The new rural construction in Yiwu has not increased new debts, occupied new cultivated land or reduced collective accumulation, but the villagers have become rich, the village collective has become rich, and foreign builders have also found a way out. Where is the mystery? A few days ago, a project funded by young scholars of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education, "Development of Small Commodity City and Functional Changes of Village Groups", made an in-depth investigation. Experts pointed out that the change from "chicken feathers for sugar" to "Yiwu Commodity City" which is well-known at home and abroad is closely related to the changes in the economic functions of village-level organizations in Yiwu. Village-level organizations comprehensively manage villages, land and resources, resulting in scale advantages, greatly reducing the cost of villagers' independent actions and achieving a win-win situation. 1. From "chicken feathers for sugar" to "one village, one street, one city, one product", village-level organizations have played a role. Yiwu has a long history, vast territory and sparsely populated, and poor farmland. At the beginning of reform and opening up, Houle Village, as the birthplace of small commodity trading, flexibly issued letters of introduction for activities such as "chicken feathers for sugar" when villagers were threatened by severe famine, which made the original sneaky "chicken feathers for sugar" evolve. Farmers' business prosperity has risen rapidly, and the number of individual traders has soared from 1982 to more than 4,000 at the beginning of the year, including nearly 3,000 small department stores and 6,000 employees. 1983 by the end of the 20th century, due to the rapid development of bazaars, many aspects of rural social, economic and cultural life have undergone great changes, and the economic functions of village-level organizations have also undergone great changes. Some villages can seize the opportunity, maintain strong development momentum and form an industrial layout of one village and one product; Many village streets close to the small commodity city actively cater to the gap of the expansion of the small commodity city, and various professional markets have emerged one after another, forming a landlord economy with one street and one city. Baitang Village in Yiting was an out-and-out poor agricultural village before the end of 1980s. 1988, my cousin Wu Qiaode and my brother processed plastic gloves for construction, which opened the door to wealth. Seeing that this industry has the prospect of driving the prosperity of the whole village, the village organization warmly invited cousin Wu Qiaode and his brothers to teach the villagers the technology of gluing and dispensing, and has always maintained the processing technology and scale advantage of glove making. Today, the gloves in Baitang Village have occupied 60% of the national market share and become a well-known glove processing professional village. Secondly, the economic function of village-level organizations in Yiwu has experienced a transformation from emphasizing economic development and individual farmers' prosperity to promoting all-round social development and progress. 2 1 century ago, Yiwu's entrepreneurial activities, which started with imitation, continued to spread with the development of small commodity cities. Many villages have formed industrial villages and specialized villages, such as socks industry, taro planting and knitting market, which has made many people rich. However, due to the lack of strong guidance, such specialized villages and industrial villages have gradually exposed a series of contradictions and problems that restrict development, such as environmental protection, public security and ecology. The glove processing in Baitang Village has brought serious environmental problems. In 2003, as soon as the two village committees took office, they actively applied to the relevant departments to relocate the glove processing industry in the village to a remote barren slope for centralized production and waste gas emission, which completely solved the environmental protection problem. Later, it invested heavily in sewage treatment, dredging ponds and greening the environment, forming a picture of harmony between man and nature. Fotanglou village has not approved the homestead construction index for 8 consecutive years before the transformation of the old village. In 2005, in order to solve the contradiction between the village's economic development and the villagers' housing land, the village organization changed the traditional building habit of "having land to have a home", took the lead in building high-rise rural houses, and demanded land from space, effectively solving the contradiction of land constraints. Building villages around the market is also a major feature of the economic function of village-level organizations. The layout of Zhong Xing Village, Louxitang Village and Zhujiajia Village in Choucheng was re-planned, and the soft service environment was mainly cultivated. Most villagers rent houses, and the annual rent has risen from tens of thousands before the transformation of old villages to hundreds of thousands after the transformation, sharing the happy cake brought by market development. Village-level organizations have learned to build a platform for getting rich, and villagers and village collectives have also become rich. Under the guidance of the Yiwu Municipal Government to implement the integration of urban and rural areas and build a new socialist countryside, village-level organizations have actively invested in the practice of economic and social development, created village-level products, cultivated the collective economy, and built a platform for villagers to get rich, which has effectively promoted rural modernization. In a short time, many villages have realized the transformation from poor villagers and poor village collectives to rich villagers and village collectives. The transformation of villages in Yiwu involves a wide range, and the organization and use of funds has become a prominent problem. Qingkou village in Jiangdong organizes and manages scarce resources such as village land, and solves the bottleneck of capital constraint and land constraint by market operation. Bidding and auction of homestead site selection, forest, pond and field contracting and construction project bidding not only solve the problem of construction funds, but also solve the problem of fund use, which also embodies the principle of fairness, openness and justice. In addition, village-level organizations have also innovated financial means and implemented preferential loans guaranteed by joint households to solve the problem of villagers' housing funds. Next to the two sides of Baolian East Street in China Commodity City, there are now hundreds of underwear shops, which have become a characteristic underwear street. Around 1992, some landlords spontaneously gathered plastic products stores here, which benefited a lot. However, in 1995, after the Wang Bin market opened and was transferred back to the city, the people in Baolian East Street Store went empty. Baolian village organization decided to take the initiative to rent to maintain the landlord's income. After some efforts, more than 65,438+000 craft jewelry vendors were introduced. However, when the three-year lease expired, the craft jewelry business failed to flourish. Village organizations have learned the lessons of previous market dispersion, searched for market gaps, explored business opportunities in the underwear market, and made efforts to find out the situation of the entire underwear industry. Later, they put forward a targeted plan to reduce the rental price, attract underwear merchants to move as a whole, and mobilize landlords with better positions to start from the overall situation and consider the long term. Fourth, village organizations should become "unlocked" people if they can't meet the needs of getting rich. In the process of institutional change, there is a mechanism of increasing income and self-strengthening. This mechanism makes the institutional change once it takes a certain path, it will be strengthened in the future, and it may enter a virtuous circle, or it may be locked in an inefficient state and unable to extricate itself, without forming a large and strong industrial cluster. According to the investigation of the project research group, Hangchou Village in Yiting is a typical sample. This village with 300 households 1500 people, 1992 has 180 hosiery factories and 1000 hosiery machines, which has been designated as one of the two major industrial zones in Yiwu. This is the effect that the village organization initially promoted and supported Feng's stocking practice. However, this industrial pattern of "one village, one product" did not seize the opportunity to improve in time. When the hosiery factory founded by Langsha, Mona and Li Fen in Hangzhou Village became the brand of China and even the world, the hosiery industry in Hangzhou Village remained untouched. This situation is not an isolated phenomenon in some places. Experts suggest that it is necessary to upgrade the level of professional village industrial clusters and enhance their comprehensive competitiveness. Guide enterprises to take the road of industrial cluster integration and reorganization, gradually form economies of scale, innovation ability and regional brand advantages on the basis of low-cost advantages, enlarge and strengthen industries, continuously extend industrial chains and cultivate competitiveness. Experts also found in the investigation, such as corruption of village officials, the stubborn disease of "village in city", the difficulty of "changing village to residence", the negative effect of "landlord economy" and the vicious competition of similar industrial clusters. These are also the problems that village-level organizations must face in transforming their economic functions. With the increasing economic function of village-level organizations, village cadres' convenience in land requisition, lease, transfer, property management, market construction, infrastructure contracting, etc. is easy to breed corruption. In 2003 alone, Yiwu police accepted 30 cases of village official crimes, and since then, the trend of village official crimes has been on the rise. Experts suggest that the village level should establish a "two separation" system, improve the supervision mechanism for village-level organizations to exercise their economic functions, separate the management function of village collective assets from the administrative function of village-level organizations, gradually transition the management of village collective assets to the corporate management mode, and cut off the contact between members of village-level organizations that infringe on economic interests by establishing a standardized modern enterprise system. At the same time, we should strengthen the urbanization of farmers and rural areas. In Yiwu, an economically prosperous county, the main force hindering the process of farmers' citizenization and rural urbanization lies in the rural collective economy: farmers often get the benefits of rural policies and the marginal effect of urban development, and their enthusiasm for entering the city is not high. Many rural collective assets in Yiwu are very rich. As long as the status of rural residents is maintained, the annual dividend income of the village collective is very considerable. Once you lose this identity, it means losing this rich and stable income, which leads to the ills of "villages in the city" and the difficulty of "changing villages to live". In view of these problems, the market-oriented operation mode of some village-level organizations in Yiwu provides beneficial enlightenment. If the village collective economy develops well, the shares can be split into people through demutualization, so that individuals can gradually have complete property rights over the assets in the shares, and the holding of shares is no longer linked to the household registration of community members, and "shares" follow "people". Doing so is conducive to transforming the collective economy into a joint-stock company and promoting farmers' citizenization and farmers' shareholding. Village-level organizations are separated from the direct management function and return to the supervision (board of supervisors) function of economic management. (