Aircraft is not only widely used in civil transportation and scientific research, but also an important weapon in modern military, so it is divided into civil aircraft and military aircraft.
In addition to passenger planes and transport planes, civil aircraft also include agricultural machines, forest protection machines, aerial survey machines, medical rescue machines, sightseeing machines, business jets, sports machines, experimental research machines, meteorological machines, stunt machines and law enforcement machines.
Aircraft contraband:
The following are examples of prohibited items:
(a) Firearms, including shotguns, air guns, animal anesthesia butchers, shotguns, signal guns, starting guns, ammunition, imitation or imitation firearms and crossbows.
(b) Explosives, including military, commercial or homemade explosives, explosive devices, detonators, tear gas, grenades, mines and other explosive ammunition, as well as imitation or imitation explosives or devices.
(c) Sharp or bladed articles, spring folding knives, gravity spring folding knives, short swords, daggers, wide-headed machetes and other real or ceremonial knives, regardless of the length or type of blades, including sheathed knives, short swords, small sabers, razors, scalpels, ice pick, swords, rapiers, umbrellas with hidden blades and harpoons.
(d) Articles containing disabling substances, including tear gas, tear gas and various phosphoric acids.
(e) Highly flammable substances (such as gasoline, lighter fuel, etc.). ).
Gas containers and sprayers with a capacity exceeding 500 ml.
(g) Copper knuckles, bats, sticks and flails for threshing.
The following are dangerous goods that can be carried and their restrictions:
Lighter or safety match [must be carried with you]
Medicinal or cosmetic articles [each piece has a net weight of less than 0.5 liters and a total net weight of less than 2 liters, which is non-radioactive, and can have spray cans, such as perfume and hair gel].
Articles that generate heat [such as high-heat electric lamps, whose energy devices must be taken out of hand luggage]
Battery [terminals must be insulated to prevent short-circuit fire]
Electric wheelchairs, dry ice and sports ammunition must be specially handled and approved by airlines.
Examples of portable items:
Nail clippers with a length of less than 6 cm (excluding file)
Round-headed scissors and blades shall not exceed 5cm.
Round-headed nail file and so on ...
Baggage restrictions:
1. Hand luggage size:
The size of hand luggage is 22 inches X 14 inches X9 inches or 56 centimeters X36 centimeters X23 centimeters.
2. Weighed luggage that passengers can carry for free.
There are two systems:
(1) System based on the number of pieces This system is suitable for passengers travelling to and from the United States or Canada. Generally speaking, passengers can carry two pieces of weighed luggage for free, but the weight and size of each piece of luggage shall not exceed 32kg and the specified volume (the specified volume depends on the passenger's cabin).
(2) Weight-based system-This system is applicable to passengers travelling to and from other places (that is, places outside the United States and Canada). Generally speaking, the weight limit of the weighed baggage that passengers can carry free of charge in first class, business class and economy class is 40 kg, 30 kg and 20 kg respectively.
Please contact the airline directly for the regulations on free baggage and overweight baggage charges of individual airlines.
Check in:
1. First note:
The check-in time for aircraft with seats less than 100 shall be no later than 60 minutes before departure, and for aircraft with seats greater than 100, the check-in time shall be no later than 90 minutes before departure. In order to ensure that the flight takes off on time, the airport must strictly implement the rule of stopping check-in 30 minutes in advance.
2. Buy tickets:
China tourists must show their resident identity cards or other valid identity documents when purchasing tickets, and fill in the passenger reservation form;
When purchasing tickets, foreign tourists, overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan must show their valid passports, home visit permits, Taiwan compatriots' certificates, residence permits, travel permits or other valid identity documents issued by public security organs, and fill in the passenger reservation form.
3. Boarding:
You should arrive at the airport one and a half hours before the plane takes off, and then check in with your ticket. The airport stops check-in 30 minutes before departure. If you miss the flight, the ticket will be invalid.
After arriving at the airport, you should first check the checked baggage at the baggage inspection office and stamp it (household appliances, product information, etc. Not allowed to be checked as baggage), and then take the ticket to the check-in office to deliver the checked baggage, get the boarding pass and hand in the baggage certificate.
After completing the formalities, you can go through the security check, rest in the terminal and wait for boarding.
4. Refund:
If you need to refund your ticket for any reason, you need to pay 65438+ 00% of your ticket price 24 hours before the plane takes off, and 20% of the ticket price if you do it 24 hours before the plane takes off to 2 hours before the plane takes off. If it is within 2 hours before departure, a refund fee of 50% of the ticket price will be charged. When the plane takes off, the ticket is invalid and cannot be refunded.
Flight safety requirements:
1. According to the "10 flight safety rules" compiled by American flight safety experts, the first thing passengers should pay attention to when arranging flights is "choosing direct flights". Statistics show that most air crashes occur when taking off, descending, climbing or taxiing on the runway, so reducing transitions can avoid flight accidents.
2. When choosing an airplane type, you should choose an airplane with at least 30 seats. Experts pointed out that the larger the aircraft fuselage, the stricter the international safety inspection standards. In the event of an air crash, the survival probability of passengers on large aircraft is relatively higher than that of smaller aircraft.
Remember the safety instructions before taking off. According to flight safety experts, different types of escape doors have different locations. After boarding the plane, passengers should spend a few minutes listening carefully to the safety instructions introduced by the flight attendants, so that they will not be at a loss in case of emergency.
Recently, more and more passengers like to carry large luggage with them on the plane in order to save the time of waiting for luggage, which is not in line with flight safety. According to flight safety experts, if the plane encounters turbulence or emergency, the lockers above the seats are usually unable to bear heavy objects, and many passengers will be injured or even killed by falling luggage.
5. Fasten your seat belt at all times. When the plane capsizes or encounters turbulence, wearing a seat belt can provide an extra layer of protection for passengers and prevent them from colliding around in the cabin.
When an accident happens, you must follow the instructions of the flight attendant. After all, the first task of the flight attendant on the plane is to maintain safety.
7. Don't carry dangerous goods on the plane. Flight safety experts say that passengers should "use their brains" and know that things like gasoline tanks should not be brought on the plane.
8. Coffee, hot tea and other high-temperature drinks should be provided by professionally trained flight attendants. If passengers take these high-temperature liquids themselves, burns often occur.
9. Don't drink too much on the plane. Because the cabin pressure in the engine room is different from that in the flat ground, too much alcohol will slow down the passengers' ability to cope in an emergency and lose valuable escape opportunities.
The last point is to be vigilant at all times. Flight safety experts point out that when an accident happens, passengers should keep calm and leave as soon as possible under the instructions of flight attendants.
Safety requirements after landing:
After landing, if you go abroad, you have to go through strict security check and review.
Safety precautions for forced landing:
Passengers should count the rows between seats and exits after boarding. In this way, if the plane crashes and the cabin is filled with smoke, you can also touch the back of the chair to find the exit.
1, please read the safety instructions on the back of the front seat. Even if you recite it, it doesn't hurt to read it again.
2. Don't lean on your seat when the plane is in crash landing. You should cross your hands on the front seat and put your head on your hands. Hold this position until the plane lands.
After the plane stops, go to the safety exit as soon as possible, because the fire and toxic gas may soon fill the whole cabin.
Leave the scene of the accident as soon as possible, because the environment there is not good for passengers' health.
Guide to disease prevention in air travel
(1) Prevention of airsickness. Airsickness and vomiting are due to the disorder of balance organs and poor physical adaptability. Generally, as long as you keep calm, get rid of other thoughts and take some medicine to prevent carsickness, you will be safe. If you know that you may get airsick, you'd better take the medicine 15 minutes before boarding.
(2) Prevention of the outbreak of old diseases: The changes of flight attitude such as takeoff, landing, ascent, descent, turning and bumping, as well as the sharp changes of light and shade when the plane passes through clouds, will stimulate the occurrence of some diseases. Patients with encephalopathy caused by thrombosis or bleeding should never fly; Patients with severe concussion should be accompanied by specialists and take effective preventive measures; Patients with mild naozhen decoction should take some painkillers with them; Elderly people with angiosclerosis can take a small amount of sedatives before boarding the plane, and patients with cold, runny nose and stuffy nose are best not to fly because the eustachian tube is blocked and there is a risk of perforation of the eardrum.
(3) The effective measure to prevent aviation otitis media is to swallow with your mouth open. Of course, opening your mouth or swallowing hard can also play a preventive role, but after all, it is unsightly. So on the flight, we usually forget to give each passenger a small package of beautifully packaged candy, which is why. Chew some candy or gum to keep the eustachian tube open. Chewing is the most effective way to prevent aviation otitis media, and it is also the most relaxing and pleasant measure. If the symptoms are still not eliminated, you can hold your nose with your thumb and forefinger, close your mouth, and exhale forcibly, so that the airflow will flush the eustachian tube into the middle ear air cavity to eliminate symptoms such as stuffy ear, heavy ear and earache.
classify
Aircraft can also be classified according to the shape, quantity and relative position of its components. According to the number of wings, it can be divided into monoplane, biplane and multi-wing aircraft. According to the position of the wing relative to the fuselage, it can be divided into lower monoplane, middle monoplane and upper monoplane. According to the plane shape of the wing, it can be divided into straight wing aircraft, swept wing aircraft, swept wing aircraft and delta wing aircraft. According to the position of the flat tail and whether there is a flat tail, it can be divided into normal layout aircraft (with a flat tail behind the wing), canard aircraft (with a small wing in the front fuselage) and tailless aircraft (without a flat tail); The normal layout of aircraft includes single vertical tail, double vertical tail, multiple vertical tails and V-tail. According to the type of propulsion device, it can be divided into propeller plane and jet plane; According to the engine type, it can be divided into piston aircraft, turboprop aircraft and jet aircraft; According to the number of engines, it can be divided into single-engine aircraft, double-engine aircraft and multi-engine aircraft. According to the type of landing gear, it can be divided into land aircraft, seaplane and amphibious aircraft. It can also be classified according to the flight performance of aircraft: according to the flight speed of aircraft, it can be divided into subsonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic aircraft According to the voyage of the aircraft, it can be divided into short-range aircraft, medium-range aircraft and long-range aircraft.
structure
Most aircraft consist of five main parts: wing, fuselage, tail, landing gear and power plant.
Wing (of an aircraft)
The main function of the wing is to provide lift for the aircraft to support the flight of the aircraft in the air, and at the same time, it also plays a certain role in stability and control. Ailerons and flaps are generally installed on the wing. Control aileron can make the plane roll; Lowering the flap can increase the lift coefficient of the wing. In addition, the wing can also be equipped with an engine, landing gear and fuel tank. Wings come in different shapes and numbers. In the early days of underdeveloped aviation technology, in order to provide greater lift, biplane or even multi-wing aircraft were mainly used, but modern aircraft are generally monoplane aircraft.
fuselage
The main function of the fuselage is to carry passengers, crew, weapons, goods and various equipment; Other parts of the plane, such as the tail and the engine, can also be connected into a whole. But the flying wing hides the fuselage in the wing.
tail
Tail includes horizontal tail (horizontal tail) and vertical tail (vertical tail). The horizontal tail consists of a fixed horizontal stabilizer and a movable elevator (the entire horizontal tail of some types of civil aircraft and military aircraft is a movable control surface without a special elevator). The vertical tail consists of a fixed vertical stabilizer and a movable rudder. The main function of the tail wing is to control the pitch and deflection of the aircraft and ensure that the aircraft can fly smoothly.
landing gear
Landing gear, also known as landing gear, is used to support the aircraft so that it can land and park on the ground and other horizontal planes. The landing gear of land aircraft is generally composed of shock-absorbing struts and wheels. In addition, there are landing gear with buoy device and sled landing gear for snow takeoff. It is used to support aircraft taxiing during takeoff and landing, taxiing on the ground and parking.
powerplant
The power plant is mainly used to generate tension or thrust to make the aircraft move forward. Secondly, it can also provide electricity for electrical equipment on the plane and gas source for air conditioning equipment and other gas-using equipment.
The power plants of modern aircraft mainly include turbine engines and piston engines, and there are four widely used power plants: aviation piston engines plus propeller propellers; Turbojet engine; Turboprop engine; Turbofan engine. With the development of aviation technology, rocket engines, ramjet engines and atomic aviation engines may be gradually adopted. In addition to the engine, the power plant also includes a series of systems to ensure the normal operation of the engine, such as fuel supply system.
In addition to the above five main parts, the aircraft is also equipped with various instruments, communication equipment, pilot equipment, safety equipment and other equipment.
Flight control device of aircraft
The flight control equipment available to pilots in the cockpit of modern aircraft usually includes:
Main controls: steering column or steering wheel and rudder pedal. In some aircraft with fly-by-wire control system, the steering column or steering wheel is simplified as a joystick on the driver's side.
Auxiliary control devices: flap handle, trim button and speed brake handle.
With the development of electronic technology, the form of flight control device has also undergone fundamental changes. In large aircraft, the traditional mechanical control system has been gradually replaced by the more advanced fly-by-wire control system, and the computer system is fully involved in the flight control system. The pilot's operation is no longer like direct control of the aircraft, but more like giving motion instructions to the aircraft. Some pilots call this kind of cockpit "flight office" because some planes with fly-by-wire control system have changed from the original steering column or steering wheel to side column control, and the cockpit space is more relaxed than before.
Characteristics of aircraft as a means of transportation
Compared with other means of transportation, airplanes have many advantages:
Soon. At present, the speed of a jet airliner is about 900 kilometers per hour.
High liquidity. Aircraft flight is not blocked by mountains, rivers, deserts and oceans, and the number of flights can be increased at any time according to the number of passengers and goods.
Safe and comfortable. According to the statistics of ICAO, the average death toll of civil aviation per 1 100 million passenger kilometers is 0.04, which is 1/10 to 1% of the death toll of ordinary traffic accidents, and ranks as the safest mode of transportation alongside railway transportation.
But the plane as a means of transportation also has its own limitations:
Expensive. The fuel consumed by both the plane itself and the flight is much higher than that of other modes of transportation.
Affected by weather conditions. Although aviation technology has been able to adapt to most meteorological conditions now, severe meteorological conditions such as wind, rain, snow and fog will still affect the take-off and landing safety of aircraft.
There are restrictions on landing sites. The plane must take off and land at the airport. There are at most several airports in a city, and most of them are located in the suburbs due to the surrounding clearance conditions. Because it often takes a long transit process from the airport to the urban area, it provides inter-city transportation market space within 800 kilometers for high-speed trains.
Therefore, the aircraft is only suitable for light weight, urgent time requirements and short voyage transportation.
Danger. Although the death toll of civil airliners per 1 100 million passenger kilometers is much lower than that of other means of transport, critics believe that the journey of the aircraft itself is much longer than that of other means of transport, so this figure is lowered. According to some data, this plane is not particularly safe.
Records about aircraft
full speed
Maximum speed is one of the most important performances of an airplane. The maximum speed in history is recorded as follows:
19 10 106 km/h, pilot: Leon Moran, French, bleriot Xi.
1965438+204km/h in 2003, pilot: Maurice prevost, Dussin, Depaire.
1923 4 17km/h, pilot: Harold j blau, USA, Curtis R2C- 1.
1934 709 km/h, pilot: Francesco Agello, Macchi MC.72 (seaplane, this record has been kept up to now).
65438+755km/h 0939, pilot: Fritz Wendell, Messerschmitt Me 209 V 1.
194 1 year 1004 km/h, pilot: Heinrich dietmar, German, Messerschmitt Me 163 (rocket fighter).
19471127km/h, pilot: Charles "Chuck" yeager, USA, Bell X- 1.
195 1 year 2028km/h, pilot: Bill bridgman of Douglas Skyrocket Company, USA.
1956 3058 km/h, pilot: Frank Everles, USA, Bell 52 X-2 (rocket type).
196 1 year 5798km/h, pilot: Robert white, American, North American Airlines, X- 15 (rocket plane).
1965 3750 km/h, pilot: American W.Daniel, Lockheed SR-7 1 jet.
1966 72 14 km/h, pilot: william joseph knight, USA, North American Airlines X- 15 (rocket plane).
7700km/h 2004, unmanned, USA, Boeing X-43A (jet)
Maximum voyage
On June 28th, 2004, Singapore Airlines reopened the daily nonstop flight between Singapore and Newark Airport in new york, USA, with flight number SQ2 1/SQ22, which surpassed the previous route from Singapore to Los Angeles and became the longest nonstop commercial flight route in the world. Singapore Airlines used Airbus A340-500 to fly this route, with the total distance of 16600 km and the flight time of 18 hours.
Load and passenger capacity
At present, the An -225 Dreamliner manufactured by the Antonov Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union has the best payload, with a ground weight of over 600 metric tons and a payload of up to 300 metric tons.
At present, the Airbus A380, which has the largest passenger capacity, was released in early 2005, and it can carry 850 people with the highest density seats.
Flight around the world
1924, Douglas's world cruiser flew around the world in sections for the first time, which lasted 175 days and the voyage was 42,400 kilometers.
The 1986 Voyager designed by Bert Rutan was piloted by her brother Dick Rutan and the female pilot Jenna yeager, which was the first uninterrupted flight around the world without refueling.
1992 10 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Columbus discovery of america, a supersonic passenger plane Concorde circled the earth in 32 hours and 49 minutes, setting a new global flight record.
Silent jet
From June 5438 to1October 065438, 2006, the research team of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Cambridge launched a project called "Silent Jet Initiative", which will completely change the conceptual design of passenger aircraft: the future passenger aircraft will not only save fuel, but also be quiet and silent, which will solve the problem that residents near the airport suffer from take-off and landing noise. This "silent jet" can carry 2 15 passengers and may join the aviation industry in 2030. The noise of this passenger plane sounds like the noise of washing machines or other household appliances coming from outside the airport.
creator
Aircraft is one of the most important scientific and technological achievements made by mankind in the 20th century. Some people rank it alongside TV and computer as the three greatest inventions that have the greatest influence on mankind in the 20th century. There is a dispute about who invented the earliest airplane in the world;
The French believe that the earliest airplane in the world was invented by the Frenchman Clement Ade, and it was successfully tested in France on June 9, 1990. Some people think that he invented the first airplane in history.
Americans believe that the inventors of the plane were American brothers wilbur wright and Orville Wright, who successfully tested in the United States on June1903+February 17.
Brazilians believe that Alberto Santos-dumont invented the airplane. Santos-Dumont's "14 bis" aircraft successfully flew to an altitude of 60 meters on June 1906+ 10/2, which was the first successful power flight in the world.
It is generally believed that the American Wright brothers invented the airplane, and some people think that it was invented by Clement Adel or Alberto Santos dumont.