The bridge was designed, managed, invested and built by China, and six projects are the highest in the world or in China. The steel consumption is equivalent to seven "bird's nests" and the concrete consumption is equivalent to 10 National Grand Theatre, which can resist typhoons of magnitude above 12.
The guardrail of the bridge is 7 colors of rainbow, each color covers 5 kilometers, and the sea salt from Cixi to Jiaxing is red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. 1. The project scale is large, and the offshore engineering quantity is large.
The total length of the bridge project is 36 kilometers, and the offshore section is 32 kilometers. The whole bridge has a total of 2.45 million cubic meters of concrete, 820,000 tons of various steel products,+03,565,438 steel pipe piles, 3,550 bored piles, 0/272 caps/kloc and 65,438 piers, and the project scale is huge.
2. Bad natural environment
The tidal range is large, the flow velocity is fast, the flow direction is chaotic, the waves are high, and the erosion is deep. In some areas, the soft soil layer is thick and the shallow gas is rich. Among them, the south bank 10 km beach area is dry and wet alternately, and most offshore projects are offshore operations, so the construction conditions are poor. Affected by hydrometeorology, there are few effective working days. According to on-site construction statistics, the annual effective days of offshore construction operations are less than 180 days, and the tidal flat area is about 250 days.
3. It is very difficult to make the overall design scheme.
The design requirements are new, in which the approach bridge in the underwater area (18.27km) and the approach bridge in the south bank beach area (10. 1km) are the key points of the whole project. The problem of structural corrosion protection is very prominent, and there is no standard to follow; In the process of bridge operation, the driving environment on the bridge deck is affected by unfavorable factors such as strong wind, dense fog, heavy rain and driver's visual fatigue. It is the key to ensure the driving safety on the bridge deck to adopt reasonable and effective design countermeasures. The design scheme involves the application of new materials, new processes and new technologies and the development of a number of large-scale special equipment.
In terms of construction technology, it faces many key construction challenges, such as overall prefabrication, transportation and erection of large-tonnage box girder in high pier area of offshore rapids, long-distance transportation and erection of large-tonnage box girder in wide beach area, design of super-long spiral steel pipe pile, anti-corrosion and pile sinking construction. In the aspect of measurement control, the deformation of structure measurement caused by the effect of super-long bridge length and earth surface is very prominent. Due to the limitation of marine environment, the traditional measurement methods can no longer meet the requirements of construction accuracy and progress. How to realize rapid and efficient survey construction with the help of GPS technology is the core technical problem that restricts the construction period of the whole bridge.
4. The construction goal is demanding, and the construction organization and operation management are difficult.
This large-scale bridge project has attracted worldwide attention. At the beginning of the construction, Ningbo Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government clearly put forward that the bridge project should be implemented according to the standard of "three first-class goals". Facing the complex construction environment and challenging projects, how to organize and manage the bridge project is a great challenge for the headquarters. Due to the large number of construction sites and long battle lines, there are synchronous and overlapping processes, which brings difficulties to organizing construction and controlling project quality, progress, safety and funds. How to take effective engineering control and operation management measures under meteorological and hydrological conditions such as typhoon, strong wind, spring tide, huge waves, rapids, heavy rain, fog and lightning is a new topic that needs to be faced in engineering management. The total length of the bridge is 36 kilometers, second only to the newly-built Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, and it is the second cross-sea bridge in the world. By 20 12, the first and second sea-crossing bridges in the world will be built in China.
According to preliminary verification, the bridge * * * needs 767,000 tons of steel, cement 1.29 1.000 tons, petroleum asphalt 1.65438 tons, wood 1.9 1.000 cubic meters and concrete. The 50-meter * 16-meter box girder in Nantan adopts the technology of whole-hole prefabrication and large-scale flat car transportation, which sets a new record for transporting heavy beams at home and abroad. The 70m * 16m box girder of the approach bridge in the underwater area adopts the integrated scheme of full-hole system, transportation and erection, and the single girder weighs 2 180 tons, ranking first in China. The diameter of steel pipe piles driven into the approach bridge in the underwater area is 1.5- 1.6m, and the pile length is about 80m, totaling more than 4,000 steel pipe piles, which is the highest in the history of bridge construction in China.
The concept of landscape design was first introduced into the design of this bridge. With the help of the aesthetic concept of "Long Bridge Lying on the Wave" in Su Causeway of West Lake, the landscape designer determined the general layout principle of the bridge in combination with the hydrological environment characteristics of Hangzhou Bay and the psychological factors of drivers and passengers while driving. The plane of the whole bridge is S-shaped curve, and the overall linear shape is beautiful and lively. Viewed from the side, the navigation hole bridge of the north-south passage is arched, forming an undulating facade shape.
1.7km south of Nanhang Road, about 14km from the south bank, there is an offshore platform with an area of1.2000 square meters. During the construction period, the platform will serve as a living base for offshore operators and a platform for maritime rescue, survey, communication and maritime monitoring. After the completion of the bridge, this platform in the sea is a rescue platform for maritime traffic services and an excellent sightseeing platform for tourism and leisure. The parking fee in the center of the bridge is 30 yuan, and 60 yuan/person is charged for entering the sightseeing tower.
In addition, the bridge has the following characteristics:
1. The total length of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 36 kilometers, and its length ranks second among the sea-crossing bridges under construction and built in the world in 20 12, second only to Qingdao Bay Bridge (36.48 kilometers).
2. Hangzhou Bay Bridge is located in a strongly corrosive marine environment. In order to ensure the service life of bridges, the durability requirement that the design service life is greater than or equal to 100 years is explicitly put forward for the first time in China.
3. The "Erection on Beam" technology of the 50m box girder of Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge has increased the erection and transportation weight from 900 tons to 1.430 tons, creating a new record of "Erection on Beam" in bridge construction with similar technology and topography in the world in 20 12 years.
4. The superstructure of the deep water area of Hangzhou Bay Bridge adopts 70m prestressed concrete box girder integral prefabrication and maritime transportation technology. In order to solve the engineering problem of early cracking of large concrete box girder, the "secondary tensioning technology" was creatively put forward and implemented, which completely solved the "stubborn disease" of this project.
5. The maximum diameter of steel pipe pile of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 1.6m, the maximum length of single pile is 89m, and the maximum weight is 74t, creating the largest steel pipe pile with large diameter and super-long full-pile spiral bridge at home and abroad.
6. There is a large amount of shallow methane under the south bank of Hangzhou Bay Bridge 10 km beach, which poses a serious threat to construction safety. In the construction of bored piles in tidal flat area, the safe construction technology of controllable deflation is creatively adopted, and its construction technology is the first in the world under similar geographical conditions.
7. The cornerstone of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the first bronze cornerstone in China. Height 100 cm, thickness 25 cm and weight 500 kg. It is made by casting, forging, carving and other techniques. It is the crystallization of the integration of traditional art and modern science and technology, and was creatively produced by China arts and crafts master Zhu Bingren. Overall design of Hangzhou Bay Bridge
The total length of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 36 kilometers, and the construction conditions are very bad. In order to ensure the safety and quality of offshore construction, design and construction must be considered comprehensively. After many investigations and expert consultations at home and abroad, the general principles of construction decision-making design were formulated, and the offshore construction was changed to onshore construction as far as possible, and the design and construction principles of factory, large-scale and mechanization were adopted.
2. Complete sets of technologies for design, manufacture, anti-corrosion and construction of large-diameter and super-long steel pipe piles.
The steel pipe pile foundation of this bridge has the characteristics of long pile length, large diameter and large quantity. Piles are 89m long, with diameters of1.5m and1.6m, totaling 5474. Through nearly a year's construction of steel pipe pile foundation, the progress is fast and the quality is good, which proves that this choice is correct.
Its innovation points are: prefabrication of super-long whole pile; Internal and external spiral welding; Three layers of molten epoxy powder coating; Automatic submerged arc welding process: welding with large diameter and unequal wall thickness; Sacrificial anode cathodic protection.
3. Integral prefabrication of large-tonnage 70m prestressed box girder and erection technology of maritime transportation in strong tidal waters.
Its innovations are as follows: (1) The mix proportion of marine durable concrete is studied; Analysis of local structure of 70m box girder: Vacuum-assisted grouting technology: Vibration bridging equipment for long-span and high flatness bridge deck construction is developed. The early tensioning process was adopted for the first time and achieved good results. A world-class 2,400-ton hydraulic suspension wheel-rail 70-meter box girder longitudinal moving trolley was designed and manufactured by ourselves.
4. Precast and erection technology of large-tonnage 50-meter prestressed box girder.
Its innovation lies in: combining with the construction scheme, the key structure of large-tonnage whole-hole box girder is optimized; Research and practice of marine durable concrete performance: vacuum grouting test and practice of prestressed pipeline: comprehensive technology of box girder bridge erecting machine.
5. Study on durability of concrete structures in marine environment.
Its innovation lies in: (1) establishing reliable electrical parameters of steel bar corrosion and the change criterion of output optical power; Developing dynamic prediction software of concrete structure life; Formulate the design scheme of long-term original observation system for durability of bridge concrete structure, and cooperate with the implementation of the project schedule. This technology will fill the domestic gap.
6. Research on key technologies of all-weather operation survey control of cross-sea bridge.
Its innovations are: the continuous operation of GPS reference station, its successful application on Hangzhou Bay Bridge, and the rules and regulations formed in practice, which make up the gap of Chinese bridges; The coding of 20 12 is not suitable for the corresponding standards for establishing the projection coordinate system of dozens of kilometers long sea-crossing bridges. We should understand the Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge according to its particularity and provide reference for formulating corresponding specifications. The transition surface fitting method is creatively put forward, which makes the accuracy of GPS fitting elevation at sea reach the third-class accuracy. The continuous multi-span cross-sea elevation penetration survey is carried out by using the ranging triangle height method combined with GPS fitting height method, which creates a fast mid-sea elevation penetration survey method. A large-scale bridge surveying and mapping data management system based on B/S mode is developed by using GIS technology for the first time in China.
7. Study on the river model and pier local scour of Hangzhou Bay Bridge.
In August, 2002, through expert group appraisal, the research results reached the international advanced level, among which the simulation method and test technology of solid model tidal bore, distributed muddy water tidal system and Gaza system of sediment changing with tidal bore reached the international advanced level. In 2004, he won the second prize of Zhejiang Science and Technology Progress Award.
8. Study on the influence of disastrous weather on traffic safety of cross-sea bridge and its countermeasures.
The main innovations are: determining the wind speed standard for safe driving of vehicles; Conduct research on all types of disaster weather; Put forward the traffic safety guarantee measures of Hangzhou Bay cross-sea bridge; Systematic research based on meteorological monitoring system, forecasting system and road management system; Formulate road traffic control standards under different disaster weather conditions; Develop data acquisition equipment such as low-cost sensors; Develop computer software integrating data transmission, data processing and information release. A series of intermediate achievements have been made in 20 12, among which the wind barrier scheme recommended in the report will be put into practice soon.
9. Information management technology of cross-sea bridge construction
Its innovation lies in: the whole bridge structure is decomposed into 22,949 structural members, and 625 tables of collected data are associated with them, providing a complete structured data retrieval method; Integrate and unify engineering communication and network construction, greatly reducing the cost of basic network construction; Realize remote multipoint wireless video image transmission and loopback.
The software development of the system has been completed and put into operation for more than one year, which has played a great role in the project implementation.
Five of the above-mentioned scientific and technological innovation achievements have passed the appraisal of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Communications, and the achievements have reached the international leading level in general, which provides reference for similar bridge construction in China.
10, new bridge expansion device technology
The LB multi-directional displacement bridge expansion device which won the second prize of national technological invention was adopted.
Its innovative features are: LB element multi-directional displacement bridge expansion device has been widely studied and practiced against the shortcomings of traditional modular and comb expansion devices, especially in the longitudinal, lateral and torsional displacement functions of suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges. With the aim of "safety, comfort, economy, durability and convenience", a new generation of bridge expansion device has been successfully developed, and its technology is at the international leading level.