principles of emergency protection in earthquake

it is a better method of emergency protection to avoid nearby during earthquake and evacuate to a safe place quickly after earthquake. The so-called nearby avoidance means to make different countermeasures according to different conditions.

how do school staff prevent earthquakes?

In schools, what is most needed in an earthquake is the calmness and decisiveness of school leaders and teachers. In areas with medium and long-term earthquake prediction, students should be told about earthquakes, prevention and shock absorption knowledge in combination with teaching activities. Before the earthquake, we should arrange the route and venue for students' transfer and evacuation; After the earthquake, calmly direct the students to evacuate in an orderly manner. In a relatively solid and safe house, students who can hide under desks, beside the podium and in the teaching building can go to a small room supported by pipes, and students must not run around or jump off buildings.

how to prevent shock when walking in the street during an earthquake?

When an earthquake occurs, the glass fragments of high-rise buildings and concrete fragments outside the building, as well as advertising signs, tinplates, neon red light frames, etc., may fall and hurt people. Therefore, when walking in the street, it is best to put your purse or soft articles on your head, and when there is nothing, you can also put your hand on your head. Make preparations for self-defense as much as possible. To be calm, you should quickly leave the telephone poles and fences and run to a relatively open area to hide.

how do workshop workers prevent earthquakes?

Workshop workers can hide under cars, machine tools and tall equipment, and do not panic and run around. Workers in special posts should first close the valves of flammable, explosive and toxic gases, reduce the temperature and pressure of high-temperature and high-pressure pipelines in time, and turn off the operating equipment. Most people can leave the work site, and a few people can stay at the site to monitor the danger at any time under the premise of safety protection, and deal with possible accidents in time to prevent secondary disasters.

how should the running vehicles respond to an earthquake?

(1) The driver should slow down as soon as possible and brake gradually;

(2) Passengers (especially on the train) should firmly grasp the handle, post or seat with their hands, and pay attention to prevent luggage from falling off the rack and hurting people. People facing the driving direction should lean their arms on the seat cushion in front of them, protect their faces, lean toward the passage, and protect their heads with both hands; People with their backs to the driving direction should protect the back of the brain with both hands, and lift their knees to protect their abdomen, tighten their bodies and make a good defensive posture.

how to respond to an earthquake in a building?

once an earthquake happens, it is extremely important to keep a clear and calm mind, judge the vibration situation in time, and never jump off a building in a panic. Secondly, you can hide under solid furniture, or in the corner, or you can move to kitchens and toilets with more load-bearing walls and small rooms for temporary shelter. Because these places have strong binding force, especially the pipeline has good supporting force and large seismic coefficient after treatment. In short, according to the building layout and indoor conditions, we can assess the situation, find safe spaces and passages to avoid and reduce casualties.

how to respond to an earthquake in a store?

When encountering an earthquake in a department store, keep calm. Due to the panic of personnel and the falling of commodities, the refuge passage may be blocked. At this point, you should hide near big pillars and big commodities (avoid commodity display cabinets), or hide in an unobstructed passage, then bend down and wait for the earthquake to subside. In the upstairs position, in principle, it is better to transfer to the bottom. However, stairs are often the weak parts of buildings in earthquake resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the right time to escape from danger. The waiter should organize the masses to avoid nearby and evacuate safely after the earthquake.

save yourself after the earthquake

If you are buried under the rubble during the earthquake, it is dark and there is only a very small space around you. You must not panic, be calm, and build up your confidence in survival. I believe that someone will come to save you and do everything possible to protect yourself.

After the earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, and the situation may continue to deteriorate. In order to avoid new injuries, we should try our best to improve our environment. At this time, if you have an emergency bag with you, it will play a great role in getting out of danger.

In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, it is necessary to protect the smooth breathing, remove the sundries on the head and chest, and cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes when you smell gas and poisonous gas. Avoid weak collapsed objects above the body and other objects that are easy to fall; Expand and stabilize the living space, and support the ruins with bricks and sticks to prevent the environment from further deterioration after aftershocks.

try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, try to save your physical strength, hit objects that can make noise with stones and send out distress signals. Don't cry, be impatient and act blindly, which will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try to control your emotions or close your eyes and wait for rescuers to arrive. If you are injured, try to dress it to avoid excessive bleeding.

sustain life. If you have been buried under the rubble for a long time, rescuers have not arrived, or you have not heard the distress signal, you must find ways to maintain your life. The water and food in the earthquake-proof bag must be saved, and you should try to find food and drinking water. If necessary, your urine can also quench your thirst.

mutual rescue after the earthquake

After the earthquake, it is impossible for the external disaster relief team to rush to the disaster relief site immediately. In this case, in order to make more people buried under the rubble gain precious lives, the people in the disaster area actively participate in mutual rescue, which is the most timely and effective way to reduce casualties, and also embodies the lofty virtue of "saving people from danger".

timely rescue time, the greater the hope of being rescued. According to relevant data, the survival rate of people rescued in 21 minutes after the earthquake is over 98%, and the survival rate of people rescued in one hour after the earthquake is reduced to 63%. Among those who cannot be rescued in two hours after the earthquake, the number of people who died of suffocation accounts for 58% of the deaths. They were not killed by the collapse of buildings in the earthquake, but died of ventricular arrest. If they can be rescued in time, they can completely gain life. Hundreds of thousands of people were buried in the ruins in the Tangshan earthquake, and most of the buried people regained their lives through self-help and mutual rescue. The mutual rescue action involving the people in the disaster area has played an irreplaceable role in the whole earthquake relief.

save people quickly after the earthquake

save people after the earthquake, and strive for the principle of fast time, accurate goals, appropriate methods and growing mutual rescue teams. The specific approach is: first save the nearby, whether it is family, neighbors or strangers, and don't go far from the near; Save those who are easy to save first, so that the mutual rescue team can be rapidly expanded; Saving young adults and medical staff first can make them play a full role in disaster relief; Save "life" first, then "people". In the Tangshan earthquake, a rural woman only exposed her head to avoid suffocation, and then went to save another person, saving dozens of people in a short time.

rescue methods

effective rescue methods should be taken according to the actual situation of post-earthquake environment and conditions, with the aim of safely rescuing the buried people from the ruins.

After knowing and searching, it is determined that there are people buried in the ruins, then the buried position is determined, and rescue signals are transmitted by shouting or knocking at the ruins.

during the rescue, special attention should be paid to the safety of buried personnel. First, the tools used (such as iron bars, hoes, sticks, etc.) should not hurt the buried personnel; Second, don't destroy the supporting conditions around the space where the buried personnel are located, cause new collapse, and make the buried personnel in distress again; Third, we should communicate with the closed space of buried personnel as soon as possible to make fresh air flow to people, and if the dust is too heavy during excavation, we should spray water to reduce dust to avoid suffocation of buried personnel; Fourth, burying for a long time is difficult to rescue for a while, so we can try to deliver drinking water, food and medicine to the buried person to maintain his life.

Before the rescue operation, we should plan and step by step, and consider where to dig, where not to dig, where to use hoes and where to use sticks.

In the past, rescuers acted blindly, stepping on the roof of the buried person's head and killing the buried person. Therefore, scientific analysis and action are needed in the rescue process to get good rescue effect, and blind action will often cause new harm to the rescued object.

Rescue and nursing

First, expose the head of the buried person from the ruins, and remove the dust in the nose and mouth, so as to ensure the smooth breathing. For those who are seriously injured and cannot leave the buried place by themselves, they should try to carefully remove the buried objects on their bodies and around them, and then lift the buried person out of the waste, and do not pull hard.

For those who are hungry, injured and suffocated, and have been buried for a long time, after being rescued, they should cover their eyes with dark cloth to avoid strong light stimulation. For the injured, they should be bandaged or sent to a medical point for rescue treatment according to the severity of the injury.

key points of shock absorption

whether to run or hide during an earthquake, most experts in China believe that it is a better way to avoid the earthquake and evacuate to a safe place quickly after the earthquake. For shock absorption, you should choose a place that is strong indoors, under (beside) objects that can cover your body, and is easy to form a triangular space, a small and supported place, and an open and safe place in the room.

Body posture:

Lie down to be determined, squat or sit down, curl up as much as possible and lower the center of gravity.

grab a solid object such as a table leg.

protect your head and neck and eyes, and cover your mouth and nose.

avoid people, don't crowd around, and don't light an open flame casually, because there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air.

Shock absorption in schools

When classes are in progress, you should hold your head quickly, close your eyes and hide under your desks under the instruction of teachers.

When you are in the playground or outdoors, you can squat down in the same place, protect your head with your hands, and pay attention to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects.

don't go back to the classroom.

evacuation should be organized after the earthquake.

never jump off a building! Don't stand outside the window! Don't go to the balcony!

classes should be held outdoors if necessary.

family shock absorption

earthquake warning time is short, and indoor shock absorption is more realistic. The triangular space formed after the collapse of indoor houses is often a relatively safe place for people to survive, which can be called shock absorption space. This mainly refers to the space formed by large collapsed bodies and supports.

The places that are easy to form a triangular space indoors are:

under the kang edge and near the solid furniture;

the root and corner of the interior wall;

kitchen, toilet, storage room and other small places.

Shock absorption in public places

Listen to the instructions of the on-site staff, don't panic, don't rush to the exit, avoid crowding, avoid people, and avoid being pushed to the wall or fence.

In theaters, gymnasiums, etc.:

Squat down or lie prone under the row chairs;

pay attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and electric fans;

protect your head with a schoolbag, etc.

After the earthquake has passed, follow the instructions of the staff and evacuate in an organized manner.

In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibitions, subways, etc.:

Choose strong counters, commodities (such as low furniture) or columns, and crouch in the inner corner, and protect your head with your hands or other things; Avoid glass doors and windows, glass windows or counters; Avoid tall and unstable shelves or shelves with heavy objects and fragile articles; Avoid tall or hanging objects such as billboards and chandeliers.

In a moving electric (automobile) vehicle:

Hold the handrail tightly to avoid falling or being injured; Lower your center of gravity and hide near your seat.

don't get off the bus until the earthquake has passed.

Outdoor shock absorption

Choose open field shock absorption on the spot:

Squat or get down to avoid falling;

don't run around and avoid crowded places;

don't go back indoors casually.

Avoid tall buildings or structures:

Buildings, especially those with glass curtain walls;

bridges and overpasses;

under tall chimneys and water towers.

Avoid dangerous objects, towering or hanging objects:

Transformers, telephone poles, street lamps, etc.

billboards, cranes, etc.

Avoid other dangerous places:

Narrow streets;

dilapidated houses and dangerous walls;

under parapet, high door face and awning;

the stacking place of bricks, bricks, wood, etc.

how to save yourself after a strong earthquake

1. After the earthquake, you should actively participate in the rescue work, and you can put your ear against the wall to hear if there are survivors.

2. Expose the injured person's head first, and keep breathing smoothly. If there is suffocation, give artificial respiration immediately.

3. Once buried, try to avoid the unstable collapsed objects above your body, and try to support the rubble with bricks and sticks to strengthen the environment.

4. The earthquake happened in an instant, so anyone should save himself before launching rescue. First save the easy, then save the difficult; First save near, then save far.

How to identify earthquake rumors

1. Correctly understand the actual level of earthquake prediction at home and abroad. The medium-and long-term predictions made by human beings at present have certain credibility, but the success rate of short-term and imminent predictions is still relatively low.

2. It should be clear that in China, the authority to issue earthquake prediction lies with the government, and no other unit or individual has the right to issue earthquake prediction news. Treat earthquake rumors, don't believe, don't spread, report in time.

3. Learn the common sense of earthquakes and eliminate the fear of earthquakes.

4. Don't believe rumors and snap up blindly.

When a big earthquake comes, experts suggest that family members should master three principles:

Principle 1: Make a correct choice according to local conditions. During the earthquake, everyone's environment and conditions are very different, and the way of shock absorption cannot be the same, so it is necessary to analyze the specific situation. These conditions include: whether to live in a bungalow or a building, whether the earthquake occurred during the day or at night, whether the house is strong, whether there is room for shock absorption indoors, how far you are from the door, and whether the outdoor is open and safe.

principle 2: act decisively and never hesitate. Whether the shock absorber can be successful is at a critical juncture, and we must never hesitate before and after. If you live in a bungalow, you should act decisively, or take shelter nearby, or go out in an emergency, and don't go back and forth.

principle 3: lie in wait, but don't get sick. The ancients once recorded in the Record of Earthquakes: "You can't get sick when you die, but wait for the earthquake to pass. Even if you have a nest, you can finish your eggs." That is to say, when an earthquake occurs, don't rush out of the house, but seize the time to find a suitable place for shock absorption, and take the form of squatting or sitting down to wait for the earthquake to pass, so that even if the house collapses, people can be safe and sound.

Three earthquake-proof strategies for tall buildings

Experts suggest that in a metropolis dominated by buildings like Beijing, residents should consciously master some scientific and applicable earthquake-proof strategies.

strategy 1: keep calm during the earthquake and go outdoors after the earthquake. This is an international general code for earthquake prevention. Many examples of earthquakes at home and abroad show that people are most likely to be killed and injured when they enter or leave buildings in a short moment. Therefore, experts warned that indoor shock absorption conditions are good, first of all, we must choose indoor shock absorption. If the earthquake resistance of the building is poor, run out of the room as much as possible.

according to the relevant national standards, residential buildings in Beijing area should have the ability to resist earthquake damage with intensity of 8 degrees. Experts suggest that don't panic when an earthquake happens, keep your vision wide and mobile, so that the camera can act. In particular, don't stay in bed; Do not run to the balcony; Do not run to crowded places such as corridors; Do not jump off a building; Do not use the elevator. If there is an earthquake, you should leave the elevator as soon as possible. If the door cannot be opened, you should hold your head and squat down. In addition, it is necessary to immediately put out the fire and cut off the electricity to prevent burns, electric shock and fire.

strategy 2: shock absorption position to