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First, the meaning and definition of urbanization
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(A) the meaning of urbanization
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Due to the different research angles of different disciplines, the focus on urbanization is also different. Population urbanization is a process from agricultural population to urban population, that is, a historical process characterized by the continuous migration and aggregation of rural population to cities; Geographical urbanization is the process of transforming rural landforms into urban landscapes; Sociological urbanization is mainly a process in which urban civilization covers rural areas and rural lifestyle changes to urban lifestyle. From the perspective of economics, urbanization is a process of transforming the traditional rural natural economy into urban socialized mass production. It can be seen that urbanization, on the one hand, is the process of population migration and gathering from rural areas to cities, and at the same time, it is manifested as changes in regional landscape, industrial structure and production and lifestyle. It is a comprehensive and unified process of the transformation of population, region, socio-economic organization form and production and life style from traditional backward rural society to modern urban society, and it is the main reflection and important symbol of the economic and social development and progress of a country or region.
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(B) the definition of urbanization
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Cities are gathering areas for people's production and life, mainly composed of non-agricultural active population, occupying a certain space. Cities have the same characteristics: first, the population size and density of cities are relatively large and concentrated. In the 20th century, the internationally accepted minimum standard of urban population size was more than 2,000 people, and those with less than 200,000 people were designated as small cities. 200,000 to 500,000 people are medium-sized cities; 500- 1 10,000 people are big cities; More than 654.38 million people are megacities. Second, cities have a strong ability to gather the secondary and tertiary industries of the national economy, and the population engaged in non-agricultural industrial activities accounts for an absolute proportion. Third, a city is a gathering place for social, economic, cultural, scientific and technological development and progress, and a highly concentrated area of human civilization. Fourth, cities are mostly administrative centers. Population urbanization reflects the process and degree of population gathering in cities, which is usually expressed by the percentage of urban population and urban population to the total population, and is called urbanization rate or urbanization level. China generally uses the concept of urbanization when studying urbanization.
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Second, the level and distribution of urbanization.
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In China, the main data source that can objectively and truly reflect the changes of urban and rural population is the large-scale national census. The fifth population census in 2000 accurately reflected the urbanization level of the whole country and provinces at the beginning of 2 1 century.
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The size and density of the city
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In 2000, there were three prefecture-level cities in Ningxia (excluding Guyuan City, which was established in July 2002), which governed seven districts. 2 county-level cities, 15 counties; Set up 72 towns. The number of prefecture-level cities accounts for 1. 15%, the number of municipal districts accounts for 0.89% and the number of county-level cities accounts for 0.82%. The average urban population of prefecture-level cities, county-level cities, county towns (Chengguan towns) and other established towns is 377,400, 43,600, 25,200 and 3,700 respectively. The urban density is 0.58 prefecture-level cities per 10,000 square kilometers, which is 0. 15 less than the whole country. There are 3.28 county-level cities, more than the whole country 1. 12.
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(2) the distribution and density of urban population
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In 2000, among the three prefecture-level cities with districts in Ningxia, the population density of three municipal districts exceeded 1.500 people /km2, namely, Yinchuan City, Xincheng District and Dawukou District of Shizuishan City, with a population of 67,600, all of which were calculated as urban population according to the urban-rural division standard of the Five-Year Plan. There are four districts with population density below 1.500 people /km2, namely, the suburb of Yinchuan, Shizuishan District of Shizuishan City, Shitan Scenic Area and Litong District of Wuzhong City. * * * The population is 757,700, and the population of Shizuishan District and Shitanjing District are all counted as the population of the whole city. There are four townships in the suburbs and three towns and two townships in Litong District. According to the principle of "government location and urban infrastructure construction extension area" stipulated in the "Five-Year Plan", it is163,800 and 16.5438+0.98 million respectively, accounting for 60% and 39.47% of the total population of each district respectively. Qingtongxia and Lingwu, two county-level cities without districts, have a total population of 498,500, including 56,300 in two towns, 1 town of 365,438+10,000. The total population is 87,300, accounting for 22.65% and 12.4% of the total population of each city respectively.
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17 county-level areas, 5845438+00000 people are counted as urban population, distributed in 66 established towns. In 2000, the total urban population of Ningxia was 654.38+0.8038 million, accounting for 32.88% of the total population of Ningxia, that is, the urbanization rate or level of Ningxia was 32.88%. Among them, the urban population is 12 19700 and the urban population is 584 1000, accounting for 22.23% and 10.65% of the total population respectively. The development of urbanization in Ningxia is unbalanced, which can be roughly divided into:
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1. The highest level of urbanization is Yinchuan City and Shizuishan City (excluding cities and counties). In 2000, the urbanization levels of the two cities were 86.47% and 100% respectively, and they were also the cities with the highest degree of industrialization. The urban population of the two cities accounts for 56. 13% of the urban population in Ningxia, and the non-agricultural population accounts for 5 1% of the non-agricultural population in Ningxia. Urban population and non-agricultural population account for more than half of the whole region, which plays an important role in the process of urbanization in Ningxia. From the perspective of demography, these two cities have basically completed the middle and early stage of population urbanization and entered the late stage of urbanization development.
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2. The urbanization level of Wuzhong (Litong District), Qingtongxia and Lingwu is over 30%. Its agriculture is relatively developed, its industrial economy is developing rapidly and its cities are relatively concentrated. In 2000, the urban population of the three cities were 1 19800, 89 1000 and 75000 respectively, accounting for 15.74% of the urban population in Ningxia. The non-agricultural population of the three cities is 27 1.2 million, accounting for 17.03% of the non-agricultural population in Ningxia, and the urbanization level reaches 39.49%, 35.84% and 30.0 1% respectively.
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3. The urbanization level of the population is between 10%-30%, and the counties are Pingluo, Yanchi, Huinong, Zhongwei, Helan, Tao Le, Zhongning, Yongning and Guyuan in turn. Its population accounts for 36.04% of Ningxia, the urban population accounts for 2 1.74% of Ningxia, and the average urbanization rate reaches 20.36%. Eight of them belong to Sichuan area, and the mountainous area accounts for 1 county.
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4. The urbanization level is below 10%, and the six counties are Tongxin, Longde, Jingyuan, Haiyuan, Pengyang and Xiji in turn. The total population accounts for 28.90% of Ningxia, while the urban population is only 1 13800, accounting for 6.3 1% of Ningxia. The average population of counties is 264,200, but the average population of cities and towns is less than 20,000, and the average level of urbanization is 7.22%. These six counties all belong to the southern mountainous areas, accounting for 75% of the eight counties in Ningxia mountainous areas. This is not only the area with the lowest level of urbanization in Ningxia, but also the area with the most backward economy and the most concentrated poor population in Ningxia. The geographical area of six counties accounts for 38.38% of Ningxia. In 2000, the total economic output (GDP) only accounted for 7.44% of Ningxia, and the per capita GDP was 1248 yuan, only a quarter of the per capita level of Ningxia. The gap between the economic and social development of the north and the south of Ningxia is reflected in the level of population urbanization, which is also huge.
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Third, the gap and problems of urbanization.
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In 2000, the level of urbanization in Ningxia was 32.88%, which was more than 4 percentage points lower than the national level of 36.92%. According to the level of urbanization, Ningxia ranks 18 among all provinces and cities in China, and ranks fourth in the west.
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In 2000 12 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government (including Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang) accounted for 28. 1% of the whole country, and the urbanization level was 28.7%. Ningxia is 4. 18 percentage points higher than the overall average level in the western region. The population of eight central provinces (including Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei and Hunan) accounts for 32.8% of the whole country, and the urbanization level is 33.0%, which is basically the same as that of Ningxia. There are 1 1 provinces and cities in the east (including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong and Hainan), with a population accounting for 38.8% of the whole country, and the urbanization level reaches 46. 1%, which is lower than that of Ningxia.
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The main problems of urbanization in Ningxia are as follows: First, the unreasonable layout and the small scale of the city are not conducive to the formation of a mechanism for the benign development of social economy and urbanization. Cities in Ningxia are generally small and scattered, and it is difficult to form a huge absorption capacity for industry and labor. The low concentration of population and industry directly leads to the narrow ability and scope of urban driving and radiation. Yinchuan city extends from east to west, from the bank of the Yellow River to the foot of Helan Mountain, stretching for dozens of kilometers; The three districts of Shizuishan City are far apart; Wuzhong is inconsistent with its prefecture-level cities in terms of urban population size and urban built-up area; Guyuan City, located in the southern mountainous area of Ningxia, just withdrew from the county to set up a city in July 2002, and the city is basically a rural town. Small towns in Ningxia are "dotted" but "dotted". This framework and control of the city, "there is a city without a city or the city lacks the atmosphere", the internal quality of the city is not satisfactory, and the tertiary industry such as commerce, trade, catering service, culture, education, health, sports, urban transportation and communication cannot form a certain economic scale and reasonable industrial structure, which not only causes great difficulties and resistance to its development, but also causes employment, traffic congestion, land shortage, living environment and education due to the city capacity.
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Second, the overall strength of urban economy is not strong, which affects the promotion of urbanization connotation. The overall level of urban economic strength in Ningxia is low. In 2000, the city's per capita GDP was 4839 yuan, only equivalent to the highest level in Shanghai 14%. It ranks fifth among the western 12 provinces and cities and third among the five northwestern provinces. If we compare Yinchuan (including counties under the jurisdiction of the city) with 35 provincial capital cities and cities with separate plans, the gap is clear at a glance. In 2000, the total industrial output value per 10,000 people in Yinchuan was 7810.7 million yuan, only 3.8% of the highest level in Shenzhen. The local fiscal revenue per 10,000 people is 8.77 million yuan, which is 4.8% of the highest level in Shenzhen. In the whole year, the investment in fixed assets of the whole society averaged 48 1.4 million yuan per 10,000 people, which was the highest level in Shenzhen. The average annual freight volume per 10,000 people is 6.5438+0.4 million tons, which is 22.9% of the highest level in Urumqi. The first three indicators are 57.5%, 55% and 65.5% of the highest level in western Urumqi. The economic strength is not strong, especially the underdeveloped tertiary industry, which is insufficient to promote and support urbanization.
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Third, the lack of urban functions, urban functions behind the country and the eastern developed regions. In 2000, the per capita pavement area of every city in China was 9.09 square meters, with Hainan Province, the highest in the east, 18.72 square meters, Tibet, the highest in the west, 18.68 square meters and Ningxia, 9 square meters. From the perspective of urban greening, the average urban greening area in China is 6.83 square meters, with Hainan Province in the east reaching 13.69 square meters, Tibet, the highest in the west, reaching 10.27 square meters and Ningxia, reaching 4.57 square meters. The per capita living area of cities in China is10.25m2, with the highest in Zhejiang Province in the east reaching14.42m2 and the highest in Tibet in the west reaching 15.0 1 m2. Ningxia is 0.89, 5.06 and 6.65 square meters lower than the whole country, Zhejiang and Tibet respectively. The national urban gas penetration rate is 84. 15%, including 99.99% in Shanghai in the east and 92.84% in Xinjiang in the west. Ningxia is 4. 15 percentage points lower than the whole country, 12.84 percentage points lower than Xinjiang and nearly 20 percentage points lower than Shanghai.
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Fourth, urbanization and industrialization are out of touch. The process of industrialization and non-agriculture is the main way to trigger urban population growth and agglomeration, and the urban economic strength based on industrial economy is the main driving force to promote urbanization. The development of industrial economy in Ningxia has also played an important basic and leading role in the urbanization process of the whole region. However, due to the relatively weak industrial economic foundation and overall strength in Ningxia for a long time, the industrial layout is scattered. On the one hand, the development of urban industrial economy and non-agricultural industries has insufficient pull on employment, and the pull elasticity of urbanization and industrialization development is too low; On the other hand, the development of non-agricultural industries is too scattered, which limits the geographical concentration of population, industries and cities, resulting in insufficient motivation for urbanization and limited thrust for non-agricultural economic development. In 2000, the per capita added value of secondary and tertiary industries in China was 5,942 yuan, of which the eastern region reached 10002 yuan, the highest in Shanghai was 26,700 yuan, and that in Ningxia was 4,002 yuan, which was worse than that in 88 yuan and the lowest in the eastern region, only 15% in Shanghai.
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Fourthly, thinking about the development of urbanization.
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At present, Ningxia's industrialization is still in the primary and intermediate stages of development, and the level of urbanization is lower than that of industrialization, and urbanization lags behind. The objective reality of urbanization development conflicts with the gap between today's understanding and expectation of urbanization, which requires and determines the future urbanization development. We must explore different modes and roads on the basis of the existing conditions of urbanization development.
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(A) the strategic thinking of urbanization
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In view of the contradiction between the subjective strategy and the objective reality of urbanization development in Ningxia in the first 20 years of the 20th century, we should further cultivate and improve the market economic system, follow the laws of urban, population and economic development, eliminate various institutional obstacles of population migration and flow, and guide the population and industry to flow and gather in large and medium-sized cities and Sichuan according to the characteristics that large and medium-sized cities account for the main part of urban population and Ningxia has relatively dense population and industry. In accordance with the principle of highlighting key points, rational layout and gradient promotion, we will implement the strategy of driving megacities by the capital center, actively develop regional medium-sized cities, vigorously develop county towns, choose key central towns, and take the road of urbanization of small towns with coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and distinctive characteristics. Improve the level and quality of urbanization in an all-round way, give full play to the gathering, radiation and driving role of cities and towns, promote the coordinated development of urban and rural society, economy and environment, and gradually improve and finally complete urbanization in the objective process of healthy and coordinated development of the entire national economy.
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(B) the overall forecast of urbanization level
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According to the high scheme of population dispersion model, fully considering the migration and mobility factors in Ningxia's population growth, it is predicted that the total population of Ningxia will reach about 7 million in 2020. On this basis, according to the general law of urbanization and urban population development, and the average annual growth rate in each period of urbanization history in Ningxia, it is estimated that the urbanization rate in Ningxia will reach about 57% in 2020. While realizing a well-off society in an all-round way, more than half of Ningxia's population will live in cities and towns.
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(C) the policy orientation of urbanization development
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According to the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the overall plan of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the first two decades of this century, we will build a well-off society in an all-round way, implement the development strategy of mutual promotion of industrialization, urbanization and informatization, and finally realize modernization in an all-round way. The development of urbanization in Ningxia should follow the requirements of "new ideas, new breakthroughs and new situations", focus on objectives, update ideas, and blaze new trails, focusing on the following policy orientations:
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1. Closely combine urbanization with economic development and social progress and take the road of sustainable development. The development level of urbanization ultimately depends on the level of economic development. The vitality of a city depends, in the final analysis, on economic development and economic structure. If a city wants to have great development, first of all, the economy should have great development and form a strong pull and support. There is no doubt that the fulcrum that can shake the urban economy is vibrant industries, especially the secondary and tertiary industries. Without the great development of industry, urbanization can only be a castle in the air Therefore, it is necessary to combine the "first priority" of development and economic restructuring with accelerating the process of urbanization, strive to enhance the internal driving force of urbanization development, and take the park economy as the main feature to realize "revitalizing the city with industry" and "revitalizing the city with industry". First, adhere to the close combination of productivity layout adjustment and urban spatial structure, and build and develop professional industrial parks; Second, with the help of the radiation of big cities, build and develop characteristic parks and development zones, and promote urbanization with industrial agglomeration; The third is to build industrial parks and industrial zones with their own characteristics around county economic regions and key central towns, and realize industrial agglomeration and population agglomeration with parks as carriers, complete population transfer, and promote sound growth and sustainable development of cities.
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2. Renew ideas, innovate systems, strive to break down institutional and policy obstacles that are not suitable for the new situation and are not conducive to urbanization development, and form an institutional guarantee and legal environment that is conducive to urbanization development. First, break through the constraints of administrative divisions and household registration system on urbanization development, promote the development of urban-rural integration, and reflect and highlight the distinct differences between urban and rural areas on the basis of narrowing the economic differences between urban and rural areas. Second, follow the law of urban development under the condition of market economy and deepen the urban management system by using modern urban management concepts. The third is to implement and improve various supporting measures. Unswervingly implement the strategy conducive to urbanization; Give full play to the advantages of government organization resources, make full use of international, domestic and regional resources, and solve the financing and investment problems of urban economy and urban construction; Accelerate the development and expansion of the non-public economy and strive to create jobs; Remove the obstacles of population flow and let the market really play the role of effective allocation of resources; We will improve the rural population's employment system, vocational skills training and education social security system, create a fair market competition environment for the "new citizens" who keep entering the city, and mobilize and utilize all social forces to complete the urbanization process.
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3. To improve the overall level of urbanization and effectively solve the "three rural issues", we must attach importance to the construction of small towns. Combined with the reality of our region, we should pay attention to the following points in the construction of small towns: First, the construction of small towns should become the support point and base in the process of rural urbanization, the support of agricultural industrialization, the carrier of developing secondary and tertiary industries, and fully embody the concept of agricultural service. The construction of small towns should form a perfect comprehensive service system around the development of non-agricultural industries and give full play to its role as a link between large and medium-sized cities and the vast rural areas. Second, the development of small towns should focus on efficiency and rational layout. The development of small towns should be closely combined with the solution of the "three rural issues" and the development of non-agricultural industries to serve the development of non-agricultural industries. In order to give full play to the gathering, driving and radiating benefits of urban functions and solve the problem of sustainable development of small towns, the construction of small towns must be relatively concentrated, highlight key points and integrate scale. It is necessary to rely on industrial parks, industrial zones and other carriers to improve the concentration of industry and population, save land and produce economies of scale. Focus on relying on, developing and upgrading the existing small counties and central towns with a certain basic scale, develop and strengthen the county economic strength, and form a large city system with coordinated proportion, reasonable structure and scientific layout of "large, medium and small cities". Third, the construction of small towns should highlight its characteristics. We should take the development of secondary and tertiary industries as the pillar and the efficiency of efficient agricultural industries as the support to promote the development of secondary and tertiary industries. It is necessary to proceed from local reality, make full use of local resources, give full play to comparative advantages, adjust measures to local conditions, and form different characteristics, which is conducive to local social and economic development and progress and reflects local cultural features.
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4. Improve the urban system structure, vigorously promote the construction of big cities, and actively and rationally develop small and medium-sized cities and small towns. The main effects of urbanization are "agglomeration effect" and "scale benefit". Therefore, the process of urbanization should first focus on the development of big cities. With the development of big cities, the surrounding small and medium-sized cities will also develop. Big cities have incomparable advantages in absorbing rural surplus labor and promoting regional economic development, and are the best carriers for the emergence, development and scale and benefit of the tertiary industry. However, compared with other economically strong provinces, Ningxia lacks such big cities and megacities, which can play a leading role. Therefore, in the new century, in order to strengthen the stamina of economic development and implement sustainable development, Ningxia should speed up the development of big cities and focus on developing and building Yinchuan, a megacity centered on the capital circle. Considering that Ningxia's industrial economic strength is not strong, agriculture still accounts for a large proportion in the national economy. While vigorously promoting the construction of big cities, we should pay attention to developing small and medium-sized cities and developing medium-sized urban agglomerations centered on different regions, such as Shizuishan, wuzhong and Guyuan. Develop small urban agglomerations centered on counties, such as Lingwu, Pingluo, Qingtongxia, Zhongwei, Zhongning, Tongxin and Xiji. In the process of actively promoting urbanization, we should actively develop small towns, focus on developing central towns with a certain scale and strength, and make urban growth form a ladder. Implement unbalanced development between large and small regions, step by step, and gradually improve the overall level of urbanization in Ningxia.