Yuyao, Liyang, the ancient county name, was the capital of Qin during the Warring States Period. Qin's hometown lies between Guanzhuang Village and Guchengtun Village in yanliang district, Shaanxi Province. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was abandoned as Wannian County, and Wude in the Tang Dynasty was rebuilt in Wannian County. Located in the southwest of the old county (Wutun Town, yanliang district), it was merged into Lintong County in Yuan Dynasty. Liyang was the capital of Qin Xiangong and Qin Xiaogong in the early Warring States Period. In the second year of Qin Xiangong (383 BC), Qin moved its capital to Liyang. Under the auspices of Shang Yang, the State of Qin established Xianyang City, and Qin Xiaogong moved the capital to Xianyang in the 13th year. In the thirty-fifth year of the second year of Liyang, Qin established its capital.

Liyang city Site is located between Guanzhuang Village and Guchengtun Village, Wutun Town, yanliang district, Xi City. It was excavated twice, the first time with three streets and six gates, and the second time with three gates and thirteen streets. The whole city is rectangular, with a length of 1800 meters from east to west and 2200 meters from north to south. The site of the iron smelting workshop was discovered, and it is known that three cultural relics were made in Liyang, which shows that Liyang is also an important base for iron smelting and weapon making in Qin State. It was also found that there was a copper cauldron in the late Warring States period, which contained eight golden cakes, one of which was engraved with the words "four and a half" in seal script, which was left by a powerful or wealthy businessman. Sima Qian said that Liyang is "as good as it is", which shows that the business here is very developed.

Yang Guli Site is located in the east of Wutun Town, yanliang district, Xi City, 60 kilometers northeast of Xi, at the intersection of Shichuan River and Qinghe River, with Jingshan Mountain in the north and Weishui River in the south. As early as 5000 years ago, this area had dense forests and a warm climate. Our ancestors thrived here, fighting against nature and promoting social progress. Today, the Yangshao cultural sites along the Ishikawa River, such as Yihe, Nankangqiao, Puxing and Konka, are powerful proof. According to legend, Dayu visited Jingshan in the north when he was in charge of water control, leaving a legend of casting a tripod in Jingshan. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wenwang opened the road from Qishan to Ruiyu for the dispute between Duan Rui (now southeast of Chaoyi Town, Dali, Shaanxi Province) and Jade (north of Pinglu County, Shaanxi Province). This ancient road runs through Yang Guli and further develops this area. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, this place was located in the capital, which was the only place where Haojing (southwest of Jin 'an) was introduced to Shaanxi in the northeast, and it was also an ideal hunting place for the Zhou royal family. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the traffic was very convenient because of "the north, the east and the three Jin Dynasties", and the early Guanzhong Oak City was formed here. At that time, Qin Jin and China often fought on Richie Road. In 562 BC, the state of Qin captured the oak city (namely, Liyang) in the state of Jin.

The Historical Evolution in the Early Warring States Period

Wei took advantage of the civil strife in Qin State to seize the land in the west of Qin State (between the Yellow River and Luohe River). After Qin Xiangong ascended the throne in 384 BC, he was determined to recover the land of Hexi. In the first 383 years, the city of Zhayang was built in Zhayi, and the capital was moved to Zhayang. Subsequently, he carried out a series of reforms and launched a military counterattack against Wei, which initially changed the passive situation. After Qin Xiangong's death, his son Qin Xiaogong inherited his career. Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out a series of reforms, which made Qin, a poor and weak country, the most advanced and richest country among all countries, and laid a solid foundation for Qin Shihuang's later unification of China. In 350 BC, Shang Yang issued a decree for the second time in Liyang to move the capital from Liyang to Xianyang. As the capital of Qin, Liyang is only 34 years old. During this period, Qin was in a period from weak to strong, so Liyang played an extremely important role in the history of China's capital city. Ancient Liyang is also famous for Shang Yang's political reform. Dedicated for eleven years (the first 374 yuan), set up Liyang County. Liyang county has been prosperous since it moved its capital from Liyang to Xianyang 350 years before Xiaozong. It is the only place that Xianyang, Lu Tong, Shanxi and the transportation hub of Guanzhong. Businessmen from the East and the West often pass through here, so the business is more developed. According to ancient traffic records, Xianyang traveled eastward, passing through Gaoling, Liyang and Chongquan, crossing the Yellow River in Pujin Ferry near the Jin Dynasty, and reaching Taiyuan and Shangdang in the north. This is how Qin dealt with Zhao. After the Qin dynasty was incorporated into the world, this road became the main road in the northeast of the Qin dynasty. Qin Shihuang returned from his third tour of the city through this road to Xianyang. After Xiao moved the capital to Xianyang, the palace in Liyang was kept as the palace of the King of Qin, which was an important reason why Sima Xin and Liu Bang built their capital here more than 0/00 years later. Liyang County in Qin Xiangong has a large area of land under its jurisdiction, including the north of Weihe River and yanliang district in Lintong District today. Located in Weihe Plain, the land is fertile and agriculture is developed. From 246 BC to 236 BC, the state of Qin used the Zheng Guoqu dug by Zheng Guo, a Korean water conservancy engineer, to flow into Yanliang from Sanyuan County to the east today along Jingyuan, bypassing the broken tableland to the north, and cutting off the Ishikawa River to the east of the Han-Tai Shangling (Wannian Mausoleum), where it sucked water, left Yanliang in the east and entered Fuping. After the completion of Zheng Guoqu, many lands in the north of Liyang County were irrigated, which created favorable conditions for the development of Liyang agriculture. Liyang's ceramic and metallurgical industries are very developed. According to experts' research, Liyang was an important weapon industrial base of Qin State at that time, with not only workers and officials, but also left and right workshops, which was particularly large in scale. 1963, a copper cauldron with eight golden cakes was unearthed in Guanzhuang village, the site area. According to experts' appraisal, the gold content reached 99%, which was the currency of Qin State in the late Warring States period and can be used as one of the evidences of Liyang's commercial prosperity. In 22 1 BC, Qin unified the six countries, established a centralized feudal dictatorship, and unified writing, currency and weights and measures. Hu, Liyang is a great historian, proficient in ancient Chinese characters, participated in the work of changing the big seal script into the small seal script, and wrote seven articles on Bo Xue, which made great contributions to the unification of Chinese characters. In October of the first year of Hanwang (207 BC), the once prosperous Qin Dynasty was destroyed by a powerful peasant uprising army. In the first month of the following year, Xiang Yu sealed a vassal in Hong Men (now northeast of Lintong, Shaanxi Province), and named Sima Xin as the king of the game, both in Liyang. In August of the same year, Hanwang Liu Bang used Han Xin's plan to build a plank road, sneaked into Chencang and defeated Zhang Han, Wang Yong. Sima Xin was forced to surrender to Liu Bang. 1 1 month, Liu Bang officially established Liyang as the capital, which started the Chu-Han War. Liu Bang ordered Xiao He to assist the prince, sit in Liyang, collect hay and the ranks, and transport them to the front in time for military supplies. Liyang became the base camp for Liu Bang and Xiang Yu to compete for the world. After four years of Chu-Han War, Liu Bang finally destroyed Xiang Yu. In 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in the south of Surabaya in Dingtao (now Dingtao, Shandong). On the advice of Lou Jing, a counselor, Liu Bang entered the capital Guanzhong and took Yang Guli as the temporary capital. It was not until 200 BC that the capital was moved to Chang 'an (now the ancient city of Chang 'an in the northwest of Xi 'an). BC1July 977, Emperor Taishangliu died in Liyang Palace. In October, Emperor Tai Shang was buried in Liyang North (now Jingshan Mountain in Yanliang North), and Wannian County was set as the mausoleum, where Quercus Yangcheng was ruled. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (BC 152), the Dongwei Bridge was built to facilitate the traffic between Chang 'an and Liyang. Later, Liyang became an important post station on the way of the Western Han government attacking Xiongnu in the north. In the first 95 years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the advice of Dr. Bai Gong of Zhao Zhong and dug a white canal. Water is diverted from the water mirror, starting from Jingyang Gukou in the west and ending in Liyang (east of Wutun Town), with a total length of more than 200 miles and irrigated fields of more than 4,500 hectares. The White Canal flows from Gukou to Jingyang Stone Bridge and is divided into two main canals, north and south. Nanbaiqu is divided into three branches: upper, middle and lower. The upper and middle branches of the North White Canal and the South White Canal enable almost all fields in Liyang County to be irrigated. In addition, Zhao's "field substitution method" and the popularization of triangle glue made Liyang a grain-producing area in Guanzhong. In the first year of Xin Mang (9 years), Liyang and Wannian were changed to Shi Ting and Yichi counties. In the first year of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25th year), Shi Ting and Yichi counties merged to form Wannian County, and the county administration was still in Yang Guli. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords scuffled. In AD 190, Dong Zhuo moved westward with Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, passing through Pubanjin, Liyang and Gaoling Road to Chang 'an. After Dong Zhuo's death, his ministry attacked and killed Li Jue and Guo Si, Chang 'an became a slaughterhouse, with numerous casualties and serious damage to Quercus Yangcheng. "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Guangxi (306), Emperor Hui of Jin and Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, sent a general to attack Sima Yu, and Sima Yu's group clashed, and Yang Teng, a long history, beheaded it for more than a thousand years. This military disaster and the subsequent "Liu Jue Uprising" made the old town of Liyang even more dilapidated. In the twenty-second year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (498), in the first year of Jingming in Xuan Wudi (500), Zhangxian County (now Lintong Jiaokou) and Yangguang County (now Liyang Town, Lintong) were established in ten thousand years. In the second year of Ming Di in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (558), Wannian County and Zhangxi 'an County were merged into Yang Guang, and the county administration was moved from Liyang Town to Yang Guli. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism and Buddhism developed in China. Liyang gave birth to two religious figures, Gao Xuan and Kou Qianzhi, who had important influence in the history of China. Liyang county also has a large number of religious stone carvings. In the first year of Renshou of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (AD 60 1), the name was changed to Wannian because he avoided Prince Yang. Liyang Ancient Road is the only way for Hedong Road in Sui Dynasty to transport tributes to Chang 'an, the capital. "Sui Shu Food Records" records: "Every year, every state transports things from Tongguan in Henan and Puban in Hebei to Beijing. Belonging to the road, I didn't sleep for a few days and a night. " In the autumn of 6 17 A.D., Li Yuan, who stayed in Taiyuan, rose up against Sui, crossed the Yellow River westward with a great army, passed through Dali, Xiaao and Liyang, and reached Chang 'an. The following year, Li Yuan officially proclaimed himself emperor, established the Tang Dynasty, and changed Wannian County to Liyang County. The county government moved from Yang Guli to Liyang Town, Lintong District. At the same time, Pingling County (now Suyi Village, Guanshan Town, yanliang district, facing the old town of Liyang across the Shichuan River) was established, and changed to Suyi County in the following year, and Zhenguan was abandoned for eight years. After the county magistrate moved out of Yang Guli in the first year of Tang Wude, with the abandonment of Zhengbaiqu, the war made Yang Guli lose its former prosperity. Song Qiu Min's Annals of Chang 'an in the Northern Song Dynasty said: "There is an ancient city in the north of the county, with five miles in the east and five miles in the west and three miles in the north and south." It can be seen that there are traces of Quercus Yangcheng in Song Dynasty. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, government troops settled in this area, and after wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the battlements of Liyang's former site disappeared. By the Qing Dynasty, there were no obvious signs of ruins. Gan's "Lintong County Records" said: "Although the battlements are abandoned today, the weather still exists."

With the disappearance of the ancient Liyang city wall, people's understanding of ancient Liyang is more vague. Many people mistake Liyang Town in Lintong today (the town after Tang Dynasty is different from that in ancient times, I think it should be called Houliyang) for that in Qin and Han Dynasties. During the period of 1964, the Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Management Committee conducted a five-day investigation and trial excavation of the Yang Guli site. 1980-198 1 year, Liu Qingzhu, from the Institute of Paleontology of China Academy of Social Sciences, led an exploration and trial excavation team in this area for more than a year, and preliminarily found out the shape and scale of Quercus Yangcheng, laying a foundation for the historical study of Quercus Yangcheng. On June 65438+August 1 0987, Wutun Township, Lintong County, where Yang Guli site is located, was placed under the jurisdiction of yanliang district, Xi City. 200 1 Yangcheng Oak Site was listed as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council. On June 5438+ 10, 2006, yanliang district Municipal Bureau of Culture, Sports, Radio, Film and Television set up a protection sign in the site area.