The wall of Shanghai was built in 1553 (thirty-two years of Ming Jiajing), mainly to defend against Japanese invaders, because it suffered a lot. At that time, except for the wide moat near Huangpu River, the box in the old city was surrounded by a wall about 30 feet high and 65,438+00 inches thick. * * * There are nine doors, including small east gate, big east gate, small south gate, south gate, small west gate, old west gate, small north gate, old north gate and new north gate, including seven doors for people to enter and leave. The largest, grandest and most important of these gates is the south gate, and the busiest entrance is the north gate, which is located at the end of the main road of the French Concession at that time (now South Sichuan Road). The wall was demolished in 19 12, and it was completely completed in the winter of 19 14. At that time, Shanghai was already in the concession era, and the old city box, as the border of China, was very backward. The roads inside the walls were hopeless, dirty and ugly, and the bustling roads of Heather were completely occupied. From 65438 to 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai gradually developed into "the largest city in the Far East", during which the number of immigrants far exceeded that of the aborigines living here. They come from all over China, but Jiangsu and Zhejiang account for more than 80%, occupying an absolute advantage, ranging from hundreds of thousands to more than one million. There are also about 3% Anhui nationality, 1% Guangdong nationality. These ethnic groups became "Shanghainese" at that time, and their descendants constituted the main body of Shanghainese today, and they were old Shanghainese since modern times. Today, most people living in downtown Shanghai are descendants of these immigrants. The native places of Shanghainese are generally Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Yuyao, Suzhou, Changzhou, Changshu, Cixi, Wuxi and suburban counties of Shanghai, while the ancestral places of Yangzhou and Yancheng are the most in northern Jiangsu. With the full-scale transformation of the old city of Shanghai, some old immigrants who originally lived in the central city were moved to the suburbs.
During the more than one hundred years from the opening of Shanghai port to 1949, Shanghai experienced three huge waves of immigrants. From the way of immigration, most of them are scattered, spontaneous and unorganized immigrants, rather than group immigrants with clan as the unit in ancient times. According to the statistics of June 1950, the largest number of people are in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, both exceeding one million. The influx of so many immigrants into Shanghai quickly changed the population structure of Shanghai, making the non-Shanghai registered population far more than the local population, so the registered population in Shanghai only accounted for 15% at that time.
The first large-scale immigration in Shanghai in modern times originated from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War. In the early 1960s, the Taiping Army attacked Suzhou and Hangzhou on a large scale. During this period, a large number of refugees in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces, hid in the concession protected by foreign forces, which directly contributed to the prosperity of the concession and laid the foundation for attracting immigrants in the future. From 1855 to 1865, the population of Shanghai increased by 900,000. The second time was during the Japanese invasion of China. The population of the two concessions in Shanghai increased by 780,000. The third time was during the War of Liberation, and the population of Shanghai increased by 2.08 million. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a large number of people in Shanghai moved out, but the inflow was greatly reduced, and the group of modern Shanghainese gradually stabilized. This situation did not completely change until around 1990.
Zhejiang immigrants in Jiangnan
The first batch of immigrants in modern times mainly came from Wuyu area of Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu, among which they were generally subdivided into Ningbo people, Shaoxing people and Suzhou people according to the Qing Dynasty. They constitute the main body of residents in the central city of Shanghai, especially Ningbo people. In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the rapid social unrest, a large number of immigrants from Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu occupied the middle and upper classes and took refuge in Shanghai. At the same time, some middle and lower classes have also entered Shanghai to work and live, hoping for stability. At that time, Ningbo people used their geographical and linguistic advantages to quickly surpass Guangdong comprador and become the most influential businessmen in Shanghai. The word "Allah" in Shanghai dialect comes from Ningbo dialect. At that time, it was said that Ningbo people were in charge of finance and Wuxi people were in charge of industry.
There are many celebrities in Ningbo, such as Yan Xinhou, Zhu, Qin Runqing,,,, Ye Chengzhong, the king of hardware, Yu Mingyu, the king of steel, Liu Hongsheng, the king of enterprise, and the king of pigments. Ningbo businessmen dominated the shipping industry and banks in Shanghai at that time and controlled the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce for a long time. Ningbo businessmen founded the first Chinese bank in China-China Commercial Bank, the first hardware store, south goods store, silk shop, match factory, dyeing and weaving factory, chemical factory, printing factory, light bulb factory, daily chemical factory, machine dyeing and weaving enterprise, Chinese medicine shop, clock shop, the first suit of Chinese tunic suit, the first ship in China, the first bus line and the earliest private enterprise. Even the "Great World" amusement park was born in the hands of Ningbo people.
Wuxi industrial and commercial group also has a prominent position and influence in Shanghai, especially the Rong family (Rong Desheng, Rong, etc. ), the richest man in China, a native of Wuxi, the founder of China Private Bank, and Zhou Shunqing, the prototype of Thunderstorm Zhou Puyuan. Other industrial kings in Shanghai also have some Wuxi people, such as electrical appliances, wool spinning, tung oil, battery, tin and so on.
Due to the rapid development of Shanghai during that period, this group of people also accepted some advanced ideas and broadened their horizons. Many of them engaged in commercial and trade activities. As ancestors, they have accumulated a certain wealth, so that most of their next generation received a relatively good education and inherited the smart tradition of Jiangsu and Zhejiang generations. At the beginning of last century, the descendants of these first immigrants produced many teachers, bookkeepers, doctors, lawyers, architects, foremen, bank employees, journalists, urban petty-asset owners, businessmen and so on. They and their descendants mainly live in Huangpu, Jing 'an, Luwan and Xuhui, which is the Shangzhijiao area that Shanghainese often say. Among them, Huangpu and Jing 'an belong to the Shanghai Concession, which was formed by the merger of 1863 British and American Concessions. Xuhui and Luwan are French Concessions.
Generally speaking, the economic and social status, economic strength and living conditions of immigrants in Wu dialect area are much higher than those in Jianghuai Mandarin area (that is, Su Beiren or Jiangbei people), and they have a strong sense of superiority traditionally, while the latter often feel discriminated against. The number of immigrants from other provinces is relatively small, and the more important ethnic group is immigrants from Guangdong Province, with tens of thousands of people. The number of immigrants far exceeded that of the locals living here, which objectively created the new Shanghai at that time.
Immigrants from northern Jiangsu
The second batch of old immigrants came from Jianghuai Mandarin area in northern Jiangsu, and were called Jiangbei people by Jiangsu and Zhejiang people in the south of the Yangtze River. Traditionally, most of them live in Zhabei and Putuo in the northwest of Suzhou Creek. There are also many people living in Yangpu and Hongkou in the northeast of the city, living together with immigrants from Ningbo and Zhejiang. Some immigrants from northern Jiangsu have also moved into areas such as Nancheng in the old city. These places are roughly the "lower corner" areas in the traditional concept of Shanghainese. In Greater Shanghai, the city once had an open secret, which was also a symbol of the city: the whole city discriminated against Su Beiren. Even today, this kind of discrimination still exists and is deeply rooted. Therefore, in Shanghai, "Su Beiren" is not only a classification concept of ethnic groups, but also a classification concept of social classes.
Most of these immigrants moved to Shanghai from the 1920s to 1930s before liberation, mainly concentrated in northern Jiangsu and Shandong, among which Yangzhou and Yancheng were the two main sources of Su Beiren in Shanghai. Most of them came to Shanghai as refugees at the bottom of the whole society because of war and famine. For example, in 193 1 year, there were at least 70,000 Su Beiren refugees in Shanghai. Most of these people are basically poor peasants with little education and people on the edge of the city, accompanied by dialect differences. In Shanghai, they can only do the simplest labor and basic work that locals despise. At that time, most of the men in this group of immigrants became the main force of the heavy bottom labor force, such as dockers, rickshaws, factory workers, flour mill porters and so on. In Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s, nine times out of ten rickshaw pullers came from Su Beiren. Shanghainese once used "three knives" to describe Su Beiren who served people: a kitchen knife (for cooking), a pedicure knife (for bathing) and a barber knife (for shaving). The situation of women in northern Jiangsu is also quite bad. In the tobacco industry, female workers in northern Jiangsu are concentrated in the tobacco sector with heavy workload, but their wages are lower than those in southern Jiangsu, which reflects the distribution structure of Su Beiren in the job market.
In a word, the first batch of Zhejiang immigrants and their descendants in Jiangnan had a certain economic foundation and received a good education in Shanghai, and their status at that time was much higher than that of the second batch of immigrants who came to Shanghai as refugees from northern Jiangsu. Generally speaking, the descendants of Ningbo people and Shaoxing people have the highest status, while Su Beiren has the lowest status. This situation will last almost until the 1980s. With the development of Pudong in the 1990s, the acceleration of social change, the progress and development of the times, and the continuous communication and integration between various groups in immigrant cities, the social relations between them are gradually easing, and the discrimination and prejudice that once existed are gradually dissolving under the influence of various factors, but there are still a lot of such ideas among the middle-aged and old generation. In the long years since the opening of 1843, the administrative divisions of Shanghai have changed many times, the urban area has been expanding, and the population has also undergone tremendous changes and increases. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanghai belonged to Haiyan County with Jiangsu as the center. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shanghai belonged to Songjiang Prefecture with Jiangsu as the center. 19 12 years later, Shanghai was once the Shanghai Waterway of Jiangsu. Compared with the suburbs of Shanghai, the population changes in the suburbs of Shanghai are relatively small. Pudong, Fengxian, Qingpu, Songjiang, Chongming, Jinshan, Jiading, Baoshan, Songjiang and Minhang. , basically keep a fixed local dialect, which is obviously different from Shanghai dialect and can be distinguished by accent. Because of the great changes in Shanghai's urban dialect, it is difficult for urban people to understand suburban dialect, but suburban people can communicate with urban people simply by sandhi, from which we can also see the modern great changes in Shanghai's urban dialect.
Because of the first Opium War, Shanghai became the largest city in the Far East and the third largest financial center in the world (the other two were London and new york). It was also one of the "four famous cities in the world" at that time and was called "Paris of the East".
During the period of 1942- 1945, Jiading, Pudong, Minhang, Fengxian, Baoshan, Chongming and Nanhui (pictured right) were once incorporated into the territory of Shanghai suburbs due to the implementation of the "Great Shanghai Plan" proposed by Sun Yat-sen 1922. However, after the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the National Government failed to continue the plan after taking over Shanghai, so these suburbs were evacuated from Shanghai. It was not until the administrative division of 1958 was adjusted after liberation that these areas were merged into the territory of Shanghai again.
As a modern city, the opening of Shanghai in 1843 was one of the starting points. Concession and Huajie Street gradually developed into the first financial center in the Far East. The residents in the city call themselves "city people" (basically from other places) and "Shanghainese", while the residents in the former county town of Shanghai and the surrounding rural areas are called "country people" to show the difference. This is the original origin of the dispute of "Shanghai Ning/Xiangwo Ning". Because the living habits and ways of thinking of suburban people are no different from those of most farmers in other parts of China, they are just "hillbillies" in the eyes of city people. For a long time in the past, their status was even inferior to that of the second generation of immigrants from northern Jiangsu, so the word "local" is actually a slightly contemptuous word. However, with the development of suburban economy, the construction of new cities, the improvement of living standards, the relocation of old Shanghai immigrants to the suburbs due to demolition, and the deepening of the contradiction between new and old Shanghai immigrants after 1990, this phenomenon is gradually disappearing, and the original polarization differences are gradually narrowing. Since People's Republic of China (PRC) implemented the reform and opening up, especially since Shanghai developed Pudong in 1960s, new immigrants from China and all over the world came to Shanghai to work and live, and those who settled down called themselves "new Shanghainese". The difference between new immigrants and foreigners is whether they admit where their hometown is. Most of these immigrants in the new era are low-quality people without basic education. For Shanghainese, whether they are aborigines, old immigrants or suburban people, they can undoubtedly be classified as locals. However, some old immigrants believe that only those who are truly influenced by Shanghai culture, can speak Shanghai dialect and have Shanghai spirit can be considered Shanghainese. At the same time, some old immigrants also questioned that some low-quality people among new immigrants and outsiders not only destroyed Shanghai's environment, but also behaved uncivilized, squeezed the cheap labor market, dressed in dirty rustic clothes, and damaged Shanghai's city image. However, some new immigrants think that the prejudice of some Shanghainese is discrimination against them, and they gradually become disgusted with the old Shanghainese.
The conflict between new and old immigrants basically exists among the people, and it is more intense in the network. This kind of conflict is generally ignored and downplayed by the official media. In some local forums in Shanghai, netizens often advocate that all kinds of old Shanghainese unite to resist "new immigrants" and people from other places. However, new immigrants often refer to the old Shanghainese as "aborigines", regardless of whether the other party is "aborigines", "locals" or "old immigrants", trying to portray the negative image of the old Shanghainese as "stingy", "exclusive" and "stingy" by belittling the old Shanghainese, while exaggerating their contribution to Shanghai. Some outsiders are sometimes deceived by these arguments, and they have an inexplicable dislike for Shanghainese without knowing Shanghainese or even having been to Shanghai at all. This is the inevitable result of cultural conflict, population migration and social transformation, but there is integration in conflict and inclusion in exclusion.
Conflicts in the media also occur from time to time, the most famous of which is "Yuan Yuan's resignation". On February 23rd, 2009, at 65438, Kan Xiaojun, the host of Shanghai Oriental Radio 10 1 Music Breakfast, chatted with another host in Shanghai dialect. After receiving a short message from a listener who claimed to hate Shanghainese and Shanghainese, he responded directly in the live broadcast-"Please form a team. This euphemistic "crushing" incident has aroused widespread controversy and concern in society.
By June 20 12, the actual population of Shanghai reached 24.334 million, and the population coming to Shanghai reached 9.823 million, an increase of 183% over 2000.