The condition of spring exposure is that the groundwater level is higher than the surface. Here is a brief introduction to the conditions of spring water exposure in hydrogeology:

1, the cause of spring formation

Spring is a natural concentrated surface exposure of groundwater, a phenomenon of groundwater gushing from the surface of underground aquifer or water-bearing channel, and a form of centralized drainage of groundwater. It is produced under the comprehensive action of certain topographic, geological and hydrogeological conditions. Under suitable terrain and geological conditions, phreatic water and confined water are discharged from underground to form spring water.

Springs often appear in the form of point spring openings, sometimes in the form of lines or small areas. Most springs are exposed in valleys, hillsides, piedmont areas, river banks, edges of diluvial fans and near fault zones, and are rarely seen in plain areas.

Springs are often the source of rivers. In mountainous areas, such as deep valleys, groundwater is discharged and many clear springs flow into streams. In limestone areas, many karst springs are the source of rivers. Zhulongquan, Qiuguquan and Liangzhuang Springs in Zibo, China are the water sources of Fu Xiao. Spring water continuously flows into rivers all the year round, which is an important part of river recharge.

Step 2 flow

Spring flow is mainly related to the area of spring recharge area and the size of precipitation. The larger the recharge area, the more precipitation and the greater the spring flow. The spring flow changes with time, and generally reaches the maximum at some time in 1 year, and then the flow gradually decreases.

The maximum discharge of many large springs is inconsistent with the rainy season, often later than the rainy season. Spring water with large and stable flow can often become a good water supply source, such as Shentou Spring Group in Shuozhou, Shanxi, China. 1965 ~ 1979 has an average flow of 8.0m3/ s, which is the water supply source of Shentou Power Station.

The appearance form of spring

Springs can appear alone or in groups, and the flow of springs varies greatly. With the ingenious cooperation of geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions, it is possible to form large springs in groups. Jinan is a world-famous spring city in China. There are 106 springs in the urban area of 2.6 square kilometers, and the total water inflow is up to 8333m3/h, which is one of the important water supply sources in Jinan.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Spring