Due to the influence of regional characteristics, climate and environment, customs and habits, catering products will be different in raw materials, tastes, cooking methods, eating habits and so on. It is precisely because of these differences that catering products have strong regional characteristics. The differences between Chinese and western cultures have created the differences between Chinese and western food cultures, which come from different ways of thinking and philosophy of life. People in China pay attention to "harmony between man and nature", while westerners pay attention to "people-oriented".

Here, we briefly talk about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures from the following three aspects.

First of all, two different dietary concepts

Compared with China's "taste" diet, the West is a rational concept of diet. No matter the color, fragrance, taste, shape and nutrition of food, how many calories, vitamins, protein and so on should be taken in a day. Even if it tastes the same, you must eat it-it is nutritious. This concept of diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy system. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. The research object of western philosophy is the cause of things, and the cause of things is often metaphysical. The two are interrelated and form metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to western culture and made it develop by leaps and bounds in natural science, psychology and methodology. But in other aspects, this philosophical proposition has great obstacles, such as food culture. At the banquet, you can pay attention to the collocation of tableware, materials, services and raw materials in shape and color. But no matter how luxurious and high-end, from L.A. to new york, steak has only one flavor, and there is no art at all. As a dish, chicken is chicken and steak is steak. Even if there is a match, it is done in the disk. A plate of "French lamb chops" with mashed potatoes, leaning against the lamb chops, and boiled green beans and some tomatoes on the other side. The colors are in sharp contrast, but the raw materials are irrelevant, the taste is harmonious, each has its own flavor and is simple and clear.

China people attach great importance to "eating". The proverb "Food is the sky for the people" shows that we regard eating as important as the sky. Because our nation has been in a state of low productivity for thousands of years, people are always hungry, so we have a unique food-oriented diet culture. I think this is probably due to the need of survival. If a culture takes eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: on the one hand, it will exert its functions to the extreme, not only to maintain survival, but also to preserve health, which is the cultural basis of "medicine is better than food"; On the other hand, excessive attention to food will make people admire the pursuit of food.

In China's cooking, the pursuit of delicacy is almost to the extreme, so that China people make a living by opening restaurants overseas, which has become the foundation for us to settle down in the world! Unfortunately, when we regard the pursuit of delicacy as the first demand, we ignore the most fundamental nutritional value of food. Many of our traditional foods have to be fried in hot oil and cooked with low fire for a long time. As a result, the nutrients in the dishes are destroyed and many nutrients are lost during processing. So when it comes to nutrition, it actually touches the biggest weakness of China's food culture. There is a folk proverb: "Food is the first priority for the people, and taste is the first priority for food". It is this pursuit of food that makes us ignore the true meaning of eating.

When people in China taste dishes, they often say that this dish is delicious and that dish is not. However, if you want to further ask what is "delicious", why "delicious" and where "delicious" is, I am afraid it is not easy to make it clear. This shows that China people's pursuit of delicious food is an indescribable "artistic conception", which is still difficult to cover with what people usually call "color, fragrance, taste, shape and utensils".

The key to the unique charm of China's diet lies in its taste. The production of food lies in harmony, so that the original flavor of food, the cooked taste after heating, the taste of ingredients and auxiliary materials, and the harmonious taste of seasonings are intertwined and coordinated with each other, so that they complement each other, penetrate each other and blend with each other. You have me and I have you. The harmonious beauty of China's cooking is the essence of China's cooking art, and the variety of dishes is an external thing, while the taste is an internal thing. It is the most important embodiment of China's aesthetic diet view that he pays attention to the interior without deliberately modifying the appearance, and pays attention to the taste of dishes without revealing the shape and color of dishes excessively.

In China, the pursuit of beauty in diet obviously overwhelms rationality, and this view of diet is also consistent with China's traditional philosophy. As a representative of oriental philosophy, China's philosophy is macroscopic, intuitive, fuzzy and unpredictable. The method of making Chinese food is to reconcile the tripod and finally reconcile a beautiful taste. This emphasizes the sense of proportion, that is, overall cooperation. It contains rich dialectics of China's philosophy. Everything is based on the beauty and harmony of food. The variety in the range determines the richness and diversity of Chinese food, determines the characteristics of Chinese food, and even determines the characteristics of every chef.

Second, the differences between Chinese and Western dieters

Westerners believe that dishes are to satisfy hunger, so they specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chicken. China's food is "delicious", so China's cooking also shows great arbitrariness in the use of materials: what many westerners regard as discarded is an excellent raw material in China, and what foreign chefs can't handle can be turned into magic as soon as it reaches the hands of China chefs. It shows that China's diet has a wide range of randomness in materials.

According to the survey of western botanists, people in China eat more than 600 kinds of vegetables, six times more than those in the west. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, vegetarian dishes are ordinary foods, and meat dishes only enter the ordinary diet structure when the living standard is high, so there has been a saying of "vegetable food" since ancient times, and vegetable food plays a dominant role in the ordinary diet structure. China people's plant cooking is closely related to the advocacy of Buddhists. They regard animals as "living things" and plants as "lifeless things", so they advocate vegetarianism.

When introducing the dietary characteristics of their own countries, westerners think that they pay more attention to the reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. There are developed food industries, such as canned food and fast food, which are time-saving and nutritious, so people in their country are generally stronger than people in China: tall, with long legs, wide shoulders and muscular; China people, on the other hand, are thin, with narrow shoulders and short legs and light yellow color. According to the obvious differences between Chinese and western food objects, some people call China a plant word, while westerners call it an animal word.

Third, different ways of eating.

There are great differences between Chinese and western food styles, and this difference also has an impact on national character. In China, any banquet, no matter for what purpose, will only have one form, that is, everyone will sit together and enjoy a seat. Banquets should use round tables to create a United, polite and interesting atmosphere in form. Food is placed in the center of a table, which is not only the object of appreciation and tasting, but also the medium of emotional communication. People toast each other, take food and exhort each other, which embodies the virtue of mutual respect and courtesy between people in the face of beautiful things. Although from the perspective of hygiene, this kind of diet has obvious shortcomings, but it conforms to the universal mentality of "happy reunion" of our nation, embodies the influence of the category of "harmony" in China's classical philosophy on later generations' thoughts, and is conducive to collective emotional exchange, so it is difficult to reform so far.

Although food and wine are very important at western-style banquets, they are actually used as foil. The core of the banquet is friendship, which is realized by talking to the guests next door. If the sociality of banquets is compared to dancing, it can be said that Chinese banquets are like group dances, while western banquets are like ballroom dancing for men and women. It can be seen that the purpose of friendship between Chinese banquet and western banquet is obvious, but Chinese banquet is more about the friendship of the whole banquet, while western banquet is more about the friendship between neighboring guests. The more obvious difference from China's diet is the buffet which is popular in the west. This method is: all the food is displayed one by one, and everyone needs what they want, so they can move freely without being fixed in their seats. This way facilitates the emotional communication between individuals, without putting all the words on the table, and also reflects the respect of westerners for individuality and self. But each eats his own food, does not interfere with each other, and lacks some China people's mood of chatting and having fun.

So in the final analysis, it is the difference between sensibility and rationality. However, this difference seems to be blurred with the development of science. More and more people in China are not only concerned about the color, smell and taste of vegetables, but also about their hygiene and nutrition. Especially after SARS. Also, because people are getting busier and busier at work, they think Chinese food is too much trouble to cook, so it's better to have a hamburger or something. In this way, the difference in diet is not obvious.

How to Reflect the Cultural Differences between China and the West from Music

This is very simple, in fact, it is about the differences between Chinese and western music. Perhaps the biggest difference is the application of patterns. China's earliest mode is pentatonic scale, which means that only by giving the five tones of 1 2 3 5 6 can a complete scale be formed. As long as the songs are composed of these voices, they form the folk music with the most China characteristics. Europe and America are different. They use the complete seven-tone style. Moreover, the biggest feature of European and American music is not melody, but harmony. I remember reading a book before, and I don't know if it's accurate or not. China is the country that contributes the most to melody in the world, and Europe and America contribute more to harmony. I wonder if you can understand this.

Simply put, if a song doesn't have four or seven sounds. He must be a folk song of China. Of course, except for the pop music in China now.

In Europe and America, you can listen to the harmony part, which is very classic. My level is so high, if there is anything wrong. Let other experts explain it to you, hehe! ! !

What are the cultural differences between China and the West from movies?

Although the superstitious consciousness in reality has long been defeated in the face of materialism, at least in art and movies, the spiritual oriental culture still shows its advantages from time to time. Surrealism movies can best highlight this difference and gap between eastern and western cultures. In Janderowski's Holy Mountain, we can see how Mexican masters flaunt their fantasies at all costs and carefully seek scientific explanations and reasons for their "surreal packaging". In fact, such films in the west are often limited to verifying reality with surrealism, while oriental films can freely deconstruct surrealism with the principle of realism. Comparing the story of rainy moon, we will find how Kenji Mizoguchi confidently and naturally let ghosts enter and leave the screen at will. But it is his natural self-confidence that makes the film always shrouded in a layer of joy and a hazy and sad artistic conception.

I. Inland culture and marine culture

According to the differences of geographical environment on which their respective cultures are based, we can divide Chinese and western cultures into inland culture and marine culture, which are called "yellow civilization" and "blue civilization" respectively.

"One side nourishes the other" and "Yan and Zhao are generous and sad people", all of which are the contributions of nature, and also show the great influence of natural environment on personality shaping. "People's personality is the product of innate organization, and it is the product of people's environment in their own lives, especially in the process of development." [2] The environment here includes not only the social environment, but also the natural environment. The natural environment has a subtle influence on people, which makes people consciously or unconsciously get some edification and influence. Marx pointed out that "different communes have found different means of production and different means of subsistence in their respective natural environments. So their production methods, lifestyles and products are also different. " [3]

Chinese national civilization originated in the Yellow River Basin, and the geographical environment with three sides of land and one sea makes China almost isolated from the world, thus maintaining the strong stability and historical continuity of its own culture. This unique natural environment has created the unique cultural tradition and social psychology of the Chinese nation. Confucian ethics, which was born in the semi-closed natural environment of the mainland, teaches people to move from the important place to the light, be content with poverty and be happy, and rest at sunrise and sunset, which makes people precipitate a closed inert psychology and inertial thinking mode in a long tradition, conservative and lacking open consciousness; Cherish home and advocate quietism; Be content with the status quo, stick to the rules, stick to the rules, have a weak sense of risk and competition, and have a weak sense of time and enterprising. The so-called "mountain blocking, water letting people pass" is the truth. "Orientals don't have the sense of busyness and competition of westerners. They always look serious, never worry, and have no idea of time. Just as the word' efficiency' represents the keynote of western society leading people's thinking, the word' average' that China people often say also shows their attitude towards life. " [4] Narrow and closed life circle, fixed and long-term contact between people, in order to live in harmony, China people attach great importance to the way of the world, "everything is learned clearly, and human feelings are also learned", which also cultivated the traditional virtues of China people's modesty, prudence, tolerance and implication. China's natural environment and cultural traditions under the influence of this environment have cultivated the introverted personality of the Chinese nation. As the source of western culture, ancient Greece and Rome were both located on the peninsula, facing the sea, with developed maritime traffic and prosperous maritime trade, which made these countries form an open society that broke the blood relationship. Fierce social unrest, frequent personnel exchanges and turbulent seas and oceans have formed its open and changeable cultural character, forged its national spirit of flexibility, openness, courage, enterprising and cooperation, and advocated hard work and self-improvement. Therefore, westerners like to be unconventional, innovative, adventurous and brave. In the west, it is the cultural tradition formed in this natural environment that has developed the extroverted character of westerners. In Marx's view, geographical environment affects people through certain production relations on the basis of certain productivity ... "P&G T;

Therefore, we can neither exaggerate nor belittle the influence of natural environment on personality, nor overemphasize or ignore it at will, but should be objective and fair. As Russell said, "the current science can't fully explain the national character. Although the climate and economic environment explain part of it, it is not all. " [6]

2. Ethical culture and utilitarian culture

According to the differences between Chinese and western values, we can classify Chinese and western cultures into ethical culture and utilitarian culture respectively.

The general orientation of China's traditional ethics is to value righteousness over profit. "Discrimination between righteousness and benefit" is a basic problem that runs through the history of China civilization. Mohism, which advocates giving consideration to both righteousness and benefit, has forgotten the middle way because it has lost the soil for survival, while Taoism, which advocates the abandonment of skill and benefit, completely excludes merit, fame and fortune from personality standards. Although this thought once kept pace with the Confucian concept of justice and benefit, it was not used by the ruling class because it did not meet the needs of the society at that time. As the mainstream ideology that dominated the feudal society in China for thousands of years, Confucianism's basic ideas are "valuing righteousness over profit", "seeing profit as a stream" and "controlling profit with righteousness". It advocates that when there is a contradiction between justice and benefit, one should give one's life for justice. The China tradition of pan-moralism explained everything with morality, which led to people's value orientation of being willing to give lectures and ashamed to talk about benefits, emphasizing moral cultivation and ignoring external achievements, thus leading to the loss of scientific independent personality value and social status in ancient China. People focus on their inner world, lose interest in reason and nature, and lack the rational tradition of western culture and the enthusiasm for scientific exploration. The separation of morality and reason makes China's tradition tend to be anti-rational, which hinders the development of China's scientific spirit. This is the deep reason for China's empty talk, the prevalence of metaphysics, the decline of science and the underdevelopment of commerce in ancient times. Science and technology were regarded as the cunning of prostitution, and the businessman was demoted to the last of the four, which led to the serious consequences of China's ancient developed science but difficult to put it into practice, the slow development of commerce and the country's poverty and weakness. In modern times, it became the object of aggression by western colonialists.

In the west, although we say that in the long process of social and historical development, its social values are complex and diverse, but the western society is based on individuals, and the value goal pursued is the realization of individual rights and interests, and they are considered sacred, innate and gifted. It is an individual's instinct to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and the purpose of survival is to strive for benefits. You don't have to bear any moral responsibility in the process of pursuing your own rights and interests, and you can do whatever it takes. Therefore, utilitarianism has always occupied the mainstream position and played a leading role in western society. Undoubtedly, this utilitarianism played a catalytic role in the germination of capitalism in later generations, but it also made the primitive accumulation of capitalism very cruel and bloody. As Marx said: "When capital comes to this world, blood and dirt are dripping from every pore from head to toe." [7] This value orientation of valuing righteousness over profit in western society has mobilized the enthusiasm of individuals to pursue material interests to a certain extent, thus promoting the development of western social economy and science. However, the contempt and degradation of righteousness can easily lead to the unilateral pursuit of material interests in western society, which will harm others and benefit themselves, lead to the alienation and deterioration of the relationship between people and become a naked relationship of money and material interests. Utilitarianism and pragmatism prevailed in western history, which constituted the mainstream value orientation in the west, and the sanctity of private property became the eternal creed of society. Driven by the concept of maximizing self-interest, science and technology are particularly valued in the west, and rationalism and scientism are very developed in the west. In real life, westerners show novel, innovative and practical personality spirit. Scientific concepts and technical awareness are deeply rooted in people's hearts and become an important factor in forming personality. This has also led to the western society attaching importance to rationality and neglecting emotion, being good at reasoning without emotion, being good at logical thinking and ignoring intuitive feelings.

3. Harmonious culture and rebellious culture

According to the different concrete forms of Chinese and western cultures, we can classify them into harmonious culture and rebellious culture respectively.

In dealing with the relationship between man and nature, the mainstream of China's traditional culture focuses on advocating "the unity of man and nature", emphasizing respect for nature, following the laws of nature, and pursuing the harmony between man and nature, and holding that "if heaven is guilty, you should not pray" [8]. "One of the characteristics of China culture is that it not only does not isolate people from interpersonal relationships, but also does not oppose people and nature ... There are people in the sky, there are days on earth, and the idea of harmony between subject and object constitutes a remarkable feature of China culture." [9] China culture mainly regards nature as the object of worship rather than research and conquest, and as the object of imagination rather than exploration. For nature, it is not only absurd but also futile to be too obsessed with the illusory exploration of heaven because of "the distance between heaven and man is near" [10]. We just need to appeal to the heart, and there are universal natural laws in people's hearts. We can understand with our hearts, and those who understand know the sky. "Everything is ready for me." [1 1] Therefore, the ancient culture of China valued human beings over natural principles and morality over knowledge. In dealing with interpersonal relationships, China's culture has always emphasized that groups are more important than individuals, and harmony is more important than struggle, patriarchal clan system and discipline. It exhorts and restricts people, fetters people's free will and creative spirit, and ignores the value and dignity of individual life. China culture has always regarded the pursuit of harmony between man and nature and society as the main theme of life ideal, opposed people's independent will and forge ahead, cultivated people's sense of group and obedience, and sought a moderate and harmonious way to deal with it. The concept of harmony in China's culture also embodies and cultivates the spirit of obedience, obedience, conservatism and not striving for progress, and is content with the status quo, with little resistance consciousness and courage. "China people generally abide by the historical concept of' the sky remains unchanged and the Tao remains unchanged', which makes Europeans and Americans generally think that China in 1990 is no different from China in the Confucius era." "Old things are extremely valuable, and new things are meaningless." [12] This also creates a weak cultural character of modesty, prudence and introversion.

In the west, philosophers in ancient Greece and Rome turned their attention to nature from the beginning, explored the mysteries of nature, conquered and dominated nature, and became the masters of nature. Heraclitus saw that "harmony comes from struggle" [13], and Prot Gora's "Man is the measure of everything" is a vivid portrayal of the separation between man and nature. Although Socrates brought philosophy back from heaven to earth, the exploration and conquest of nature by western culture never stopped. The adventurous life of maritime shipping in the western commercial society and the inevitable encounter of natural laws that are difficult to grasp make westerners feel the sharp opposition and fierce conflict between man and nature at all times. It is in the surprise and confusion of strange natural phenomena that people begin their philosophical exploration. From the beginning, the philosophy of ancient Greece was mainly a natural philosophy, which regarded nature as the object of people's thinking and exploration. Dominated by the binary opposition thinking mode of separation between man and nature, western society has distinguished and opposed nature and man since ancient times. Nature is only the object that people know, use and conquer, emphasizing people's independence and initiative, and pursuing free will and independent spirit. In dealing with interpersonal relationships, the west advocates individual freedom of will and independence of personality, emphasizes the value and dignity of individual life, attaches importance to the acquisition and protection of private property, and has a weak overall consciousness and collective concept. Westerners are full of the spirit and mental state of facing challenges, pursuing boldly, advocating martial arts, seeking quick success and instant benefit, and even willing to achieve their goals and win by one-sided thinking and unscrupulous behavior, thus forming a straightforward, open-minded and rigid cultural character.

Because China culture advocates "harmony between man and nature", humanitarianism should be based on heaven, humanity should be based on heaven, virtue should be matched with heaven, harmony between man and nature, the sense of existence is extremely developed, image thinking is very prominent, people pay attention to intuitive feeling and poetic imagination, and people pay attention to heaven while ignoring demonstration and metaphysics, resulting in underdeveloped natural science and extremely prosperous humanities. "If according to this logic, the development of epistemological consciousness is part of the reason why science appeared in Europe, then the underdevelopment of this consciousness should also be part of the reason why science did not appear in China." [14] Western culture advocates the separation of heaven and man, and man can conquer nature. It not only understands and explains nature, but also conquers and transforms it. Developed scientific and technological awareness, highlighted abstract thinking, and paid attention to logical reasoning and empirical research. Therefore, China has a large number of "careful verification" Chen Jingrun, and the west has a large number of "bold assumptions" Goldbach.

Four. Concluding remarks

By comparing the differences between Chinese and western cultures in the above three aspects, we can see that Chinese and western cultures have their own characteristics. Based on their respective systems and very different cultural backgrounds, Chinese and western civilizations have led to different values and ethical orientations, thus making the real personality characteristics of China and the West very different.

In addition, the in-depth discussion of cultural differences between China and the West is of great significance, which will solve the mystery of a series of major issues such as the differences in scientific and technological development between China and the West, thus having a far-reaching impact.