1. Elements and design concepts of environmental landscape in residential areas
Environmental landscape design is a marginal and comprehensive emerging discipline. The environmental landscape design of residential area refers to the environmental landscape design outside the residential building, including material elements and spiritual elements. The environmental landscape of residential areas directly affects the quality of life of residents. The goal of landscape architects is to organically combine the landscape environment of residential areas with residential buildings to create an economical, reasonable, convenient, comfortable, safe, hygienic and beautiful living environment for residents.
1. Spiritual elements
The spiritual elements in the composition of environmental landscape in residential areas refer to the content of spiritual category, that is, people's psychological needs, people's feelings about environmental landscape and psychological voices. Spiritual elements are regional, historic and social. Residents of different regions, ages, occupations, positions and cultural concepts have different requirements for the landscape environment of residential areas. The content of spiritual elements includes the theme, artistic conception, historical accumulation and humanistic spirit of landscape environment in residential areas, which are all embodied by material elements.
2. Material elements
Living, spirit, these are all through the lake and humanistic spirit. These are the material elements in the landscape composition of the living environment, which are tangible and actually exist in the living space. Through human visual, tactile, olfactory and other sensory stimuli. It includes natural elements and artificial elements. As Professor Wu pointed out in Architecture in a Broad Sense: "Human habitation includes two essential components: one is its artificial component. The second is its natural components. When they are combined, they form a' living environment'. "
① Natural elements. Natural elements refer to the original natural environment, topography and landforms in the residential base, including the original buildings, structures, trees, ancient trees, hillside topography, rivers and lakes, original roads, underground pipelines, etc. In the design, we should emphasize the respect for these natural environmental resources and make full use of them.
② Human factors. Based on the protection and utilization of natural elements, according to the specific situation of the residential base, a comfortable and pleasant environmental landscape is created by artificial means. The environmental landscape of residential area is divided into soft landscape and hard landscape.
Soft landscape: refers to the plant landscape composed of natural plants such as flowers and trees. Soft landscape plays a very important role in residential landscape environment. On the one hand, from the perspective of floor space, it usually accounts for more than 70% of the whole green area; On the other hand, they not only have certain ornamental value, but also contribute to people's healthy ecological function. Green plants can purify the air, absorb toxic gases in the air and exhale oxygen; Can isolate and reduce noise; It can adjust the temperature and improve the microclimate of the living environment. From this point of view, the quality of soft landscape in residential areas directly affects the ecology, comfort and appreciation of residential landscape environment, as well as the public's sense of identity with residential environment, which should be paid special attention to in residential landscape design.
Hard landscape: refers to the environmental landscape elements except plant landscape in residential areas. The so-called hard, including the meaning of civil engineering, through the construction of landscape. Including road landscape, leisure activities, landscape architecture (pavilions, corridors, etc. ), landscape sketches (flower beds, sculptures, signs, etc. ), waterscape, rockery landscape, landscape lighting, etc.
The environmental landscape design of residential area includes the organization and design of the above soft landscape and hard landscape. By using certain design techniques, it combines the elements of environmental landscape into a comprehensive environmental landscape system according to certain laws, forms and design concepts, with the ultimate goal of making the environmental landscape system of the whole residential area ecological, functional and ornamental, and coordinating with the urban environment.
Second, the principles of environmental landscape design in residential areas
1. Natural ecological principles of landscape. On the premise of respecting and protecting natural ecological resources, the environmental landscape design of residential areas should make full use of the original ecological landscape, trees, flowers, animals, soil, natural sunlight, air and climate factors in the base according to the principles and methods of landscape ecology to create a green landscape environment close to nature.
2. The principle of "people-oriented". The environmental landscape construction of residential area is to create a comfortable, healthy and ecological living environment for urban residents. As the main body of residential area, people have both material and spiritual requirements for living environment. There are physiological, safety, communication, leisure and aesthetic requirements. Environmental landscape design should first understand the various needs of residents and design on this basis. In the design process, we should pay attention to the respect and understanding of people and emphasize the care for people. It is reflected in the distribution of activity venues, the setting of communication space, the scale of outdoor furniture and landscape sketches. , make them more comfortable and convenient in communication, leisure, activities, scenery appreciation and so on, and create a healthier, more ecological and friendly living environment.
3. The principle of regionality. The environmental landscape design of residential area should highlight its regional characteristics, fully display the natural landscape characteristics and historical and cultural traditions of the base, and make the landscape design rooted in the local soil.
4. Economic principles. The environmental landscape design of residential area should reduce the cost as much as possible on the premise of ensuring various functions. We should not only consider the cost of environmental landscape construction, but also consider the management and operation cost after completion.
Third, the starting point of environmental landscape design of residential areas
1. Consider designing the layout according to local conditions.
First, consider the local climate, folk customs, folk customs, living habits and the characteristics of the surrounding environment, understand the history and present situation of the region, and master its development trend. This design layout, which adapts to local conditions, connects with people, combines with historical environment, and implements ecological principles and cultural principles, is most easily accepted and recognized by local residents. Secondly, considering the different forms of the original landforms in the base, when making the overall layout of the landscape environment of the residential area, we should first implement the ideas of "respecting nature" and "sustainable development", and carry out the layout design on the basis of respecting the original natural landforms and maintaining the original natural ecological balance of the base. For example, it includes the treatment of mountains and rivers, the design of water bodies, the layout of activity sites and the division of boundaries with greening sites, the layout and construction of landscape buildings, the embellishment of landscape sketches and small rock scenes, the setting of outdoor furniture, and the layout of landscape lights. Third, consider using natural landscape resources outside residential areas. The living environment of residents can be divided into outdoor living environment and indoor living environment. In modern cities, the symbol of measuring people's living standards lies in the quality of the whole living environment. In the design, all kinds of landscaping techniques should be used to bring the natural and human landscape resources around the residential area with ornamental value into the landscape sequence of the residential area, or to create a pleasant natural landscape of the residential area as a visual intersection or a distant view.
2. Consider the diversity of landscape space creation.
A good living environment should make residents feel safe, convenient and comfortable. The design of landscape space should meet the needs of different social groups, age groups and different hobby groups, and meet the needs of residents for various outdoor activities through the creation of green activity space of landscape environment in residential areas. The design of landscape space should also be dynamic and static, open and closed alternately. Through the terrain treatment of underground and semi-underground garages and the utilization of overhead floors, we will create a multi-level three-dimensional green landscape activity space. Through trees, flowers, flower beds, benches and small stones, the outdoor activity space in residential areas is hidden in green bushes, which makes the outdoor activity space diversified in form, content, nature and landscape. , to achieve ecological, functional, landscape, convenience and diversification.
3. Consider the ecology of plant landscape creation
(1) gives priority to plant landscaping, forming a green landscape system with rich layers and combining points, lines and surfaces. The environmental greening of residential area is the external expression of the image of residential environment, which has very realistic material and spiritual functions. It can not only play a variety of functions such as shading, sound insulation, sand prevention, sterilization and disease prevention, air purification, microclimate improvement, but also beautify the environment and enhance residents' sense of identity and belonging. Point refers to the public green space and group green space in residential area, which is the landscape node in the green landscape system of residential area and the public activity space for outdoor activities of residents in residential area; Line refers to the road landscape greening in residential areas and the protective green belts around residential areas; Surface refers to the largest area in the residential area, which is closest to the daily life of residents.
② Increase plant diversity and establish a stable ecological plant community. Increase plant diversity, including plant landscape level diversity, plant variety diversity and landscape color diversity. In the environmental landscape design of residential areas, we should increase the diversity of plant species and form the ecological layout of natural plant communities. First, it can increase the amount of green and improve the ecological benefits of plant communities; Second, it is also the need of plant landscaping, which can form a layered, colorful and diverse plant landscape. In order to form a stable ecological plant community, we should pay attention to the right place and trees in plant selection, and choose native tree species. The plant community composed of native tree species has stable structure and good growth, and can also reflect the local characteristics of the environmental landscape of residential areas.
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