Federal Germany implemented the system of "social market economy" in the post-war period, which was centered on market competition, gave full play to the role of market mechanism, and had the function of guiding and coordinating the operation of the market economy by the state, which was the systematic basis for the high-speed development of Federal Germany and took a distinctive path of industrialization. This was the institutional basis for the Federal Republic of Germany's rapid development and the emergence of a distinctive path of industrialization. In terms of the way in which the government intervenes in the economy, Germany adopts a social-cooperative, consultative form of intervention, in which there is neither state control of industrial ownership nor direct state implementation of plans, but only indirect control and influence over industrial investment policy. From the focus of the policy, the German government attaches great importance to the guidance and regulation of industrial organization, and relatively small intervention in industrial structure. German economists believe that the fairness of the market order is more important than the optimization of industrial structure, in a sense, "anti-trust priority" is the essence of the German social market economy. From the point of view of the choice of pillar industries, the German government has not strictly selected the pillar industries. The formation and development of Germany's leading industries is mainly a spontaneous process of market competition, in which the government only creates the necessary institutional prerequisites and provides a relaxed macroeconomic environment for maintaining the order of competition in the social market economy. From the perspective of foreign trade, Germany from the beginning of the post-World War II era of Erhard era of various periods of government advocate free trade, and has always adopted a laissez-faire policy of domestic and foreign investment.

(2) Industrial support funds focus on small and medium-sized enterprises and research institutions

From the support mode, the German government usually does not directly provide financial subsidies to a certain enterprise, but through various financial institutions to provide financing channels and financing services to small and medium-sized enterprises to support and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The German government also provides interest subsidies to banks that provide loans to SMEs, and the government has also funded the establishment of credit guarantee associations in many places to provide credit guarantees when SMEs take out loans from banks, so as to solve the difficulties of SMEs in taking out loans. In terms of the focus of support, stimulating technological progress, especially the research and development of forward-looking technologies and the proliferation of results, is the focus of industrial funding support. For example, between 2006 and 2009, the government invested 12 billion euros in supporting R&D and diffusion of science and technology within 17 key areas, such as nano-, bio- and micro-systems.

(3) Create a private sector-oriented innovation environment, promote technological progress and **** technology transformation

On the one hand, the government less intervention in specific technology R & D activities, research and development activities have independence and autonomy. 1949, the German Constitution provides for science is completely independent, the federal government and the state governments will not be through the policy of the national science and technology resources to a specific direction or field of concentration, science and technology policy is also the focus of the government's efforts to promote science and technology. The federal government and the state governments do not make the national scientific and technological resources to a specific direction or field of concentration through policies, and the scientific and technological policies do not formulate very specific mission orientations and development goals. On the other hand, emphasis is placed on the dissemination and transformation of *** technology. The German scientific research associations play an important role in the dissemination and transformation of **** technologies. For example, the Fraunhofer Association for the Advancement of Applied Research (FAAR) has a unique funding mechanism, cooperation model, evaluation method and transformation mechanism to ensure the industrialization and commercialization of technology research and development results.

(IV) SME Support and Promotion Policies Focusing on Technological Progress

First of all, it encourages the founding of SMEs and assists them in financing. Since the 1970s, the German federal government and banks have implemented various policies and programs aimed at helping small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to start up, such as the Own Capital Assistance Program and the Regional Structure Improvement Program under the ****The Same Task, which provide financial subsidies and technical and human resources assistance to newly established enterprises. Financial subsidies and technical and human resources assistance are provided to start-up enterprises. Secondly, the promotion of technological advancement of SMEs. Specific policies include: (1) SMEs have formulated policies to promote technology transfer. The Government has formulated a series of specialized schemes to promote the conduct of ****same research projects and third-party research and development contracts between a number of enterprises and research institutes. (2) Indirect promotion of enterprise research and development personnel: In 1989, Germany implemented the "Industrial and Commercial Enterprises Research and Development Personnel Growth Promotion Program" in the western part of the country, the main content of which is to provide a certain amount of wage subsidies to newly recruited scientific and technological personnel of enterprises in order to promote the mobility of scientific and technological personnel. (3) Enterprise technology innovation risk-sharing program. Through low-interest loans and the assumption of sectoral responsibility to encourage investment companies, venture capital firms and other investors to intervene as early as possible in the investment of new technology enterprises. In short, all aspects of the federal government's policy to small and medium-sized enterprises to support and guide, non-interventionism and non-discriminatory industrial policy, coupled with price stability and sustained economic growth for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany to provide a good environment and conditions.

(V) Labor Skill Upgrading through Lifelong Learning Mechanism

First of all, Germany's policy of encouraging lifelong learning and labor skill upgrading has a clear and unified direction. The policy system of lifelong learning and labor force skills upgrading in Germany has been continuously improved and evolved with the times, starting from the initial advocacy of continuing learning to the proposed lifelong learning approach. Secondly, the main way of lifelong learning and labor force skills upgrading is continuing education. Germany has the largest system, the widest coverage and the most energetic adult education institutions in the world. Adult education centers are flexible and charge low fees, and workers can receive the training they need at any time at very low cost. Thirdly, lifelong learning has become an important part of Germany's industrial civilization. Germany's incentives for lifelong learning and skills upgrading are also all-encompassing. For example, those who participate in learning full time and start their own businesses are given autonomy and partial exemption from loan repayment.

(VI) Cluster curation policy to promote knowledge industry agglomeration

As one of the main actors of industrial clusters, the federal government and the state governments have an indispensable importance in the development of industrial clusters, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: firstly, to provide a good infrastructure and create a favorable environment for entrepreneurs to start their business and for entrepreneurs in the field to make investments; secondly, to create a reasonable institutional environment The first is to provide good infrastructure to create a good environment for entrepreneurship and investment by foreign entrepreneurs; the second is to create a reasonable institutional environment, which promotes trust between manufacturers and creates a benign pattern of competition and cooperation between manufacturers; the third is to provide effective public **** services to promote the growth and upgrading of industrial clusters; and the fourth is to play the curatorial effect of industrial cluster policies, i.e., from the cooperation between individual internal subjects of clusters to the overall innovation of the clusters, and from the transformation of individual cluster innovations to the cooperation between clusters.

Two, Germany's development experience in the middle and late stages of industrialization on China's industrialization

First of all, the implementation of science and technology as a nation. Germany's structure of technological resources with the private economic sector as the main body and policies to promote the optimization of the innovation environment are worthy of China's reference. Through the organization of various research societies, government-funded basic research and enterprise-led applied research are well combined, which not only opens up the channel between universities, research institutes and industrial applications, but also makes it possible to obtain financial security for basic research and development that does not have direct economic benefits. The German government also attaches great importance to the research and development of cutting-edge technology and future technology, through long-term accumulation of technology, German enterprises in the field of emerging industries continue to grasp the advantages of core technology.

Secondly, it emphasizes the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). First, standardize market competition and promote the prosperity of small and medium-sized enterprises. Although China has also formulated a series of reform measures to liberalize and revitalize state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises as well as to promote the development of non-state-owned enterprises, some of these measures are not from the standpoint of opposing the restriction of competition, but precisely from the perspective of restricting competition to develop policies. Reference can be made to Germany's policy measures in regulating market competition and industrial organization to create a fair environment for the development of SMEs. Secondly, we should standardize government functions and improve the service system. Small and medium-sized enterprises had played an important role in China's economic development and industrialization, but due to the long-term lack of services at all levels of management, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises has become increasingly difficult after 2000. We should learn from the German government's practice, the government's management of small and medium-sized enterprises focuses on "service" rather than regulation, and focuses on the creation of a favorable development environment rather than the funding of specific projects for specific enterprises. Thirdly, we should focus on solving the financing problems of SMEs. The Government's credit to SMEs is not directed to enterprises, but through SME banks, which are supported by the Government through interest subsidies. For SMEs share investment and risk investment, the German government on new industries, high-tech SMEs, such as direct investment, but not involved in business management.

Finally, efforts to improve the quality of the labor force. First, lifelong learning is led and supported by the government. The establishment of a lifelong education system and the creation of a learning society is a systematic project that must be coordinated and planned by the government, giving full play to the functions of all types of educational institutions, effectively integrating all types of educational resources, and promoting the enjoyment of resources ****. Secondly, cooperation between different education systems should be strengthened. China's school education system within the various school systems have not established an effective communication and articulation between each other. Should further reform the education and teaching system, strengthen the communication and articulation between various types of schools; the establishment of non-degree education, assessment and appraisal of learning achievements and the mutual recognition of credits and other systems; to strengthen the flexibility of the education system, diversity and openness, and to change a single, only through the university to be able to become a "one-way bridge" for a variety of ways to study hard and innovative "can be successful. The education system should be made more flexible, diversified and open, so as to turn the "wooden bridge" into a "bridge" where people can become successful through various ways of learning and innovation. Thirdly, policies and regulations are the guidance. In Germany, there are many laws and regulations related to children's education, higher education, adult education, vocational education and lifelong education, and its complete legal system is also the foundation and guarantee for the rapid development of lifelong learning. Lifelong education in China is still in the initial stage, and the relevant legislation is still relatively lacking. We should learn from Germany's experience, vigorously strengthen the legal construction of lifelong learning, clarify the rights, obligations and related responsibilities of the government, enterprises, institutions and individuals, and incorporate the construction of lifelong learning and lifelong education system into the legalized track.