food culture

there are many nationalities in the world, and different nationalities have formed different countries. The history of a country is long or short, its territory is large or small, its strength is strong or weak, its population is large or small, and there are also differences in ethnic composition, religious beliefs, political nature and economic structure. This unique feature often forms the nature of a nation or a country, thus forming different food cultures. Westerners emphasize science and nutrition in diet, so the whole process of cooking is strictly in accordance with scientific norms.

Dietary characteristics

1. The systematic diet classics mainly include

cooking technology, cooking culture and art, cooking science and synthesis.

2. Unique dietetic science

The ecological view of separation between man and nature, the reasonable and balanced nutritional view and the distinctive gourmet view.

3. The ups and downs of food history

Italian food is the originator of western food culture, French food is the king of western food culture, and American food is the upstart of western food culture.

4. Exquisite cooking skills

We strive for perfection in cooking, and attach importance to the coordination between food and reputation, food and beautiful utensils, and food and beautiful environment.

5. Numerous food varieties

Famous dishes include Italian food, French food, American food, German food, russian cuisine and so on. Famous drinks include wine, coffee and black tea.

6. Colorful food customs

Daily food customs, mainly meat, supplemented by vegetarian food.

Festivals are full of religious customs, remembering God and having fun.

Life manners and customs are based on religion, and I wish you health and happiness.

social etiquette, advocating "ladies first" and respecting women.

Dining Etiquette

In Europe, everything related to eating is highly valued, because it provides two most appreciated aesthetic enjoyment-food and conversation. In addition to exquisite taste, the collocation of wine and dishes, elegant dining etiquette, adjusting and relaxing mentality, enjoying this environment and food, and using tableware and wine utensils correctly are all prerequisites for entering food.

It should be noted that when going to restaurants in the west, you usually need to make an appointment in advance. When making an appointment, you should pay special attention to make it clear. First, you should state the number and time, and then you should indicate whether you want a smoking area or a seat with a good view. If it is a birthday or other special day, you can tell the purpose and budget of the banquet. It is basic courtesy to arrive at the scheduled time. In case of emergency, you should inform in advance to cancel the positioning and apologize. No matter how expensive casual clothes are, you can't eat in high-end western restaurants at will. It is common sense for Europeans and Americans to dress appropriately. When going to a high-end western restaurant, men should dress neatly; Ladies should wear evening dresses or suits and shoes with heels. Ladies should put on a little more makeup because the light in the restaurant is dim. If formal clothes are designated, men must wear ties. When entering the restaurant, men should open the door first, and invite ladies to enter and walk in front. Ladies should be invited to taste and decide when taking a seat and ordering wine.

Western food culture

Generally, the business hours of western restaurants are from 11: 31 noon to afternoon and after 6: 31 pm. If guests arrive early, they can have a drink in the bar before entering the main restaurant. After sitting, you don't have to rush to order. If you have any questions, you can ask the waiter directly. They are usually very happy to answer any questions you ask. If they are not clear, they will ask the restaurant manager or chef; It is impolite to eat too early, arrive at the western restaurant at 11 noon or 5: 31 pm, leave after eating in a hurry, talk about business at the dinner table, dress carelessly, eat the main course too slowly and affect the next course, or just order appetizers without ordering the main course and dessert.

Although the appetizers of high-end western food are small in quantity, they are exquisite and worth tasting slowly. After a meal, you can choose dessert or cheese, coffee, tea, etc. Different countries have different tipping habits, but you must praise and express your gratitude.

To a great extent, eating western food means eating emotional appeal: marble fireplace, glittering crystal lamp, silver candlestick, colorful wine, and people's elegant and charming manners, which in itself is a touching oil painting. In order to be more proficient in your manners when you first taste western food, it is worthwhile to spend some effort to familiarize yourself with these dining etiquette.

When sitting, keep your body straight, and don't put your elbows on the table, and don't cross your feet. The distance from the table is better to facilitate the use of tableware. Don't fiddle with the tableware set on the dining table. Fold the napkin in half and gently put it on your lap. When eating with a knife and fork, take the knife and fork from the outside to the inside, hold the fork in your left hand and hold the knife in your right hand; When cutting things, hold the fork in your left hand and hold the food, hold the knife in your right hand and saw it into small pieces, and then send it to your mouth with a fork. When using a knife, the blade should not be outward. When you put down your knife and fork during a meal, you should

arrange western tableware (1 pieces)

in a figure of eight and put them on the edge of the plate respectively. The blade is facing itself, indicating that you will continue to eat. After each dish, put the knife and fork together on the plate. If you are talking, you can hold a knife and fork without putting it down. When you don't use a knife, you can also hold a fork with your right hand, but if you need to make gestures, you should put down your knife and fork, never wave and shake it in the air with your hand, and never wipe your mouth with a napkin in one hand, nor take a glass in one hand and a fork in the other. Remember, never put one end of the knife and fork on the plate and the other end on the table.

You should not eat too much food in your mouth at a time. Don't talk when you chew, and don't take the initiative to talk to others. Westerners generally don't talk too much when eating.

national characteristics

France

France is a country gradually established on the ruins after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. Before that, it was an ancient Roman province, called Waigaol. At that time, some famous chefs from Athens and Rome came here and laid the foundation of French cuisine. By the 6th century, during the Renaissance in Europe, the popular methods of stewing beef with his core, sauteed steak and all kinds of cooking methods of sauce spread to France, which enriched French cuisine. Because the French kings of past dynasties advocated delicious food, famous French chefs came forth in large numbers at that time, which laid an important position of French cuisine in western food. However, French cuisine tends to be conservative and develops slowly.

France (11 sheets)

Italy

Italy is located in the Apennine Peninsula in southern Europe. Its superior geographical conditions make Italy's fertilization and food processing industries developed, and it is famous for its noodles, cheese and salami.

in the late 2nd century BC, the dining rooms in the ancient Roman court had formed a huge team with a fine division of labor. The identity of the chef in charge is the same as that of the noble minister, and the cooking methods are becoming more and more perfect, and dozens of cooking methods have been invented. Today, Italian food still enjoys a high reputation in the world.

Italian food culture (12 sheets)

Britain

Britain's agriculture is developed, food is mainly imported every year, and the British don't respect food like the French, so English food is relatively simple, and the British often laugh at themselves for their poor cooking. But the breakfast of English food is very rich, which is widely welcomed by western countries. In addition, British people like to drink tea, and they are used to having tea around 3 pm, usually a cup of black tea or coffee with a snack. If a friend is sad, it is the best comfort to give him a cup of good tea.

British food culture (9 pieces)

United States

Because there are more British immigrants in the United States, American food is basically developed on the basis of British food. In addition, due to the short history of the United States, less traditional and conservative ideas, and unconventional living habits, the rich local agricultural and pastoral products of Americans, combined with the living habits of other European immigrants and local Indians, have formed a unique American food culture. "

zjahggs(3 pieces)

Russian

Russian cuisine is greatly influenced by French cuisine. Some characteristics of Austrian, Hungarian and other countries, combined with their own eating habits, have gradually formed distinctive Russian cuisine.

Germany

Germany was a country gradually established by Germanic tribes after the demise of the Western Roman Empire. It was divided in the Middle Ages and was not truly unified until 1871. In life, Germans love sports, so they eat a lot, and they keep the Germanic legacy of meat. German cuisine is famous for its richness, affordability and simplicity. Germans also pay great attention to dining etiquette when eating.

German food culture (12 sheets)

3 Cultural differences Editor

Comparison between China and the West

Comparing the China food which pays attention to "taste", the West upholds a rational food concept. Regardless of the color, fragrance, taste and shape of food, nutrition must be guaranteed, and how many calories, vitamins, protein and so on should be taken in a day. Even if the taste is the same, you must eat it-it is nutritious. This concept of diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy system. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. The object of western philosophy is the reason of things, which is often metaphysical, and metaphysical theories are coherent with each other, thus forming metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to western culture and made it develop by leaps and bounds in natural science, psychology and methodology. But in other aspects, this philosophical proposition has greatly hindered, such as food culture. At the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, materials, service and the collocation of raw materials in shape and color. But no matter how luxurious and upscale, from L.A. to new york, steaks have only one flavor, and there is no art at all. As a dish, chicken is chicken, and steak is steak. Even if there is a match, it is done in the plate. A plate of "French lamb chops" is served with mashed potatoes, lean against the lamb chops, boiled green beans and a few slices of tomatoes on the other side. The colors are in sharp contrast, but the various raw materials are irrelevant and harmonious in taste, each with its own flavor, which is simple and clear.

western food culture

although food and wine are very important in western-style banquets, they are actually used as foil. The core of the banquet is friendship, which is achieved by talking with the guests next door. If the sociability of banquets is compared with dancing, it can be said that Chinese banquets are like group dances, while western banquets are like social dances for men and women. It can be seen that the purpose of friendship between Chinese banquet and western banquet is obvious, but Chinese banquet is more reflected in the friendship of the whole banquet, while western banquet is more reflected in the friendship between adjacent guests. The more obvious difference from China's diet is the buffet which is popular in the west. This method is: all foods are displayed one by one, and everyone needs what they want, so they don't have to be fixed in their seats to eat, and they can move freely. This way is convenient for emotional communication between individuals, and it is not necessary to put all the words on the table. It also shows the characteristics of westerners' respect for individuality and self.

Therefore, generally speaking, Chinese food pays more attention to the "penetration" between foods, that is, the collocation and symmetry of tastes; Comparatively speaking, western food pays more attention to the "completeness" of food, that is, to ensure the collocation and symmetry of nutrition.

Cooking methods

In China, cooking is an art, which attracts people in China who take diet as their greatest pleasure, because it is extremely interesting and even playful. Cooking is as important to China as music, dance, poetry and painting. There are so many cooking methods in China: slip, stew, roast, boil, steam, fry, crisp, stew, grill, stew, stir-fry, casserole, wire drawing, and so on, and the dishes made are even more dazzling. The change of Chinese food technology is more complicated. Many dishes are labor-consuming and time-consuming, and there are too many decorations. Many of them are inedible, which not only wastes raw materials, but also may not be effective. There's a saying in China kitchen: "A chef's skill is divided into three parts, and the materials are divided into seven parts", which emphasizes the importance of the chef's personal choice of raw materials and the use of different grades, that is, the standard of raw materials plays a decisive role in the production of dishes.

Westerners emphasize science and nutrition in diet, and the whole cooking process is strictly in accordance with scientific norms, and the cooking is standardized, so the chef's work becomes an extremely monotonous mechanical work. Furthermore, the purpose of western people's eating is to absorb nutrition. As long as the nutrition is up to standard, others can be tolerant. Therefore, it is certainly not interesting for chefs to repeat mechanical work every day under the attitude of being extremely tolerant of diners. Western cooking methods are not as complicated and changeable as those in China. Western food has a strong three-dimensional effect and strong edibility, and most of all the food that is put into the dish can be eaten. Ornaments are the side dishes of the main course. The raw materials of western food are mostly fresh, pollution-free, natural and natural in operation technology, so as to give full play to its original flavor. Dry goods are not used too much, and milk is an indispensable raw material in western food. Suppliers have further standardized the raw materials according to their characteristics, and chefs no longer judge and determine which raw materials to use simply based on their own experience.

Dining etiquette

There are obvious differences between China and the West in the way of eating. In China, whether it is a family meal or a formal banquet, people sit around for dinner and enjoy a seat. People toast and advise each other to show the virtue of mutual respect and comity and the atmosphere of harmony and reunion. Especially in various festivals, it is to ask for advice by diet. This way of eating is an important tradition in China's food culture. In the process of eating, people in China don't need others to distribute food in advance, but take what they need. The amount of food eaten by diners or the proportion of food consumed by each person to the total food is uncertain. Westerners are used to eating separately, and there is a special person to distribute food first, which is a quantitative supply for one person. At western banquets, although people sit around, their food is served separately. You don't have to have a fixed seat, you can walk freely, which can not only fully satisfy your personal preferences for food, but also facilitate social interaction and the exchange of emotions and information between individuals, without making all activities public at the dinner table. This way of eating fully embodies the respect of westerners for human nature and self, and emphasizes individual independence and autonomy.

Tableware selection

The differences between Chinese and western food cultures are also reflected in dining utensils. China people's tableware is mainly chopsticks supplemented by spoons, as well as cups, plates, bowls and saucers of various shapes. China pays attention to the coordination between the shape, size and color of tableware and dishes, and pays attention to "beauty". Exquisite food should be matched with exquisite utensils, and attention should be paid to harmony. Dishes and utensils should be harmonious in color decoration, form and space. Diet should be treated as an artistic activity, not only to have a good meal, but also to get a beautiful artistic enjoyment from it. Westerners use metal knives and forks, as well as various cups, plates, cups and saucers. However, western food does not emphasize the artistic beauty as China people do in the loading and dispensing of dishes, and the types of tableware and the shapes of dishes are rather monotonous. In short, Westerners focus on the content of food, while China people emphasize the form of dishes and the feelings gained from them. With the improvement of the quality of life, China's dining utensils are appearing with a new face of "specialization, diversification and combination", adding new ideas and interest to daily family dining. The West has also begun to pay attention to the design of tableware, and various styles of tableware have appeared in the market. These tableware usually have colors and patterns, and appear in various styles, which are ornamental and interesting, and they are sold as gifts.

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the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are obvious, and each has its own advantages. With the acceleration of economic globalization and information exchange, Chinese and western food cultures will merge in collision and complement each other in integration. Chinese food has begun to pay attention to the nutrition, health and scientific cooking of food; Western food has also begun to move towards China.