Palm oil is a tropical woody plant oil, which has the largest output, consumption and international trade volume in the world at present. Together with soybean oil and rapeseed oil, it is also called "the three largest vegetable oils in the world" and has a history of more than 5,000 years.
Palm oil is squeezed from the palm fruit of the oil palm tree. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are extracted from pulp and kernel respectively. Traditionally, palm oil contains only the former. Palm oil can be refined and separated to obtain products with different melting points, which are widely used in catering industry, food industry and oil industry respectively. As the main palm oil producing areas, Southeast Asia and Africa account for about 88% of the total palm oil production in the world. Indonesia, Malaysia and Nigeria are the top three producers in the world. At present, China has become the largest importer of palm oil in the world, and the annual consumption of palm oil is about 6 million tons, accounting for 20% of the total market.
Palm oil is an important part of the world oil market, accounting for more than 30% of the world oil production. Oil palm is a kind of crop that blooms and bears fruits all year round. The commercial production of oil palm can last for 25 years!
Affected by the expansion of global palm oil planting area and the increase of mature palm oil area, the global palm oil production continued to increase in 20 12, or reached a record high.
At the end of 20 12, the domestic palm oil spot market picked up, mainly because the "two festivals" demand started to stimulate terminal traders to speed up procurement. But at the same time, the speed of domestic palm oil import to Hong Kong has accelerated, far exceeding the growth of demand; The import cost of palm oil has decreased, and the long-term expectation is lower.
Main producing areas
Palm oil, also known as palm oil and palm skin oil, is an oil extracted from the mesocarp of oil palm fruit and belongs to non-drying oil. Oil palm fruit is native to the west coast of Africa, and it was widely planted in Southeast Asian countries in 1970s. By the 1980s, the area and output of oil palm in Southeast Asia had surpassed that of Africa, with Malaysia accounting for more than 50% of the world's output and Indonesia accounting for about 20%. In the 1920s, Hainan Island was introduced into China from Malaysia. Later, it was planted in Taiwan Province, Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces, but the output was not much. Since 1970s, palm oil production has grown fastest among all kinds of vegetable oils, and it has become the main edible oil in the world today, occupying an important position in the international vegetable oil market. Limited by natural conditions such as climate, China began to import a large amount of palm oil in the late 1980s, accounting for more than 15% of the world palm oil trade.
Oil palm is the most efficient oil-producing plant in the world. In Malaysia, at present, oil palm can produce about 5 tons of oil per hectare at most, and the oil yield per hectare of oil palm is five times higher than that of peanuts in the same area and nine times higher than that of soybeans. Oil palm in Malaysia has reached maturity on average, with an average annual output of 3.7 tons of crude palm oil per hectare. [ 1]
Oil palm seed
Palm oil is a kind of vegetable oil, which can partially replace other oils, such as soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, lard and butter. Because of the relationship between palm oil and various oils and fats, the price of palm oil fluctuates with the general international oil price, and the price of palm oil fluctuates greatly.
Oil palm trees originated in West Africa. Industrial palm oil is red and extracted from palm skin, while palm kernel oil is white and extracted from inner core. The production technology of palm oil and palm kernel oil is complicated. Mainly through the following processes: sterilization, refining, bleaching and deodorization.
Finally, we got palm oil and palm kernel oil before sending them to storage.
The cultivation of palm trees began in the early19th century, when the British industrial revolution created the demand for candle manufacturing and mechanical lubricants.
At first, palm oil was supplied by farmers in West Africa. Later, Dutch colonists brought palm oil cultivation to Java in 1848. 19 10 years, William Middleton, a British colonist, and Henry Mei, a banker, founded Sendami Company in Malaysia to plant palm trees to produce palm oil.
Palm oil is the main competitor of the world's leading oil soybean oil. Other competitors include rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil and olive oil. However, since 2004, the total consumption of palm oil and palm kernel oil exceeded the world's main edible oil soybean oil for the first time.
China is the largest edible oil consumer in the world, with an annual consumption of more than 25 million tons. In 20 13, the central economic work conference put forward the national food security strategy of "focusing on ourselves, basing on the domestic market, ensuring production capacity, moderately importing and supporting by science and technology", which further aroused the concern of the society for grain and oil products.
Different from the "import dependence mode" of other oils and fats, China takes the national grain and oil safety strategy as the basic starting point to encourage domestic enterprises to "go global" in the palm oil market, and Tianjin Julong Jiahua Investment Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Julong Group"), which is located on the Bohai Sea, is a leader in accurately capturing market opportunities. [2]
As early as the end of 2006, Julong Group went to Indonesia and built China's first palm plantation overseas in the world's largest palm oil producing area. After more than ten years' efforts, Julong Group has developed into the enterprise with the largest market share of palm oil trade in China.
By the end of 20 14, Julong Group had palm planting land130,000 hectares in kalimantan island, of which 50,000 hectares were planted. Two supporting crushing plants with a total production capacity of 120 tons/hour were put into use, with a cumulative investment of more than 340 million US dollars, which solved the employment of 6,500 local people. In 20 12, Julong Group's sales in the domestic palm oil market accounted for 20%, and the total oil business in the whole year exceeded 65.438+00000 tons, and the total sales revenue reached 65.438+042 billion yuan. [3]
Extraction process
People can obtain crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel cake (PE) from palm pulp by boiling, crushing and pressing. At the same time, in the process of crushing, palm fruit (palm kernel) was separated, then crushed and shelled, and the remaining nuts were squeezed to obtain palm kernel crude oil (CPKO) and palm kernel meal (PKE). Oil palm fruit contains two different oils. Palm oil is obtained from the pulp. Palm kernel oil is obtained from palm seeds (kernels), of which the former is more important. All these products have been effectively applied in food, chemical industry, agriculture and other fields. It can be said that palm is a good economic plant.
After the primary stage of pressing, crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil are sent to the refinery for refining. After removing free fatty acids, natural pigments and peculiar smell, they become salad-grade oils-refined palm oil (RBD PO) and palm oil salad oil (RBD PKO). Refined palm oil is almost colorless and transparent in liquid state and almost white in solid state. In addition, palm oil can be further fractionated to form palmitoleic acid (PFAD), palm liquid oil (oleander) and palm stearin (stearin or ST) according to the needs of different users. Oil palm fruit contains a variety of lipolytic enzymes, so the harvested fruit must be processed or fermented in time. Palm oil is easy to hydrolyze to produce more free fatty acids, and its acid value rises rapidly, so it should be refined or separated in time.
Palm oil is rich in carotene (0.05%-0.2%) and is dark orange-red. This pigment can not be effectively removed by alkali refining, but the oil color can be removed to light yellow by oxidation. Palm oil will gradually decolorize under the action of sunlight and air. Palm oil is slightly sweet and has a pleasant violet fragrance. It is semi-solid at room temperature, and its consistency and melting point depend largely on the content of free fatty acids. Palm oil with low free fatty acid content is called soft oil and palm oil with high free fatty acid content is called hard oil in the international market.
nutritional ingredient
Palm oil is also called saturated fat because it contains 50% saturated fat. Oil is a mixture of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat. The human body's digestion and absorption rate of palm oil exceeds 97%. Like all other vegetable oils, palm oil itself contains no cholesterol.
Palm oil is a highly saturated oil, and some people speculate that it may increase the cholesterol content in human serum. However, after further experiments by many experts, it was found that eating palm oil not only increased the cholesterol in serum, but also decreased it, because a large number of research data showed that different saturated fatty acids had different effects on blood lipids, palm oil was rich in neutral fatty acids, and the content of substances promoting cholesterol increase in palm oil was very small (1%). Palm oil is rich in natural vitamin E, triene tocopherol (600- 1000mg/kg), carotenoid (500-700mg/kg) and linoleic acid (10%), which is very beneficial to human health. Some researchers have studied different races (Europe, America and Asia), and the results show that palm oil is an edible vegetable oil that fully meets the needs of human health.
(Note: For a more detailed description of the ingredients, please refer to Resources:
[4] )
trait
[5] Palm oil is semi-solid at room temperature, and its consistency and melting point largely depend on the content of free fatty acids. Palm oil with low acid value is often called soft oil in the market, while oil with high acid value is called hard oil.
1. It contains more saturated fatty acids. Good stability, difficult oxidation and deterioration, high smoke point, suitable for fried food.
2. Palm oil can be separated to separate solid fat from liquid fat. Among them, solid fat can be used to replace expensive cocoa butter as margarine and shortening; Liquid oil is light and refreshing as oil for cold salad or cooking. The soap industry uses a large amount of unseparated tung oil. The soap produced by palm oil has long-lasting foam and strong decontamination ability.
3. Palm oil is rich in vitamin A (500-700ppm) and vitamin E (500-800ppm). In order to further improve the nutritional value of palm oil, the research on improving its unsaturated fatty acid content has been actively carried out, and some achievements have been made abroad.
Fresh palm kernel oil is milky white or yellow, like solid consistency, and has a lovely core flavor. Palm kernel oil is easily oxidized and decomposed during storage, and its smell becomes spicy.