1. Explain the knowledge points of the essay, the answer format of the answer points, and the exam is coming soon.
The explanatory essay mainly examines the ability of candidates to accurately obtain information from the text, and the questions are mainly considered around quasi-confirmation reading, accurate understanding and accurate screening.
Disturbing factors are often set in examination questions: (1) Increase or decrease or enlarge, that is, change the sentences of the original text, and expand or narrow the scope of explanation by adding some words or reducing some words. (2) The sham as the genuine means replacing the correct with specious words or sentences, resulting in different meanings.
(3) Upset-down means that when setting options, the sentence relationship of the original text is intentionally disturbed, which makes it difficult to understand, such as reversing the causal relationship and disturbing the order. (4) out of thin air, that is, using the thinking inertia of candidates, to induce candidates to take it for granted instead of sober rational thinking.
In the process of solving problems, there is a jingle: "Read the original text first to get the general idea, then read the stem of the question to mark it, find out the corresponding sentences in the range, and compare the options to see the differences." Read the original text first and complete three tasks: (1) Understand the general idea of the article, that is, the object of explanation, the relationship between paragraphs, the author's opinions and related materials.
(2) Number the paragraphs. (3) Mark important sentences and key words.
Secondly, it is very important to read the stem of the question, so we should mark the important words. For example, question 1 of volume 1999 can be marked as follows: "The first paragraph of this article puts forward a hypothesis, and the one that is not correctly understood is" 3 mark.
the first place is the location of the proposition point, the second place is the content of the test question, and the third place is the standard for choosing the answer. Third, finding out the scope of the answer and the corresponding sentence is the substantive stage of the answer.
generally speaking, the search interval of the answer should be near the proposition point, for example, the answer to question 1 is in paragraph 1 or paragraph 2. It is more important to find the corresponding sentence. It can be said that if you find the corresponding sentence, you will basically find the answer.
comparing options to find differences is the last step, that is, completing the answer. For example, Item B of Question 1 says: "Compared with humans, hibernating mammals have changed in a wider range."
The word "regulatory" is left out, which is inconsistent with the original intention of the article. Explanatory reading questions are all multiple-choice questions, and there are three ways to choose the right options: direct election, exclusion and analogy.
direct election method means directly selecting the correct answer. This method is suitable for obvious questions, and some answers can be determined at once.
it is also applicable to "choosing the wrong topic", such as choosing "an incorrect item" and "an item that does not conform to the meaning of the text". Exclusion method can be applied to all types of multiple-choice questions.
It reveals the correct answer and improves the accuracy of the answer by excluding the options that do not meet the requirements of the topic. In order to find the "first knowledge point", that is, the basis for excluding the first option, the elimination method must have two characteristics: one is the most accurate judgment, and the other is the most valuable. After determining this knowledge point, more options can be excluded.
analogy method is suitable for some multiple-choice questions. According to reasonable inference, quickly eliminate some options, or infer unknown situations according to known situations, and quickly determine the answer.
1. classification 1. from the point of view of the explanatory object: the descriptive text of things and the descriptive text of things. 2. From the language features of expository writing: plain expository writing and vivid expository writing.
Second, the sequence of explanation, time sequence, spatial order and logical sequence. Specific scores of logical sequence: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concreteness, whole-part. Typical question: What order of explanation is used in this paper? What's the role? Standardized answer format: In this paper, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(The first space should be filled with the specific order of explanation, and the second space should be filled with the specific name or explanation of things. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rational" and "scientific".
) 3. Methods of explanation 1. Common methods of explanation include: example, classification, definition, imitation, interpretation, analogy, figures, charts and quotations. 2. Functions of common explanation methods: ①. Examples: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, thus making the explanation more specific and convincing.
② classification: explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. ③ Comparison: Comparing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
④ interpretation: give a concrete explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things, so as to make the explanation easier to understand. ⑤. For example, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
⑥. Imitation: To describe the characteristics/events of things visually, so as to make the explanation more concrete. ⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑧. List numbers: explain the characteristics/reasons of things with specific data to make the explanation more accurate and convincing. ⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by charting, making the explanation more concise and intuitive.
⑩. Description of quotation: Description of quotation has the following forms: a. Citing specific cases; (The function is the same as the example) B. Cite specific data; C. Quote famous sayings, maxims and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing. D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc.
The function is to make the explanation more interesting. (the reference description is at the beginning of the article, and it also plays the role of drawing out the description object. )
Fourth, the language analysis of the explanatory text 1. Generally speaking, the language analysis of the whole article is discussed from two angles: A, accuracy; B, vivid or concise. A is the * * * same feature of general expository writing.
B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language characteristics of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.
The standard answer format is as follows: This article fully embodies the characteristics of accuracy/vividness/conciseness and plainness in Chinese, such as the sentence "...".
2. Who can help me with a set of questions about literary common sense
Review of literary common sense in the middle school entrance examination 1. Stylistic knowledge Literary genres include ancient stylistic common sense and modern stylistic common sense.
ancient style: ancient style can be roughly divided into verse, parallel prose and prose, including historical biography. Rhyme is a rhyming style, including poetry, ci, fu and inscription.
Prose, including historical biographies, argumentative essays, miscellaneous essays, practical essays, etc. Parallel prose is a style between poetry and prose.
select the key points to explain below. 1. Classical Poetry and Modern Poetry In the Tang Dynasty, the metrical poems and quatrains that prevailed in the Tang Dynasty were called modern poetry, and the poems with loose metrical rules and free forms before the Tang Dynasty were called classical poetry.
nowadays, metrical poems and quatrains are generally called modern poems, while others are collectively called ancient poems. There are four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words in ancient poetry. The Book of Songs and Yuefu also belong to ancient poetry.
Modern poetry can be divided into two types: metrical poetry and quatrains, and there are also five words and seven words. There are eight verses in the rhyme * * *, which are divided into four parts: one or two sentences are the first couplet, three or four sentences are the parallel couplet, five or six sentences are the neck couplet, seven or eight sentences are the tail couplet, and even sentences are balanced. The upper and lower sentences in the middle two couplets should pay attention to antithesis.
The metrical requirements of quatrains * * * are basically the same as those of metrical poems, but the antithesis requirements of the upper and lower sentences are not very strict. 2. Ci, Fu and Parallel Prose are Chu Ci, which belongs to poetry.
The length and sentences are long, the sentence pattern is uneven level, the form is free, and the word "Xi" is mostly used, which is mainly lyrical and has a strong romantic color, with Qu Yuan's Li Sao as its representative. Fu, which originated in the late Warring States period, is a style between poetry and prose, with generally neat rhyming sentences and mixed prose sentences.
the representative figure is Sima Xiangru. Parallel prose, which originated from the Han and Wei Dynasties, was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The whole article is basically composed of antithetical sentences, which pay attention to the use of allusions and are flowery. Because most of them use four-sentence and six-sentence sentences, also known as "four-six-word prose", it is also a style between poetry and prose.
Zhu Yuansi's Book and Epanggong's Fu, which were studied in senior high school, are such styles. 3. Ci and Quci sprouted in the Southern Dynasties, formed in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty.
is the development of poetry, so it is called "poetry surplus". It has a variety of epigrams, and each epigram has its own fixed format, including the number of words and sentences, and the rhyming of flat and even words.
Its sentence patterns vary in length, which is also called long and short sentences. According to the number of words, it can be divided into long tune (more than 91 words), middle tune (59 to 91 words) and short tune (less than 58 words).
Qu was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, so it was called "Yuan Qu" and it was also a poem with music. Including Sanqu and Zaju.
Sanqu is a cantata and Zaju is a performance. Sanqu can be divided into two categories: poem and divertimento, in which poem is composed of one song, divertimento is also called divertimento, and it is composed of many songs.
Zaju has a complete story, and its structure is 41% off (equivalent to four acts) and a wedge (prologue), which consists of subjects (descriptions of characters' actions and stage effects), guest dialogue (dialogues and monologues of characters, etc.) and lyrics, and the roles are Dan (female role), Mei (male role), Jing (painted face) and Wai (elderly man). There are qupai in the song, and the fixed format of its word number, sentence number, level tone and rhyme is stipulated.
Gongdiao indicates the sound level of the tune. 4. Shi Chuanwen belongs to historical prose, including chronological style (such as Zuo Zhuan and Zi Zhi Tong Jian), national style (such as Guoyu and Warring States Policy), biographical style (such as Historical Records, Hanshu and Twenty-four History) and chronological style (such as Hanshu and Houdai)
5. Essays in ancient times developed from the quotations of various schools of thought, and it formed several kinds in the process of development: "On" discussing things; "Say" and apply for truth. 6. Miscellaneous essays include travel notes of scenic spots and landscapes.
there are four categories: miscellaneous notes of calligraphy and painting and miscellaneous notes of personnel. Miscellaneous notes cover a wide range, with the word "Ji" in some topics.
Historical anecdotes, anecdotes, scientific materials, textual research and other articles are all included. 7. Practical writing includes four categories: recitation, epitaph, eulogy and preface.
Modern style: Modern style mainly refers to novels, poems, essays, dramas, reportage, children's literature, folk literature and essays. In addition, there are practical essays, including narrative essays, expository essays, argumentative essays and practical essays.
1. The six elements of narrative refer to the time, place, person, cause, process and result of the written event. 2, according to the need, narrative can use the first person (I, we), the second person (you, you), the third person (he, they), generally speaking, the first person and the third person are often used.
3. The central idea of narrative refers to the main views on life expressed by writing people, taking notes, writing scenes and objects. The central idea must be clear and concentrated.
4. The material is the flesh and blood of the article, which serves to express the central idea; The central idea is the soul of the article, and it controls the material. 5. The main materials that can highlight the central idea should be written in detail; The secondary materials that play a certain role in expressing the central idea should be written in a general, concise and detailed way, which can make the article clear and focused.
6. Generally, the sequence of narration includes direct narration, flashback and interpolation. 7. Clues refer to the context that runs through all the materials in the article.
8. Explanations can be divided into things and things according to the objects. 9. Explain that things must grasp the characteristics of things.
the so-called "feature" is the main sign that distinguishes this thing from other things. Grasping the characteristics also grasps the essence of things.
11. The explanation sequence mainly includes chronological order, spatial order and logical order. There are six main logical orders: from whole to part, from generalization to concreteness, from phenomenon to essence, from general to special, from main to secondary, from cause to result.
11. Common explanation methods include defining, classifying, listing figures, giving examples, making comparisons, making analogies, quoting and matching charts. 12. In order to explain the characteristics and essence of the object more clearly, or make the article more vivid and interesting, you can describe and narrate it appropriately in the explanation.
13. The three elements of argumentative writing are argument, argument and argumentation. Argument is the author's opinions and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing.
Generally, an argumentative essay has only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument, which are used to supplement and prove the central argument. 14. The central argument put forward directly is in the article.
3. what is the literary common sense of expository writing
expository writing is an article genre that gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things as the main expression. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts.
Although expository writing is a kind of writing with explanation as its main expression, it can't successfully complete the task of introducing things and explaining things to readers without the proper cooperation of other expressions (such as narration, discussion and description). From the perspective of learning to write expository writing, if we can understand the important role of the comprehensive application of expression in expository writing and pay attention to the accurate use of narrative, discussion and other ways to assist explanation, expository writing can be colorful and brilliant. (Excerpt from Comprehensive Application of Expressions in Explanatory Writing, No.3, 2111)
Explanatory writing is very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, commentaries, scientific sketches, etc.
Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, meaning, characteristics and evolution of things.
literary expositions are expositions that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.
4. Explanatory style knowledge ~~
Explanatory text mainly examines the ability of candidates to accurately obtain information from the text, and the topic is mainly considered around quasi-confirmation reading, accurate understanding and accurate screening.
Disturbing factors are often set in examination questions: (1) Increase or decrease or enlarge, that is, change the sentences of the original text, and expand or narrow the scope of explanation by adding some words or reducing some words. (2) The sham as the genuine means replacing the correct with specious words or sentences, resulting in different meanings.
(3) It means that when setting options, it is intentional.