on, only one of the twelve sons who mourned Qi Huiwang was left-Liu Zhi, the king of northern Qi. In order to buy people's hearts, Emperor Wen of Han moved Liu Zhi, the king of northern Hebei, to Zichuan, and Liu's son still inherited the king of Qi to worship the gardens of King Hui, King Ai and King Wen of Qi. In the past, there was a couplet on the doorpost of the Qi ancestral hall in the dangerous mountain: "Holding the Milky Way with bare hands, the public name hangs down the world;" Green hills bury bones, and I'll knock on heroes. "This is a true portrayal of the tragedy at that time.
Third, the mystery of the owner of the tomb of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Dangerous Mountain
In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, from the reign of Liu Che to the murder of Liu Xuan, the time was 166. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the national situation in the Han Dynasty was the most prosperous. With his extraordinary talent, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked Xiongnu in the north and Baiyue in the south, which established the stability of the frontier of the Han Dynasty and ushered in economic prosperity. After the death of some senior officials and military commanders, it is extremely extravagant to build large tombs, such as the Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Tomb of Wei Qing and the Tomb of Huo Qubing. In the late Western Han Dynasty, with the political chaos and economic recession, the production of pottery figurines lost its economic dependence, and the scale was not large, which was far less than that of the previous period. However, from the unearthed pottery figurines, we can still find their different characteristics: the theme of pottery figurines is more and more extensive. In the early Western Han Dynasty, except for the Terracotta Warriors, maid figurines were very common, and other figurines were rare. In the middle and late period, with the change of funeral customs, people paid more attention to moving daily life scenes into the ground truthfully. After the mid-Western Han Dynasty, influenced by the minority cultures in the western regions, music, dance and acrobatics prevailed in the Central Plains and became popular art forms. When Yuanfeng staged a hundred plays in Chang 'an in two years, all the villagers three hundred miles away went to Beijing to watch. This situation is increasing among dignitaries, and almost all banquets are accompanied by songs and dances and acrobatics, which has become an indispensable part of people's daily life. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are horse figures in the burial pits of terracotta warriors and horses in the western regions.
In "The Rule of Wenjing", "For more than 70 years, there was nothing in the country except floods and droughts, and the people gave enough possessions and ate everything, and the treasury had more goods and wealth. There can't be more money in Beijing. The millet in Taicang, caused by Chen Xiang, overflows and is corrupt and inedible. There are horses in the streets and alleys, and there are groups of buildings. The outline is sparse and the people are rich, the service money is too rich, and even the followers of the Hao party are merged into country songs. There is soil in the imperial clan, below the official level, seeking luxury, and the clothes are extravagant and have no limit. " The land around Dangerous Mountain and Dongping Mausoleum is a rich area with developed economy. Imagine, without strong economic backing, it is impossible to have such a scale of pottery figurines, cavalry and chariots.
The social atmosphere of the Western Han Dynasty is also an important reason for the colorful art of Han figurines. The figurines of the Han Dynasty were developed under the influence of the Qin figurines. Qin terracotta warriors and horses are the product of a high degree of absolute monarchy, and their main characteristics are unity, simplicity and majesty. Compared with the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the Han Terracotta Warriors and Horses lack boldness of vision, but they are even worse in terms of diverse themes, numerous types and social features. The main reason is the social atmosphere of the Han Dynasty. Art is a reflection of the style of the times. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, through the efforts of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, it had become one of the most powerful countries in the world by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chased Xiongnu in the north, attacked Dawan in the west and sought Xianbei in the east. It is a fashion for men to contribute to the frontier, which shows the strong and confident heart of the Han people. Due to the developed economy, on the one hand, people live in luxury and indulge in pleasure, on the other hand, they hide when they die.
The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, some generals with outstanding military achievements were made princes and buried with pottery terracotta warriors and horses to show off their status and power. They are ashamed of being thick and thin, and some even lose everything. The rulers of the Han Dynasty spared no expense in spending one third of their national income to build tombs, which was evident in the prevalence of thick Tibetan, and it was on this basis that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty appeared. However, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the thick collection was slightly reduced, and the wind of burying pottery terracotta warriors and horses dropped sharply, so that murals increased, thinking that customs were fashionable, and it was even more impossible for the burial pit to be a terracotta warrior square. In addition, according to historical records, there is no record that the king of Jinan was buried in the dangerous mountain in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, the author thinks that the owner of the tomb of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Dangerous Mountain can't be a vassal of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but a burial pit of the tombs of the princes of Jin 'an Biguang and Qi Liu in the Western Han Dynasty, or a product left over from the sacrifice of King Ping Ling, or a descendant of Qi.