(a) the influence of socio-economic conditions on the formation and development of cities
1. The influence of social development on the formation of cities Marxists believe that cities began to form in slave society due to the development of human social production, the development of social division of labor (the separation of handicrafts and agriculture) and the emergence of classes and countries (of course, cities did not appear in some areas until feudal society). Therefore, cities are not produced in all social stages, but in some social stages. Only because of the development of production can producers produce more than enough for themselves and provide food for others. So with the appearance of exploiters, exploiters may gather in cities without jobs. At the same time, due to the separation of handicraft industry and agriculture, craftsmen can concentrate on urban production without vast land, and only when there are surplus goods exchanged between producers can the necessary material foundation for urban formation be formed.
Cities are the product of production development. It develops with the development of production and changes with the change of production. The mode of production in each era determines the characteristics of the formation and development of cities in that era. Therefore, we must understand the meaning of "city" according to the characteristics of the mode of production in each era, that is, the characteristics of production. Due to the different modes of production in each era and society, cities in each era and society have different characteristics, properties and functions. Different societies not only have different conditions for city formation. The scale, internal structure and urban layout of cities are also different. This is determined by the level of social productive forces, the development of science and technology, traffic conditions and social needs.
The ancient city took place in the birthplace of ancient civilizations in the world. The earliest urban prototype can be said to be a cultivated land city. Within the city wall, cultivated land and pasture coexist, which often exceed the area of homestead and residence. For example, the Yin Ruins excavated in China around 1300 BC, and the ancient capital Kafen site discovered in Egypt before 3000 BC are all simple city walls with simple homesteads and large areas of cultivated land.
With the improvement of productivity development level, it is possible for people to build big cities, so the scale and layout of cities have undergone fundamental changes. As early as the Zhou Dynasty around 1000 BC, China built its capital in a planned way, and its commerce and handicrafts were quite developed. In "Zhou Li" and "Kao", it is recorded that "artisans govern the country" ... facing the market prospect ". The so-called "country" is the capital, and "DPRK" is the palace in front and the market behind. This is the beginning of China's planned capital construction. Later, it developed into Luoyang, Chang 'an and other ancient world-famous big cities with large scale and careful planning.
From the perspective of Europe, by the end of 15, many cities were not as large as big cities, and cities were still semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral. At that time, a large number of herders lived in Frankfurt, Leipzig and other cities in Germany. They drove their livestock into the city or even indoors at night.
After the industrial revolution, due to the rapid development of industry and the unprecedented improvement of productivity, the face of world cities has undergone fundamental changes. With the expansion of the city scale, there are obvious regional differences within the city, and modern urban planning also develops. It is possible to form big cities like London, Paris, new york, Boston, Chicago, Tokyo and Moscow in the world.
From the development of American cities, we can better see the impact of social and economic development on urban development. From 1625 to 1850, there are only 24 small and medium-sized cities with more than 2,500 people in the United States, and none of them has more than 654.38+10,000 people. At that time, the modes of transportation were carriage and water transportation. Most of these 24 cities are located along the coast, along the river and along the lake, all of which are commercial cities. It was not until 1800 that the cities along the waterfall route developed into industrial cities driven by waterfalls. Due to the laying of the railway after 1830, the development of industry made the American economy gradually develop inland. By1850,2500, the number of cities with more than 236, and there are 6 cities with more than 65438+ 10,000 people. But most cities are ports or railway hubs. After 1880, with the exploitation of coal and iron ore, a large number of Eurasian immigrants moved in, and the railway network gradually formed (the total length of 1890 reached 263,000 kilometers). A large number of industrial cities were formed in Northeast China, with 939 cities with more than 2,500 people and 20 cities with more than 654.38 million people.
19 10 years later (especially after 1920 car was used), the American economy developed rapidly, and the city was in an era of skyrocketing. There are 2,262 cities with more than 2,500 people, 50 cities with more than 65,438+10,000 people and 3 big cities with more than one million people. Los Angeles and Detroit have also developed into millions of cities. At the same time, it has also formed a metropolitan area and a large number of satellite cities. By 1940, due to the use of airplanes and the popularity of helicopters, there were 3,464 cities with more than 2,500 people, 92 cities with more than 65,438+10,000 people and 5 cities with more than one million people.
2. The influence of political factors on the formation of cities Some political events have a great influence on the formation and development of some cities, and even have a decisive influence on some cities. For example, when the Republic of Brazil was founded in 1889, the Constitution stipulated that the capital should be built in goias. 1956 The capital Brasilia was established in an unknown place. 1957, the population of Brasilia was only 12000. 1960, the state organs officially moved in, and the population increased to 14000, 1980, and the population jumped to 4 10000.
Tongshi Town, Hainan Province, China, was a mountainous and dense forest, thorny and sparsely populated valley before liberation. In the early days of liberation, there were only a few thatched houses in the area. After the government of Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture decided to move from 65438 to 0953, the population began to increase rapidly. Now the urban population has reached 34,000; The population of suburban Canada has reached 43,000.
3. The influence of traffic conditions on urban formation. Transportation is an important means of regional contact and material exchange. Important cities are transportation hubs, which are connected with the hinterland through the transportation network.
Traffic construction can promote the formation and development of some cities. For example, Erenhot was originally a deserted village. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), due to the construction of the railway from Beijing to Ulaanbaatar, it became an important border town between China and Mongolia and established an urban system. Now its population has reached 70,000.
For another example, there is a 90 expressway at the junction of southern Texas and Mexico. Before expressway was built, there was only one railway. Since the completion of the highway, the role of railway transportation has been declining. Grandtree used to be a transportation base on the railway at the end of 18, with a population of 3000. With the highway construction, railway transportation has been severely hit, and the population has dropped to 400 in 1950, and only 40 in 1980.
4. Cultural factors affect the formation of cities. Human cultural activities can often promote the formation and development of cities. For example, religious activities have led to the formation of many religious cities in the world, such as Jerusalem, Mecca, Medina, Vatican, Lhasa, Narita (Japan), Istanbul, Budagaya (India) and so on.
Educational science and technology can also promote the formation and development of cities. For example, Cambridge and Oxford in Britain, Princeton in America and Leuven in Belgium are all famous university towns. Tsukuba in Japan, Pushino in the Soviet Union, Silicon Valley in the United States and Science City in South ile-de-france in France are all world-famous science and technology cities.
Historical sites, tourist attractions and so on can promote the formation and development of cities.
(B) the impact of natural conditions on the formation and development of cities
Social and economic conditions are the premise of the formation and development of cities, and natural conditions are the natural basis of the formation and development of cities. The society needs to develop cities, and the location of cities is often chosen in places with superior natural conditions that meet the needs of society.
1. Geological conditions and urban formation geological conditions are the solid foundation for urban construction and development. Exposed rocks are not convenient for urban construction, and sand, gravel and clay layers formed by weathering of rocks are convenient for human activities and urban development.
The development and building structure of general cities are restricted by geological factors. For example, the number of floors in a building, the bearing capacity of the first floor foundation is required to be 7.5 ~ 10 ton /m2, and that of the fourth floor or above is required to be above 25 ton /m2. The bearing capacity of different geological foundations varies greatly, for example, the silt in coastal areas is only 4 ~10t /m2, the fine sand (wet, medium and dense) is12 ~16t /m2, the gravel (medium dense) is 40 ~ 70t /m2, and the clay (solid) is. Therefore, a good geological foundation is conducive to urban construction. Of course, in areas with poor geological foundation, buildings that exceed the geological bearing pressure can also be built as needed, but a lot of infrastructure funds are needed.
Geological conditions have a great influence on low yield. For example, when the Japanese Jianping Anjing (now Kyoto), there were two opposing Beijing, but sakyo soon fell into disuse. This is related to some factors, such as the foundation is composed of humus clay, the water quality is deteriorating, and the drainage is difficult (at that time, due to the limitation of productivity level, the water quality and drainage could not be improved). Therefore, the later development of Kyoto mainly extended to the northeast of granite weathered sand.
2. Topographically, the plain is most suitable for the formation and development of cities. Flat terrain is conducive to urban expansion and the development of various transportation and agriculture. Therefore, most important cities in the world are located in plain areas. Such as Shanghai, Peking, Guangzhou and Hankou in China. Big cities in the world, such as new york, London, Berlin, Paris, Tokyo, Chicago, Moscow, Kolkata, etc. , are also located in the plain area. According to Shen Rusheng's statistics on 1937, there were 193 cities in China with a population of over 50,000 at that time, including 90 in plain areas and 83 in hilly areas (accounting for 90% of the cities in China).
However, tropical countries have humid plains and high temperatures, which are not suitable for human habitation, while the population and cities are mainly distributed in plateau or alpine areas. For example, more than 3/4 of the population of Wujiaodor lives in an intermountain basin with an average height of more than 2,500 meters. Mexico City, a world-famous metropolis, has a population of 1979, reaching14.75 million, and is located on a highland of 2,356 meters. Bogota, with a population of 4.32 million (1980), is located in an intermountain basin of 2640 meters.
At the junction of the two landforms, it is also conducive to the formation of the city. Due to the convenient transportation between the flat and mountainous areas and the differences of products in different regions, it is easy to form a trade center. Tokyo, Daban and Nagoya in Japan are all located at the junction of the platform and the plain. In addition, the Gukou or Xikou area is also conducive to the rise of the city. Zhangjiakou, located at the junction of North China Plain and Inner Mongolia Plateau, has long been a distribution center for goods.
3. Climate and urban formation From a global perspective, most cities, especially big cities, are located in temperate regions suitable for human life. Climatic conditions often affect the nature of cities. Osaka, Japan and Lancashire, England became famous textile industrial cities in the early days of the world, which had a certain relationship with local climatic conditions (warm, rainy, high air humidity, etc.). ).
The microclimate of the city also has a great influence on the development of the city. For example, cities in western Europe are mostly influenced by the west wind. When big cities expand, they tend to develop westward. They are in the "upwind zone" and are not easily affected by industrial smoke and pollutants. Take London as an example, the western part of the city is mostly high-grade residential buildings, and the eastern part of the city is mostly slums.
4. Water and urban formation. The formation and development of cities have a profound relationship with water. Riverside, lakeside and coastal zone are all areas conducive to the formation of cities. Rivers have always been an important transportation channel and the best source of industrial water and drinking water, providing important favorable conditions for the formation and development of cities.
A fertile delta is often formed at the estuary, which is beneficial to the formation and development of the city. Shanghai, Guangzhou and Tianjin in China, Kolkata in India, New Orleans in the United States, Buenos Aires in Argentina, Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka in Japan are all located in the delta.
River ferry and Jin Yao can also promote the formation and development of cities. Tianjin, Wuhan and Nanjing in China, Cambridge in Britain and Frankfurt in Germany were all formed at the ferry. In the early days, because the British economic center of gravity was on both sides of the Thames in the southeast, commodity trade crossed the river more often, and the estuary was trumpet-shaped, which happened to be narrow near London, making it the best ferry, gathering transactions and prospering business, and finally making London an important city.
Great lakes are also conducive to the development of transportation, and lakeside is an important hub of land and water transportation, which is conducive to urban development. For example, Chicago (Lake Michigan) and Deluce (Lake Superior) in the United States, Otsu (Lake Biwa) in Japan, Yueyang (Dongting Lake), Jiujiang (Poyang Lake) and Wuxi (Taihu Lake) in China all benefited from lakes.
It is conducive to the formation and development of coastal areas (especially areas with excellent harbors on rocky coasts) and coastal cities with rivers flowing into the sea. China's Shanghai, Dalian, Qingdao, Quanzhou, Fuzhou, Shantou and Guangzhou, the United States' new york, Philadelphia and Baltimore, and Japan's Tokyo, Osaka, Yokosuga and sasebo all belong to such cities.
At both ends of the strait and the canal, it is also conducive to the rise of cities, such as Gibraltar and Tangier (Gibraltar Strait), Suez and Port Said (Suez Canal), Panama and Cologne (Panama Canal).
In a word, water is closely related to urban development and has many influences.
5. After the mineral and urban industrial revolution, some large mineral areas developed rapidly into newly-built industrial cities.
Among mineral resources, coal is the earliest widely used. Datong, Hegang, Jixi, Fushun, Kailuan, Yangquan, Huainan and Zibo are all important coal industrial cities in China. Britain's five major industrial centers, except London, all developed from coal bases: first, black villages in the middle, represented by Birmingham and Manchester; Second, the Scottish lowlands represented by Glasgow and Edinburgh in the north; Third, Newcastle in the northeast of England; Fourth, Cardiff, southeast Wales. Many cities in other countries have developed on the basis of coal, such as Kuzbass and Donbass in the former Soviet Union.
Cities developed on the basis of iron ore, such as Kanori Zangte in Brazil, Anshan, Baotou and Panzhihua in China. In addition, Kimberly in South Africa is famous for producing diamonds, and Johannesburg is famous for producing gold. Jarque in Iran has risen because of its rich oil; Daqing, a small settlement in the Great Northern Wilderness, has developed into a world-famous oil field and an important petrochemical city after oil exploitation. And the list goes on. However, once the minerals are exhausted, towns developed in mineral areas may gradually decline, such as gold mining cities in Western Australia.