To do a good job in the classification and management of geotourism facilities, first of all, we need to figure out the classification system of geotourism facilities, and many domestic scholars have many different views about the classification system of tourism facilities, among which, Huang Yangshan (2004) proposed to classify tourism facilities into two major categories of tourism service facilities and infrastructure facilities, and Zhou Gongning (1994) proposed to classify tourism facilities into transportation facilities, lodging reception facilities, food and beverage facilities, commercial service facilities, cultural, sports and recreational facilities, economic, administrative and health facilities, etc.; He Jiamei (2007) and others proposed to classify tourism facilities in tourist areas into infrastructure, reception facilities and specialized facilities. This book synthesizes the opinions of various experts, combines the research focus of geotourism, and divides geotourism facilities into three major categories according to the six elements of tourism: eating, living, traveling, touring, purchasing, and entertaining, i.e., tourism infrastructure, tourism service facilities, and tourism recreation and leisure facilities. According to their different nature and functions, they can also be divided into different subcategories (Table 5-1). This section focuses on the technical standards and management requirements for tourism facilities in different categories of geotourism sites.
Table 5-1 Classification of Geotourism Facilities
I. Geotourism Infrastructure Management
One of the differences between geotourism sites and other cultural landscapes and historical sites is that their distribution is often vast and remote, for example, the Zhangjiajie Forest Park, the world's geopark, covers an area of 4,810 hectares and is located far from the city. Up to 4,810 hectares, 28 kilometers away from the city, it can be seen that the geotourism infrastructure does not seem to have a direct link with the tourist service, but it is the normal operation of geotourism, tourism activities successfully completed the basic security. Without it, tourists cannot realize the spatial transfer within the geotourism site, and all the tourism services are almost impossible to provide. At the same time, the infrastructure which is harmonized with the landscape and rich in aesthetic sense is also an important factor to constitute the attraction of geotourism sites. Therefore, the completeness, quality and management of geotourism infrastructure are closely related to the operation of geotourism. Geotourism infrastructure mainly includes: road transportation facilities, electric power communication facilities, water supply and drainage and sewage facilities, greening and sanitation facilities and security facilities, and all kinds of facilities have some basic requirements, and their management has its own focus.
(A) road traffic facilities
Geotourism sites are often widely distributed and geographically remote, road traffic facilities are to ensure that tourists go to or in the scenic area of the normal and reasonable flow of the prerequisites for tourists to use the most common, the most basic facilities. Geotourism road traffic facilities mainly include driveways, walking paths, special traffic roads and parking lots.
1. Driveway
Driveway is mainly for geotourism attractions in motor vehicles and non-motorized vehicles traveling on the road. Tourist attractions within the carriageway can be divided into main carriageway and secondary carriageway according to its level. For the main carriageway, the main vehicle driving, and for the vehicle fast lane, so to realize the pedestrian and vehicle traffic, so as to avoid danger. For tourist attractions in the secondary carriageway, due to fewer vehicles and slower speeds, can be used in the form of pedestrian and vehicle **** with the form of planning and design of the carriageway. The service facilities required for the carriageway include: stations and stops for tourists to get on and off at each attraction; traffic signs set up according to the road traffic situation, and so on. Geotourism attractions within the use of battery cars, liquefied cars and other environmentally friendly means of transportation.
2. Walking path
Walking path is only for tourists to walk on the road, vehicles can not enter. Walking path according to its level can be divided into the main walking path, secondary walking paths and trails, etc.; according to the slope of the walking path can be divided into horizontal walking paths and stepped walking paths; according to the surface of the walking path can be divided into artificial paved walking paths and natural walking paths. Walking paths generally have the following requirements:
(1) the tour route to achieve the scene, there are unfolding, there is a climax, there is the end. Into the scene to be novel, fascinating; unfolding that is in the scene features, landscape types, tour mode and activities constantly changing, ups and downs, so that tourists linger; climax is in the tour so that tourists feel the most concentrated, the most prominent, the most distinctive landscape, should be the use of tour routes for the main scene of the leakage of the scene, so that if it is, to be ripe to reach a climax; the end, tourists turn back, feel the aftertaste.
(2) tour route to reflect the theme of the scenery should be designed more than a few viewpoints, repeat viewing from different angles to strengthen the feelings of tourists.
(3) The tour route should choose the best viewing point. There is the best perspective and distance, in order to promote the length of the landscape, to avoid the shortness of the landscape.
(4) The tour route should be curved rather than straight, narrow rather than wide, rough rather than flat. According to the natural characteristics of the landscape, to maintain the natural appearance. So that tourists in the tour line has ascended, there is a stream, there are through the forest, there are wading, constantly changing the space, changing the line of sight, can experience the tour line on the tour fun.
(5) according to the length of the tour route and climbing height, the timely establishment of rest points, so that tourists can be anywhere safe, flexible behavior. Rest points should be set up viewing pavilions, platforms or corridors, as well as for visitors to rest chairs, stools and other facilities.
(6) the landscape of the tour route can have more than one, there are dangerous, there are flat, for different ages, different interests of visitors to choose.
(7) the landscape of the tour route as far as possible for the ring, do not go back, so that visitors have a sense of novelty.
(8) for each landscape tour line need to have import and export, conducive to the evacuation of tourists.
(9) The main use of ecological materials for the construction of walking routes within the landscape. According to the actual situation of geotourism places can be used wood, planks, bamboo boards, pebbles, gravel, slate and other paving, is conducive to ecological and environmental protection, paving to have local and national characteristics. Such as Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as China's main forest area, its scenic spots within the walking path is basically all paved with wood to complete, play a role in environmental protection.
3. Special Traffic Road
Special Traffic Road is the type of traffic road used by special means of transportation in geotourism sites. Generally speaking, the common special means of transportation in geotourism places are ropeways, water transportation, aviation channels, and now many geotourism places also use the step elevator as one of the means of transportation. For example, the famous world cultural and natural double heritage site of Mount Tai has set up ropeways as the transportation for tourists to go up the mountain, while the natural landscape of the three rivers flowing into the sea junction near Boao in Hainan can be visited through boat tours. Therefore, in the internal traffic road design, configuration with characteristics of the transportation can be geotourism place for the color.
4. Parking lot
Parking lot is generally located in the periphery of the entrance and exit of the geotourism attractions, with the rise of domestic self-driving tourism, geotourism attractions on the scale of the parking lot requirements more and more large. Geological tourist attractions parking lot requirements are mainly the following aspects:
(1) the area of the parking lot. The area of the parking lot should be reasonably designed according to the capacity of geotourism tourist attractions to receive visitors. Each tourist attraction should be based on the calculated daily flow of tourists or the actual statistics of the number of tourists in the tourist attraction, as well as tourists to the scenic area by means of transportation and other comprehensive consideration of the area of the parking lot construction. For example, most of the geopark is far from the city, tourists mainly by self-driving or chartered bus to the scenic spot to visit, and the number of tourists is larger, the parking lot area should be larger.
(2) the ground of the parking lot. The ground of the parking lot should be flat and solid. According to the specific conditions of the geological tourism attractions, the parking lot ground can be built according to the actual situation into ecological ground, gravel ground, dirt ground, etc.. At present, many geological tourism scenic spots in China have built ecological parking lots. Ecological parking lot is a parking lot with green parking line and green parking surface or green isolation line.
(3) the construction style of the parking lot. The facilities and construction of the parking lot should be coordinated with the landscape of the whole geological tourism scenic spot, and should not have a great contrast with the landscape of the tourism scenic spot, and should not affect or damage the landscape of the whole scenic spot.
(4) parking lot related service facilities. Parking lot needs to be equipped with parking lines, return lines. Large parking lot should be partitioned, generally divided into large car area and small car area, respectively, the establishment of the exit and entrance. Parking lots should generally be equipped with automobile maintenance, cleaning and maintenance, fire fighting facilities, etc. as required. Parking lot must be managed by a person, directing vehicles in and out, to ensure vehicle safety.
(2) Electricity and Communication Facilities
Electricity facilities are the power source of other facilities in the geotourism site and the light source of night lighting, and the communication facilities are the basic guarantee for tourists and managers in the geotourism site to contact with the outside world. Therefore, geotourism has a quality, quantity, safe and reliable power supply, transmission network, as well as convenient and fast communication facilities, in order to ensure that the whole geotourism attractions normally provide services for tourists.
1. Electricity Facilities
Electricity in geotourism scenic spots is usually output directly from regional power plants, or accessed by the national grid or local power grids, and delivered to the scenic spots through substations or substation equipment. Geological tourism scenic area is an important activity place for domestic and foreign tourists to visit, tour, entertainment, accommodation, meeting, the reliability of power supply has high requirements, to ensure the continuity of power supply, can not be interrupted at any time. Once the line failure, can immediately take emergency measures, can not cause the entire scenic spot power outage. Therefore, geotourism scenic spot should also be equipped with emergency generators. Scenic power supply network lines should be buried in the underground pipeline as far as possible, in order to maintain the integrity of the landscape, aesthetics, but also conducive to the protection of the line. Scenic power load is divided into lighting and power two parts, the relevant departments must be based on the scenic power load demand design power supply capacity, maintenance of power supply facilities, to ensure that the scenic power supply is safe and reliable.
2. Communication facilities
In order to ensure that tourists and the outside world to contact convenient and fast, in the exchange of information for tourists to create good conditions, and at the same time to ensure that the internal operation of geotourism information transfer, scenic spots must have the necessary communication facilities, the main communication facilities should include postal facilities and telecommunication facilities.
Postal facilities in geotourism sites should be able to provide tourists with telegraph, mail, parcels, express mail and other services. Higher grade scenic spots should be open to domestic telegraph services as well as international telegraph services, and install equipment such as carrier telephone terminals and carrier telegraphs. If the scenic area is small, it should set up post and telegraph branch office, business office and so on when possible.
The telecommunication facilities in the geotourism site should be able to provide tourists with international and domestic direct-dial telephone services, cell phone signal coverage, broadband information network services and so on. To this end, the scenic area to build special telecommunication lines, fiber optic cable, and mobile signal base station, and set up domestic and international telephone service points. For example, Emei Mountain scenic area in the process of creating international high-quality geological tourism, the whole mountain have opened a fixed telephone and cell phone, many places in the scenic area with telephone booths, but also equipped with more than 300 computers, the development of a multi-language "Emei Mountain Online" tourism website and in the low mountains in the scenic area of the broadband network, set up a bridge of communication between the tourists and Emei Mountain scenic area and the outside world.
In addition, the Emei Mountain Online tourism website and the broadband network of the middle and lower mountain scenic spots have been developed to build a bridge between tourists and the Emei Mountain scenic area and the outside world.
Additionally, the geotourism site should also set up an internal telecommunication management system, including an internal telephone exchange and a public **** broadcasting system, to facilitate timely communication between departments and the transmission of various information to tourists.
(3) Water Supply and Drainage and Sewage Facilities
In order to ensure the normal operation of the geotourism site, it is necessary to build water supply and drainage facilities. Water supply facilities mainly include upper and lower water pipes and water storage facilities. Drainage facilities mainly include drainage pipes and sewage treatment facilities.
The geotourism water supply and drainage and sewage facilities have the following requirements: water supply and drainage facilities should be able to meet the scenic area of water supply and drainage needs; sewage treatment facilities to deal with the water can meet the national requirements of the discharge standard.
(4) greening and sanitation facilities
The greening and sanitation facilities of the geotourism site play an important role in creating a beautiful environment in the scenic area. Greening facilities in the scenic area are mainly a variety of green flowers and trees, sanitation facilities mainly include toilets, garbage garbage cans, garbage disposal stations. Greening facilities can be ornamental, but also can be hidden, cover the buildings that hinder the landscape, at the same time, also plays a role in balancing the ecological and improve the environmental quality of the scenic area. Sanitation facilities play a role in keeping the scenic environment clean and hygienic.
The selection and management of green sanitation facilities in geotourism has some specific requirements. Scenic area in the choice of greening flowers and trees, should choose native species, because the local species are easy to survive, fast growth, and geological tourism in line with the characteristics of the place, but also to prevent the invasion of foreign species. When greening, we should consider the seasonal changes, and reasonably match the planting of flowers and trees, so that the scenic spot has scenery in all seasons, and the scenery is different in all seasons. Toilets in the scenic area should be built in hidden, but easy to find, easy to reach, and suitable for ventilation and sewage. The appearance, color and shape of the toilet should be coordinated with the environment of the landscape. In addition, flush toilets can be used or flush-free ecological toilets can be used. For example, the wood-type no-flush ecological toilet in Changbaishan Nature Reserve is a good example. The garbage bins in the scenic spots should be beautifully shaped, coordinated with the environment and always kept clean. The daily capacity of garbage disposal facilities should not be less than the daily amount of garbage generated in the scenic area.
(V) Safety Facilities
In order to ensure the safety of tourists visiting the geotourism place, some safety facilities such as fire fighting, rescue, security and safety need to be established according to regulations. Among them, the safety facilities mainly include security fences, water pulling nets and other equipment, and the rescue facilities mainly include security equipment, fire-fighting equipment, infirmary and medical rescue equipment.
Second, geological tourism service facilities management
Geological tourism service facilities are directly used by tourists, its degree of completeness, quality level directly affects the value of scenic products and utility. The grade of service facilities is one of the main bases for the pricing of scenic spots. The service facilities of the geotourism place mainly include two major parts: reception service facilities and visitor guidance facilities.
(A) reception service facilities
1. Catering and accommodation facilities
Lodging facilities mainly refer to the geotourism site can provide accommodation services for tourists in hotels, restaurants, sanatoriums, resorts, residential hotels, campgrounds and other facilities.
Geotourism sites, as the spatial carrier of tourism activities, should not only provide tourists with recreational experience, but also provide perfect supporting services, of which accommodation facilities are important content, although for different types and scales of geotourism sites, the planning of accommodation and reception facilities will be different, but, as a whole, the accommodation and reception facilities of geotourism sites are indispensable.
(1) Star Hotel Accommodation Facility Reception System
Star Hotel Accommodation System is the highest grade among all the accommodation systems in geotourism sites, which is constructed according to the international standard of star hotels and strictly implements standardized services, so that tourists can have a more comfortable travel life. However, this kind of reception facilities have limited scope of use, only in the larger scale of geotourism places have market, and the construction must pay attention to not damage the geological landscape, choose the appropriate buffer area and not too far away from the scenic spot location. At the same time star hotels need to pay higher fees.
(2) Self-help or small hotel hospitality system
Self-help or small hotel hospitality facilities refers to the geotourism places in the facilities and environment than star hotel requirements of the accommodation and catering provider. Tourists are provided with accommodation space, facilities and some basic services, and in addition, they need to obtain other services such as food and beverage, hot water supply, room preparation, etc. through their own labor. Such hospitality facilities are popular in foreign countries, such as motels, global chain youth hostels and family hotels. This type of reception system is more common in geotourism places. At present, China's family hotels are also growing rapidly under the strong impetus of the holiday economy.
(3) Characteristic hut-type hospitality system
The characteristic hut-type accommodation and hospitality is a local characteristic accommodation system designed according to the natural and humanistic environment of the geotourism place. This kind of accommodation system provides accommodation services for the tourists while letting them feel the unique natural and cultural atmosphere of the geotourism place. However, such reception facilities are often relatively simple, and the service content is also relatively limited. For example, the hammock, bamboo huts and small wooden huts with national characteristics of China are the representatives of this kind of reception facilities. These reception facilities constitute a distinctive style of geotourism landscapes.
(4) Camping reception system
Camping reception system is the most simple accommodation facilities in geotourism. That is, the geotourism place to open up a special piece of campground as a place for tourists to camp and rest at night. Camping reception facilities are more vulnerable to external interference, therefore, generally only in a particular season or peak season for tourists to open. At present, camping is mostly used as a recreational program in China's geotourism sites, and not many geotourism sites have incorporated it into their reception system.
2. Commodity shopping service facilities
Geological tourism often has some memorable commodities to provide tourists with collection or souvenir, so in the scenic area of the construction of a number of commodities shopping stores, such shopping stores in the construction of attention to not only do not destroy the scenic landscape, but also to meet the needs of the tourists, the best to be built in the scenic area buffer zone with the provision of the most distinctive commodities for the service of the tourists.
(B) visitor guidance facilities
Geological tourism guide service facilities include visitor guidance facilities and interpretation facilities in two parts. Visitor guidance facilities refers to the behavior of tourists have prompted, guiding the text, symbols or patterns, mainly including public **** information signs and spatial location signs. Public **** information sign in the geotourism place public **** occasion for tourists to provide spatial guidance and location pointing, such as the surrounding attractions instructions, tourists are located in the location of the instructions and so on. Geotourism interpretation facility is a graphic and multimedia interpretation system that explains and introduces the geotourism site in general as well as the main attractions. Graphic interpretation system is the more traditional way of interpretation, which conveys the information about the geotourism site to the tourists through words or pictures. Multimedia interpretation system relies on modern information and multimedia technology for geotourism interpretation, such as voice interpretation, touch-screen interactive interpretation, and film and television animation interpretation.
Public **** information signs should be made in accordance with the requirements of the national standard of "public **** information graphic symbols for signs" in terms of style and presentation. Spatial location signs are generally required to be set in the walkway, driveway, fork in the road, etc., the information required to be accurate, the instructions text and illustrations are concise and eye-catching, in English and Chinese, special scenic spots can be added according to the source of tourists in different languages. Its height depends on the service object and distance, sight height, such as providing instructions for cars should not exceed 5 meters, the facilities to provide instructions to tourists should be similar to the average height of human sight. Graphic interpretation system location and color selection should be coordinated with the landscape, easy to attract the attention of tourists, the content of the expression strive to be concise, easy to understand, Chinese and English, can use familiar poems or stories to increase interest, height, distance and font size should be with the tourists line of sight to maintain the appropriate pitch angle. Multimedia interpretation system has a certain value in the evaluation of geotourism sites. Generally speaking, geological tourism is often widely distributed, and landscape viewing, experience, etc. need to understand a lot of geological knowledge, in order to obtain a more ideal tour guide to explain the effect of geological tourism should be configured with multimedia explanation system. For example, the Emei Mountain scenic area in the visitors gathered to set up nearly a hundred Chinese, Japanese, English three versions of the electronic touch screen, for tourists to answer questions and solve problems, convenient for Chinese and foreign tourists, but also greatly enhance the image of the scenic area.
Three, geotourism recreation and leisure facilities management
Geotourism recreation and leisure facilities can be divided into two categories according to the relationship with the service facilities: one is attached to the reception service facilities; the other is independent of the reception service facilities, dispersed in the geotourism. Those attached to the reception service facilities are mainly suitable for indoor activities such as dance halls, conference halls, gymnasiums, bowling alleys, tea rooms, chess and card rooms, swimming pools and other entertainment, cultural, recreational and sports facilities. Independent recreation and leisure facilities depending on the type of geotourism differ greatly: mountain-type geotourism has a sightseeing cable car ropeway (both transportation and amusement facilities), water slides, hilltop observation tower, hunting grounds, etc.; water-type geotourism has a natural swimming pool, pool, zip line, rafts, rafting, bungee jumping, fishing, etc.; seaside and lakeside geotourism has a seawater bathing beaches, beach volleyball, yachts, Boats, windsurfing, water parachuting, aquariums, etc.; geological tourism sites can build art museums, exhibition halls, memorial halls and other venues to display geological knowledge, earth science, and so on.
All kinds of leisure and recreational facilities should strictly comply with safety standards, and equipped with appropriate rescue facilities and specialized supervision and maintenance personnel. To fully consider the impact of the facilities on the environment, such as golf courses on the ecological environment is more destructive, in scenic areas whether the frame cableway has been the focus of debate.