Today, Singapore is a prosperous modern metropolis, and its successful urban planning experience has become an example for many cities in China. Limited by resources, Singapore has achieved very successful development. Land is the biggest constraint, because everything in this country must be obtained within 64 1.4 square kilometers of land. These include the provision of filtered water, sewage treatment, incineration plants, power plants, military facilities, airports and residential, industrial, commercial and entertainment facilities. Therefore, the planning of Singapore is particularly important for the survival of the country. Urban planners in Singapore are faced with two major challenges: the first is to optimize the use of land so that the limited land can meet all the needs; The second is to maintain the balance between economic growth and urban development and provide a good living and working environment. Because there are many development restrictions, planners must coordinate the various uses of land well and create a distinctive, green and beautiful multi-functional city. It is difficult to achieve balance. Nevertheless, through good planning and strong government support, Singapore's natural environment and quality of life have been greatly improved in the past 30 years. Its natural environment is highly urbanized, but it is still a typical tropical garden city. The survey shows that the quality of life of Singapore residents has reached the highest level in the world. The natural development in the past 30 years, especially the substantial development of urban centers, as a key factor and important policy, has made great contributions to the urban planning and redevelopment of Singapore. In short, the goal of its urban strategic planning is to make Singapore a "pleasant tropical city". Development stage The substantial urban development of modern Singapore can be divided into four stages. From the late 1950s to the early 1960s, Singapore's urban problems have reached the point where they are difficult to solve. Crowded, housing shortage, unsanitary living conditions, everywhere in the city center, crowded people everywhere, slums everywhere. 14 residents are crowded on the island of 1%. The living conditions are even more shocking. More than 50 people are often crowded into a shop with two or three floors. Overcrowding is largely caused by the lessor's random and disorderly division of rooms. The first general plan was born in 1958. This marks the arrival of the era of all-round and continuous change. 1958 the master plan puts forward an action plan, emphasizing the realization of rational land use through land planning. All urban land is gradually divided into green areas and new towns. The idea of slow and steady development and the idea of reducing public intervention in planning have proved to be insufficient to cope with the pace of rapid urban development. 65438-0959 The newly elected Singapore government regards improving the quality of life and solving the congestion problem as the first problem to be solved on the political agenda. The initial formation of modern cities From 1960s to 1970s, the public housing plan quickly solved the problem of urban congestion. In the first five-year plan, * * * completed 54,000 apartments, more than double the 23,000 apartments built by the colonial authorities in Singapore. Singapore's effective land reuse policy and the policy of letting Singaporeans own their own houses have promoted the rapid progress of architecture. In the mid-1960s, urban economic recovery projects were also actively carried out. From 65438 to 0967, U.R.A. was in charge of a unique land transfer procedure, which required the cooperation of the private sector and the public sector. The concept plan 197 1 has received assistance from the United Nations Development Programme to guide its long-term urban development. This kind of planning and design is used to guide the development of infrastructure, and its goal is to promote economic growth, meet housing needs and people's basic social needs in turn, and gradually transfer the permanent population and industrial population in urban centers through prudent decentralization policies. At the same time, the city center has gradually become an international financial, commercial and tourism center through urban revitalization. In the 1970s, the growth of Singapore's quality and characteristics was marked by solving the congestion problem in the city center and starting the construction of a modern city. In the 1980s, the center turned to shaping the city image. People pay more attention to the quality of life, including environmental quality. The key point is to build a modern financial center and make use of its unique architectural style to become a distinctive tropical city. The special emphasis on quality and characteristics has even extended to the field of public housing. The Ministry of Housing Development tries to change the housing design standards that have continued to this day, so as to realize that each town has its own unique characteristics. 265438+New Scenery at the Beginning of the 20th Century In the alternate period of 1980s and 1990s, Singapore was at the forefront of a new round of social and economic reform. The first is population control reform. What the government is facing now is not only overpopulation, but the government's population policy has turned to encouraging population growth through various inventions and selective immigration. Followed by economic structure and scientific and technological reform. The government hopes that the economic growth will be more moderate, with an annual growth rate of 3%~5% by 2000 and 2.5% ~3% by 2030. Commerce, trade and industry are still the focus of the economy, and there will be enough land to meet these needs. Infrastructure such as roads, ports and airports will be further developed. The third is the balance between economic development and environmental protection. Many important public facilities (such as incineration plants, garbage dumping areas and sewage treatment stations) are the main occupiers of land, and the land development around them is also restricted. The current planning strategy is to set these sites together as far as possible, or set them together with other polluted areas, so that the restricted places will be reduced. With the change of environmental technology, technical scheme will be adopted for development and construction to reduce the restrictions around the development zone. The fourth is the growth of wealth. Richness makes people put forward higher requirements for environmental improvement and quality of life. The new urban development strategy must meet people's needs in housing, entertainment, transportation and culture. At the same time, the new generation of leaders have turned their attention to the 2 1 century-Singapore will become a unique and pleasant tropical city. By the end of 2 1 century, Singapore's goal is to reach the standard of living in Switzerland. Conceptual planning after revision All these changes gave birth to a long-term development plan-Singapore Conceptual Planning, which was completed on 199 1. The revised plan looks forward to the future life of Singapore: by then, the population of Singapore will reach or exceed 4 million, and people will enjoy a higher quality of life, live in spacious and comfortable houses and enjoy the good environment brought by industry, commerce, entertainment, leisure and culture. The main objectives of conceptual planning include: a) meeting all the needs of improving the environment and quality of life; B) Suspension of economic growth competition with other major cities; C) Ensuring the flexibility of urban commodity supply and economic development; D) Make full use of the advantages of geography, history, climate and cultural assets to build a lasting, beautiful and unique Asian city. The key factor of success The main reason for the success of Singapore's urban development is that there is a clear, definite and powerful government control mechanism, which creates a firm policy environment and adopts constructive methods for development, so that professional planners and enterprises can cooperate well. Three-level planning system promotes implementation. At the strategic level, Singapore's natural development planning has taken far-sighted steps. Conceptual planning is just a generalized strategic planning. Under the guidance of the grand framework and long-term strategy, the second-level more detailed planning was introduced, which divided Singapore into 55 smaller planning areas. After the conceptual planning is completed, the detailed development guidance plan will be launched. It can provide a planning prospect and control parameters of an area to guide development, such as land use, intensity and height. At the third level, as an administrative organization, "development control" is a tool that "development guidance plan" needs to use to achieve its goals. Singapore's planning system has the statutory effect given by the planning law. Before development, all development plans must be approved by the competent department. The "Development Guidance Plan" will guide the evaluation of the value of these suggestions. The Environmental Protection Bureau and other relevant government departments should also consult frequently to ensure that the project conforms to the relevant government policies and guidelines before it can be approved. Because the prospect of multi-sectoral cooperation is clear, all planning and implementation measures are carried out around planning. In regional planning, relevant departments should negotiate and integrate their opinions. Therefore, a multi-sectoral committee has been set up to play a special role in adjusting different needs and resolving conflicts. The Master Planning Commission is one such example. The General Planning Committee is the main planner of the Urban Renewal Bureau, representing different government departments, such as the Ministry of National Development, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of National Defense, the Land Office, the Housing Development Bureau, the Ministry of Social Work, the Economic Development Bureau and urban cooperatives. The master planning commission also undertakes the task of ensuring the best and most appropriate use of state-owned land. As the Singapore government controls at least 70% of the land ownership and is the largest developer of infrastructure, public facilities, housing and industrial development, the Master Planning Committee provides an important institution to ensure that land development is carried out in accordance with the requirements of conceptual planning. It also provides a forum for the planning and implementation departments to resolve disputes. Open and transparent planning system In recent years, the government has become more open and transparent in formulating planning and policy guidelines, and encouraged more public to participate in the planning process and provide opinions. The "Development Guidance Plan" was publicly displayed and citizens were encouraged to express their opinions on these suggestions. Ministers often hold state-owned development exchange meetings to make choices from public feedback. Invite professional organizations, developers, entrepreneurs, interest groups, social leaders and public representatives to express their opinions. Through these public representatives, all useful opinions will be integrated into the final "development guidance plan". Looking ahead, the planning of Singapore in the past 30 years has provided a good environment for all development actions and avoided the problem of urban development out of control. The government's high responsibility for important planning has become a key factor for the success of national development to some extent. In a book called Singapore-The Next Circle, Singaporeans describe the future urban environment as follows: "Singapore will become a modern city with world-class facilities and a tropical island with the best entertainment and leisure places. This will be a unique and elegant city with many choices and rich environment. " For urban planners in Singapore, it is a challenge to turn these good wishes into concrete development strategies. So far, the preliminary planning has enabled the development of the city and infrastructure to proceed smoothly and timely, and can continuously meet the needs of the development of Singapore's quality of life. The newly revised conceptual control plan of Singapore government puts forward the strategic direction of "creating more effective facilities and comfortable living and working environment". In the future, more and more reasonable planning revision plans will continue to be forward-looking, comprehensive and scientific, and realize the optimal use of land.
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