the largest river in China and Zhejiang province. The upstream Changshan Port originates from the northern foot of Dajianshan Mountain in Xiuning County, Anhui Province, and flows northeast through northern Zhejiang Province to Ganpu, then flows into the East China Sea via Hangzhou Bay. It has a total length of 411 kilometers and a drainage area of 42,111 square kilometers. The main stream is called Changshan Port from Quxian above, Qujiang (Xin 'anjiang) from Quxian to Lanxi, Lanjiang from Lanxi to Meicheng in Jiande County, Tongjiang from Meicheng to Tonglu, Fuchunjiang from Tonglu to Wenjiayan in Xiaoshan County, and Qiantang River below Wenjiayan. The main tributaries are Jinhua River (Wugang), Xin 'anjiang, Tongxi and puyang river. In the old days, Cao 'e River was also a tributary of Qiantang River. The back coast collapsed, and the mouth of the river sank, leaving Qiantang River and flowing into the sea alone. The mouth of Qiantang River is trumpet-shaped. There is a sandbank uplift at the bottom of the river near Haining County, and the tide flows backwards. Due to the topographic contraction, the tidal head stands steeply, forming a magnificent "qiantang bore", which attracts a large number of tourists. The maximum tidal range is 8.93 meters. Large reservoirs and hydropower stations have been built on Xin 'anjiang River and Fuchun River. 151-ton ships can be navigable between Hangzhou and Tonglu.
Qiantang River is one of the major rivers in the southeast coastal area of China and the largest river in Zhejiang Province. Because the river meanders in the zigzag shape near Hangzhou, it is also called Zhijiang, Qujiang and Zhejiang.
Qiantang River originates from Qingzhidai, Xiuning County, Anhui Province, and reaches Zhakou River in Hangzhou with a length of 484km (216．5km in Zhejiang Province). The basin covers an area of about 42,211 km2, which is about 35,611 km2 in Zhejiang Province, and the rest belong to Anhui, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. The main tributaries of Qiantang River are Wuxi River, Jinhua River, Xin 'anjiang River, Fenshui River and puyang river. Various sections of the main stream have different names everywhere. From the source to Quzhou, Jiangshan Port and Wuxi River join together, which is called Qujiang River. To Lanxi City, Jinhua River flows in, which is called Lanjiang River. Zhimeicheng merged with Xin 'anjiang, the main tributary, and became the main stream, called Tongjiang; Tonglu is hereinafter referred to as Fuchun River; It is called Qiantang River below Wenjiayan. The average annual runoff of Qiantang River for many years is 41.4 billion m3, with little sediment concentration, averaging 5‰.
[ Edit this paragraph] Water system composition
The Qiantang River is tortuous, and the upper reaches are mountain streams. Beam-to-beam alternating; The middle reaches are hills; Outside the downstream estuary, it is trumpet-shaped, and the estuary gradually widens. The main tributaries are Wuxi River, Wujiang River, Xin 'anjiang River, Fenshui River, Puyangting River and Caoejiang River.
(1) Wuxi River: It originates from the eastern mountainous area of Pucheng County, Fujian Province. East flows through the northwest of Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, and enters Qujiang River in Zhangtan Town, Quxian County. The total length of runoff is 151km, and the drainage area is 2591km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 3.176 billion m3. The natural drop is 812m m. The reserve of water energy theory is 183,811 kW. River development, the main tributaries are Zhougong source, Hushan source and so on.
(2) Xin 'anjiang; Originated in the southern foothills of Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. The southwest flows through Shexian and Xiuning counties, and it is named Xin 'anjiang after the confluence of Linxi Town in Huangshan City. The meandering southeast flows east. After passing through the southern border of Anhui Province, Chun 'an County of Zhejiang Province and other counties, it passes through Xin 'anjiang Reservoir, passes through the southwest of jiande city City, and joins the Lanjiang River system in the east of Meicheng Town, and the east flow is called Fuchunjiang River. The total length of the main stream is 261km, and the drainage area is 11772km2. The average annual flow in Anhui province is 1.66m3/s. The total natural drop is 1241m. The theoretical reserve of hydropower is 552,111 kW. The main tributaries are Shouchangjiang River, Dongyuan River, Fengle River, Wuqiangxi River, Changxi River and Xiuning River. Xin 'anjiang is a perennial river with small sediment concentration and crystal clear. Before the Xin 'anjiang Hydropower Station was built, the riverbed gradient was large, and there were many canyons and shoals along the river. After the completion of the power station, a Xin 'anjiang Reservoir (also known as Qiandao Lake) with an area of 581km2 will be formed below Zijin Beach. After the completion of Fuchunjiang Hydropower Station, the backwater of Fuchunkang Reservoir has reached Yangxi. The water level in Meicheng is stable between 22-23 and 5m. The rapids below Zijin Beach have disappeared, and 51t freighters and 211-seat passenger ships can reach Baisha from Meicheng. The flood is controlled by the regulation and storage of Xin 'anjiang Hydropower Station, with the maximum flow of 1.3211m3/s..
(3) puyang river: It originates from Dayuanwan, Pujiang County, flows through the north of Zhuji and Shaoxing City, and flows into Qiantang River near Wenyan Town, Xiaoshan City. The total length is 51km. The drainage area is 3431km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 2.46 billion m3. The upstream river is 22-75m wide and the downstream river is 81-121m wide. The main tributaries are Chen Jiang, Kaihua River and Fengqiao River. There are 1137 small and medium-sized reservoirs such as Anhua, Qingshan and Shibi in the upper reaches. The total storage capacity is 311 million m3; There is a high lake flood diversion gate in the middle reaches; The downstream is cut and straightened, and a new river is excavated, with an irrigation area of 231,111 mu.
(4) Wujiang: also known as Jinhua River, Youxi. Shangyuan River is formed by the confluence of Dongyang River and Wuyi River to Jinhua City. The main stream flows northeast along the border (boundary river) between Jinhua City and Wuyi County, and reaches Lanjiang River in the northwest suburb of Lanxi City. The total length of Yuliu is 33kin. The total length from Heyuan is 179km, the drainage area is 6551km2, and the average flow for many years is 153.4m3/s. The annual runoff is 5.3 billion m3. The natural drop is 458m, and the theoretical reserve of water energy is 23,711 kW. It is possible to develop an installed capacity of 37,511 kW.
(5) Fenshui River: The main source is Tianmu River, which originates from the mountainous area near Jingzhou, Jixi County, Anhui Province, and flows eastward through Tianmu Mountain Canyon into Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province. The main channel turns south and flows as Danxi. Nanhui Bukouxi, crossing Changhua Town, is called Tianrixi. To Tonglu County, the name Fenshui River began. The south flows into Fuchun River, with a total length of 174km, of which Anhui Province is 11．6km long, with a total drainage area of 3431km3. The average annual runoff for many years is 3.13 billion m3. The natural drop is 1142m m. Theoretical reserves of water energy) 1.17 million kW. Two hydropower stations have been built in the basin, with a total installed capacity of 7511 kW. The main tributaries are Baduxi and Eleventh Duxi.
(6) Cao 'e River: It originates from the southern foothills of the Tiantai Mountains in the east of Pan 'an County, passes through the northwest of Xinchang County to Shengxian County, accepts the tributaries on the left and right banks, and passes through Shangyu County to Hangzhou Bay in Shaoxing City. The total length is 192km and the drainage area is 5922km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 4.53 billion m3. The natural drop is 515m m. The theoretical reserve of water energy is 1.96 million kW. The basin is mountainous and the water system is developed. The main tributaries are Xinchang River, Changle River, Xiaoshunjiang River and Huangzejiang River.
[ Edit this paragraph] Natural characteristics of the basin
Qiantang River basin is adjacent to the southeast coast of China, located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with an average temperature of 17C and dry weather; There are many southeast winds in summer, with high temperature, strong light and humid air; Cyclone activity is frequent in spring and autumn, and the temperature changes greatly. There are many frontal rains in spring and early summer, and there are many typhoons in summer and autumn. The direction of monsoon circulation is basically orthogonal to the direction of major mountains, and mountains play a role in blocking the cold current and typhoons in the north. The average annual precipitation is 1611mm, of which it is rainy from April to June, accounting for 51%, which is prone to floods and waterlogging disasters; From July to September, it accounts for 21%, and early disasters are frequent. River runoff changes greatly within and between years. For example, the ratio of measured annual runoff in Fuchunjiang Lutibu Station (with a control area of 31711km2) is 5: 1.
[ Edit this paragraph] River regulation and development
Qiantang River seawall is a great ancient building in China. It is speculated that a earthen seawall was built near Hangzhou in the 1971s to prevent tide. At the beginning of the 21th century, a seawall was built near Hangzhou, which was the beginning of a stone seawall. During the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, it further developed into a large stone pond with fish scales, which is still in use today. The regulation of Qiantang River estuary began in the X century. In 1747, a small gate was dug between Zheshan Mountain and Hezhuang Mountain in the estuary, trying to use it as a middle flood to stabilize the river regime between the two mountains, but it was silted up soon. After the founding of New China, flood and drought disasters in Qiantang River have been comprehensively controlled, and hydropower resources have been vigorously developed. 319kin river embankment and 413km seawall have been built successively, and 42 large and medium-sized reservoirs with a storage capacity of more than 11 million m3 have been built, with a total storage capacity of 28.5 billion m3. More than 1,111 large, medium and small hydropower stations, including Xin 'anjiang, Fuchunjiang, Hunan Town, Huangtankou, Fengshuling and Qingshan Hall, have been built, with a total installed capacity of more than 1.3 million kW. The existing water conservancy facilities can irrigate 411,111 hm2 of farmland in a dry year. The dike seawall built has been able to withstand the flood level of once in 21 years and typhoon storm surge of magnitude 11. In the estuary area, the river regime is stabilized by building dikes, throwing groins and combining reclamation. Over the past 31 years, * * * has been covering 1 million mu. The width of the river above Yanguan has been fixed at 1 ~ 2.5 km, and the river regime has stabilized. The bottom of the river from the sluice to the front section of the warehouse is brushed to a depth of 1-1.5 m, which can be used for 111-211 t ships in the tide. In addition, Sanbao Ship Lock, which can handle 311t-ton ships, has been built in Hangzhou, connecting the shipping between Qiantang River and Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. Tourism has also developed greatly, opening up a scenic area of Xin 'anjiang-Fuchunjiang.
according to the natural conditions, hydropower resources and socio-economic characteristics of Qiantang river, the development of the main and tributary rivers is mainly based on power generation, with benefits of flood control, irrigation, shipping, water supply and fishery.
the total amount of water resources in the whole basin is 38.9 billion m3, and the theoretical reserve of hydropower is 2,628,411 kW (including 477,411 kW in Anhui). The installed capacity that may be developed is 2,111,411 kW and the annual power generation is 6,138 million kW h.. Built hydropower stations (including 1 in Anhui) have an installed capacity of 1.4651 million kW and an annual power generation of 4.338 billion kW h, among which 5 hydropower stations in Xin 'anjiang, Fuchunjiang, Huangtankou, Hunan Town and Xiakou have an installed capacity of 1.2117 million kW and an annual power generation of 3.556 billion kW h, accounting for 82%, < P > undeveloped hydropower stations. Select a number of hydraulic hubs with good topography and geological conditions and superior development conditions on the first-class tributaries; The expansion of existing hydropower stations such as Xin 'anjiang and the possibility and economic rationality of installing pumped storage units are studied in order to give full play to the role of existing hydropower stations.
[ Edit this paragraph] Basin tourism resources
Both sides of Qiantang River are rich in tourism resources and are the most important tourist routes in the province. Qiantang River originates from Qingzhidai, Huangshan, southern Anhui, flows through 14 counties and cities, and flows into Hangzhou Bay. Because of the excellent scenery of Tongjiang and Fuchunjiang, they are collectively called Fuchunjiang. The section of the estuary below Wenjiayan is called Qiantang River. This section of the waterway looks like twists and turns, shaped like the word "Zhi" written backwards. The West Lake is just a point on the "Zhi", so it is called the river. Qiantang River, now abundant, is called the whole river. The mouth of Qiantang River is huge trumpet-shaped. The distance between the north and south banks of Hangzhou Bay mouth is about 111 kilometers, which is reduced to 21 kilometers at the mouth of Qiantang River and only 2.5 kilometers at Yanguan, Haining. There is a huge sandbank uplift in the longitudinal section of the river bed, which rises upward from Zhapu with a slope of 1.5/11111, reaches its peak near Cangqian, and then extends to Wenyan with a slope of 1.6/11111. Influenced by the narrow river bundle and the uplift of the river bed, the tidal wave breaks and surges, forming the world wonder "Qiantang River Tide". The development of Qiantang River has a long history, and there are many famous mountains, beautiful waters, strange caves and historical sites on both sides of the river. In this vast Qianjiang River Basin, it is known as the "Golden Tourism Belt" because of its rich specialties, outstanding people, rich customs and interests.
[ Edit this paragraph] Qiantang River Tide
qiantang bore-the most spectacular tidal bore
Brief introduction
In Chinese history, there are three famous tidal bores: Qingzhou tidal bore, Guanglingtao tidal bore and qiantang bore tidal bore.
clear the fee (1664-? "Argument on Guangling Tao" says: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, the tide flourished in Shandong, and the Han and Six Dynasties flourished in Guangling. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the tide flourished in Zhejiang, and the atmosphere was from north to south, and there were those who knew it. "
qiantang bore appeared later than Guanglingtao, and it was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest. Wang Chong's Lun Heng Shu Xu pian mentioned that "Zhejiang, Shanyin River and Shangyu River all have Tao". He also said that Zhejiang in the Qian and Tang Dynasties "all set up temples of Zixu to comfort their hatred and stop their violent waves". However, Wang Chong only said that "there are Taos in Qujiang, Guangling, and the literati endowed it", but did not say that the Qiantang River tide was endowed. It can be seen that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, qiantang bore was far less famous than Guanglingtao. It is estimated that the custom of watching tide in Qiantang was also formed at that time.
The cause of Qian Jiangchao
The spectacular cause of Qian Jiangchao is not only influenced by the gravity of the moon and the sun, but also related to the trumpet-shaped mouth of Qiantang River. Nearly 511,111 mu of reclaimed land to the east of Zheshan Mountain in Jiang Nanan, Qiantang River blocks the estuary like a peninsula, which makes the section from Zheshan Mountain to Outer 12 of Qiantang River look like a bottle with a small belly. The tide is easy to enter but difficult to retreat. The outer mouth of Hangzhou Bay is as wide as 111 kilometers, but only a few kilometers to the outer 12. The riverbed in the eastern section of the estuary suddenly rises, and the beach is shallow. When a large number of tides flood in from the Qiantang River mouth, it is too late for the tide to rise evenly because the river surface shrinks rapidly. Secondly, it has something to do with the sediment deposition under the Qiantang River. These sediment deposition acts as a barrier and friction to the tidal current, which makes the front slope of the tidal current steep and slow down, thus forming a wave after the wave catches up with the front wave, one wave after another, and one wave is higher than the other.
[ Edit this paragraph] qiantang bore's story
When the tide of Qiantang River came, like other rivers, there was neither a tide nor a sound.
One year, a giant came by the Qiantang River. He was so tall that he crossed the river from one side to the other. He lives in Shushan, Xiaoshan County, and set fire to salt. People don't know his name, because he lives by the Qiantang River, so they call him King Qian. King Qian has great strength. He often picks some big stones to put on the river with his iron pole, and before long, he piles up mountains after mountains.
One day, he went to pick out the salt that he had burned in Shushan for three years and three months. However, the salt was only enough for him to hold one end, so he tied a big stone on the other end of the pole, put it on his shoulder and tried it, so he picked it up and crossed the north bank of the river.
At this time, it was hot. King Qian was a little tired because he had just had lunch, so he put down his burden and took a rest. Unexpectedly, he dozed off. As it happens, the Dragon King of the East China Sea came out to patrol the river at this moment, and the tide rose. Rising and rising, it actually rose to the shore, slowly melting all the salt from King Qian. The Dragon King of the East China Sea heard that there was no such salty smell in the water, and it became more and more salty. He couldn't stand it, so he just turned around and fled. He didn't want to escape into the ocean and make the water in the ocean salty. The money king, after a sleep, opened his eyes and saw that the stone at one end of the pole was still placed in Xiashi Mountain (now known as Xiashi Mountain), but the salt at the other end was gone!
King Qian looked everywhere, but he couldn't find the salt. As soon as he looked down, he smelled the salty taste in the river. He thought, Oh, no wonder the salt is gone, but it was stolen by the Dragon King of the East China Sea. So he lifted the pole and hit the sea. A pole hit the big fish and they all died; The two poles turned over at the bottom of the river; The three poles made the Dragon King of the East China Sea emerge from the water and beg for his life.
The Dragon King of the East China Sea asked King Qian with trepidation why he lost such a big temper. King Qian said, "Where did you steal my salt?" The Dragon King of the East China Sea realized the reason why the sea became salty. Hurriedly made amends, and told me how to patrol the river and how to melt the salt of King Qian unintentionally, making the water of the ocean salty.
King Qian is so angry that he really wants to lift the iron pole and smash the Dragon King of the East China Sea. The Dragon King of the East China Sea repeatedly kowtowed in panic and begged for mercy, and promised to compensate King Qian with salt from seawater. Call up when the tide is high in the future, so that King Qian won't fall asleep and can't hear you. Hearing that these two conditions were not bad, King Qian spared the Dragon King of the East China Sea, put his shoulder pole at the mouth of Hangzhou Bay and said, "Call from here when the tide comes!" The Dragon King of the East China Sea promised repeatedly,