Mongolian yurt

Traditional folk houses of nomadic people such as Mongolia. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. Weave a net with wooden strips, and connect several pieces into a circle, covering a long umbrella-shaped dome and connecting it with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame with door panels is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for lighting, ventilation and smoke exhaust, and it is covered with felt at night or in stormy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into detachable and non-detachable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas did Mongolian yurts remain. In addition to Mongolians, Kazakh and Tajik herders also live in yurts when they are nomadic.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind roared, and many white tents were dotted on the ground. They are Mongolian yurts, which Mongols call "Mongolian yurts". People have been using yurts since there were Mongols. Long time no see. But when did you start using it? Nobody knows the exact time.

Mongolian yurts have become the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongolians are nomadic tribes, and their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels are looking for new pastures all year round. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, carried by several humped camels, transported to the next station, and then pitched.

Traditional Tibetan dwellings, like other cultural forms in Tibet, have their own unique personality. Tibetan folk houses are rich and colorful, and the blockhouses in the southern Tibetan valley, the financial offices in the pastoral areas in northern Tibet, and the wooden buildings in the forest areas in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin have their own characteristics. You can even find caves on the Ali Plateau.

The most representative Tibetan folk house is the diaofang. Bunkers are mostly stone and wood structures, with dignified and steady appearance and simple and rough style; The outer wall shrinks upward, and if it is built on a mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Typical Tibetan houses are made of earth and stone, which look like bunkers, commonly known as bunkers. Generally, there are two or three floors, and there are also four floors. Usually the ground floor is used as a barn, and the upper floor is used by people to store goods, and there are also halls. The plane layout retreats step by step, and the lower roof forms the upper terrace. The toilet is located on the upper floor and hung on the back wall. There is a hole in the ground of the toilet, and the feces can directly fall into the cesspit outside the cowshed on the bottom floor, thus avoiding the trouble of cleaning. If there are two floors of toilets, the upper and lower floors are staggered, so that the sewage on the upper floor can fall into the cesspit below unimpeded.

The bunker has the characteristics of firmness, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only beneficial to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to prevent the enemy from stealing.

Tents are very different from bunkers, which are a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living on weeds.

Tibetan tents can be divided into winter tents and summer tents. A winter tent is woven from yak hair. First, it is woven into thick dark brown or black and white felt strips, and then it is sewn into a tent according to the required size. This kind of tent can adapt to the plateau rainstorm, heavy snow and cold climate. Different sizes, shapes are rectangle, square, hexagon and polygon. Support with a shelf or column. The indoor clear height is about 1.6-2m. Tie yak rope at the top of the tent, nail dike piles around it, and anchor them with wooden stakes or horns of cattle and sheep. There is a skylight at the top of the tent for ventilation, lighting and smoke exhaust, which can be sheltered in rainy days. Low walls are usually enclosed with turf or stones to keep out the cold.

Summer tent is a kind of light tent used by herders when they go out in summer. It is made of white canvas and Tibetan cloth, with squares and rectangles. Surrounded by dark, brown or blue edges. The tent is also decorated with exquisite auspicious eight treasures, Five Blessingg's birthday celebration, white clouds and lions, and six divisions in the wheel of karma. There are also large tents that can accommodate hundreds of people, including double-layer tents that are both heat-insulating and sun-proof. It has a strong religious decorative color. In the wilderness of green mountains and green waters, there are small white curtains and plumes of smoke, which are unique and have Tibetan cultural characteristics.

Ordinary financial offices are generally short, square or rectangular in plane, supported by wooden sticks, and the frame is about 2 meters high; Laying black yak carpet, leaving gaps about 15 cm wide and 1.5 m long for ventilation and lighting; Pull it left and right with yak rope and fix it on the ground; Around the inside of the tent, a low wall with a height of about 50 cm was built with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, on which were piled highland barley, butter buns and dried cow dung? Used as fuel, the accounting room is simply furnished. There is a stove in the middle, and the Buddha is offered behind the stove. Sheepskin is laid around for sitting, lying and resting. The tent has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and easy relocation.

The housing of Achang nationality is generally a quadrangle building with brick-wood structure, wood structure and stone structure. Houses are generally divided into two floors. People live in the main room. There are shrines, candlesticks, long tables and fire pits in the house. Livestock are raised downstairs, and food and other living materials are piled up in the wing and upstairs.

Achang's villages are patchwork, which are in harmony with the landscape around the village, like a quiet and leisurely landscape painting.

Bai (ba)

Dali area has preserved three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, the site of Taihe City in Nanzhao, Dehua Monument in Nanzhao and other places of interest. Dali was listed as one of the first 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China by the State Council. ?

Bai (ba)

Butterfly spring?

It is located at the foot of Silent Mountain, 20 kilometers north of the ancient city of Dali, Yunnan, and under Yunnong Peak of Cangshan Mountain. Butterfly spring covers an area of about 50 square meters and is surrounded by marble railings. There is an old tree by the spring, which is across the spring. Every April in the lunar calendar, ancient trees are born. At that time, colorful butterflies gathered here from all directions, flying, hanging upside down on the branches of spring, just like ribbons. In spring, butterflies are surrounded by colorful flowers, which is called "Butterfly Club". Legend has it that a couple, menstruation Wen, who opposed the feudal princes' occupation of the woman, both jumped into the pool and turned it into a pair of butterflies, turning the bottomless pool into a pool of clear water and renamed it "butterfly spring". There is a stone archway inscribed by Guo Moruo named "butterfly spring" beside the spring. ?

Three pagodas in Dali?

Built in Nanzhao period, it is also called "Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple". Located between Cangshan Lake and Erhai Lake in the northwest of Dali City, Yunnan Province. This building is magnificent. Chihiro Tower, the main tower, is 69. 13m high and is a multi-storey brick tower with dense eaves, with a total of 16 floors. There is a shrine in front of each floor. The top of the tower is a cast iron ring plate with a neutral gourd-shaped treasure top. The two small pagodas in the north and south are octagonal multi-storey pagodas carved with various patterns. For more than a thousand years, it has stood tall despite repeated earthquakes and wind and rain erosion.

There are round yurts, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 20 people to rest; Little people can also accommodate 10 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. Generally, draw a circle according to the size of the yurt, then erect Hana (made of 2.5-meter-long wicker) along the drawn circle, and then erect Wuni (about 3. 2 meters) stand up and connect Hana and Wuni into a circle. Even if a herder settled on the grassland.

After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet, place furniture, and hang picture frames and posters around. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy.

The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to assemble and disassemble. Easy to move. When it is erected, the Hannah will be opened to form a circular fence. When disassembling, folding Hannah back will reduce the size and can also be used as a board for cattle and carriages. A yurt can only be carried by a two-humped camel or a two-wheeled ox cart, and it can be covered in two or three hours.

hflash

Tujia people love to live in groups and live in wooden houses with hanging feet. Houses are built from village to village, and there are few single-family houses. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small blue tiles, lattice windows, overhangs and wooden railings, walking in the corner, antique. Generally, the house is a small courtyard, with a fence in front of it, a bamboo forest behind it, green slate paving the way, planking the wall and lighting in Song and Ming Dynasties. The family lived a quiet pastoral life at sunrise and sunset. Tujia Tujia, with a population of 5704223, mainly lives in Xiangxi, Hunan and Enshi, Hubei. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed.

Most Miao and Tujia people live in mountainous areas with steep slopes. When building a house, everyone likes to build an antique diaojiao building. This diaojiao building has cornices, three cloisters and wooden railings hanging out. There are carved patterns symbolizing good luck on the railing, such as Wanzi, Xizi Pavilion, Zizi Pavilion and Sifang.

The hanging column is octagonal and square, and it is often carved with broken bottom hydrangea and golden claw. A diaojiao building generally has two floors. There are floors upstairs and downstairs, and there are windows upstairs, so it is sunny and well ventilated. There are flowers and plants carved on the window lattice, such as double phoenix rising sun, magpie singing plum, lion bowling ball, peony, camellia and chrysanthemum, which are simple and elegant, beautiful and practical, and have the characteristics of national residence.

The Oroqen and Ewenki nationalities in the northeast of China used to live a very mobile hunting life. In order to adapt to the environment, they live in a very simple shed. This shed is called "West Cold Bamboo", commonly known as "Cuozi". It is about ten feet high and about one or two feet in diameter. It is made of twenty-five to thirty larch stalks, covered with birch bark in summer and wrapped with elk skin in winter. They move according to the number of wild animals: they usually live in one place for up to ten days in summer and autumn; When hunting gray rats in winter, they move once every two or three days. Kill all the gray rats on one mountain and then move to another mountain; The man set up a camel rack, the woman used reindeer, and then carried the equipment to the new residence.

Cave in northern Shaanxi

A long time ago, strong winds brought loess from far away to northern Shaanxi, creating this vast golden land. In this land, there are simple people, and the house they live in is the cave in northern Shaanxi that I want to introduce to you today.

This kind of cave is usually built on a hillside facing south. Xiangyang, with its back to the mountains. The door faces the clearing, and few trees cover it. Generally, only three to five caves are built in a hospital. In the middle is the main kiln, where sundries or small rooms are often placed on both sides, and food can also be stored.

Into the cave, there are stoves, pots and so on. There is a heatable adobe sleeping platform at the entrance of the cave. There is a fire hole in the middle of the heatable adobe sleeping platform, so that it won't feel cold in winter. This kind of cave is also cool in summer. It is really warm in winter and cool in summer!

Qiangdiaolou

Qiang nationality is a minority in Sichuan, and their unique residence is Diaolou.

In Qiang language, Diaolou is called "Deng Cage", which means a beautiful and noble house.

Qiang people have the custom of "living by the mountain, building houses with stones, and the highest one is more than ten feet". The height of the watchtower is between ten and thirty meters. Used to guard against enemies and store food and firewood. Qiang people's houses are made of slate, flat-topped and square. Most of them are three floors, each floor is about three or four meters high. It has a strong traditional folk culture.

In short, each nation has its own characteristics, and different cultures have created different folk houses. But I think they are all simple and pure beauty!

8* Original text of residential houses with their own characteristics

Hakka dwellings

Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are scattered in the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, and are known as "strange houses in the world".

Hakka people moved to the south from the prosperous areas of the ancient Central Plains, and most of them lived in remote mountainous areas. In order to guard against the harassment of bandits and the exclusion of local people, they built camp-style houses. On the way, they mixed lime, used glutinous rice and egg white as adhesives, and used bamboo chips and wooden strips as bones and muscles, and rammed earth buildings with wall thickness 1 m and height 15 m. Most of them are 3-6 floors, and100-more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, and the layout is uniform and magnificent. Most earth buildings have a history of 200-300 years or even 500-600 years. They have withstood numerous earthquakes, storms and artillery attacks, showing the charm of traditional architectural culture.

Hakka ancestors advocated the circle and thought it was a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and peace. Houses surrounded by earth buildings are in a gossip layout, and there is a firewall between the hexagrams, which is uniform.

Hakka people show obvious cultural characteristics in managing their families, doing things, treating others and establishing a career. For example, many houses are engraved with such a couplet: "Inherit the frugality of our ancestors Deloitte, and inspire future generations to study and farm", which shows the ancestors' desire for their children and grandchildren to live in harmony and manage their families diligently.

The harmonious and thrifty character of Hakkas is worth learning, and the folk culture preserved in tulou makes people feel the profoundness and long history of China traditional culture.

Daijiazhulou

When you set foot on the land where the Dai people live, you enter the green world. From a distance, green bamboos and oil palm forests cover the sky. From time to time, the sound of chickens and dogs came from the depths of the bamboo forest, but there was no village or house. Obviously, all bamboo buildings are hidden in dense green bamboo forests.

Bamboo House is a traditional architectural form of Dai people. The Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone with high ground temperature. It is said that bamboo buildings are good for heatstroke prevention and moisture prevention. Therefore, the Dai people still maintain the habit of "living with many bamboo buildings by the water".

There are as many as 10, 20, 200 and 300 Dai villages, all of which are made up of bamboo houses with their own characteristics. There are shelterbelts around the village. Every bamboo house is surrounded by bamboo fences. There are all kinds of flowers, trees and fruit trees in the fence. It can be described as "the village is full of trees and the garden is full of flowers". There is a large open space under the bamboo building as a yard. The whole bamboo building is square and divided into upper and lower floors. People live upstairs, and downstairs is generally used to put livestock and firewood. This bamboo building is supported by twenty to twenty-four pillars. The beams of the house pass through the columns. Some beams are engraved with patterns. Seven or eight feet from the ground floor or bamboo wall, the floor is divided into two floors. house

The roof is covered with thatched grass rows or sawdust, and in recent years it has been changed to tile roof.

If you visit Dai's house, walk into the bamboo fence and climb the wooden ladder, you will come to the corridor outside the house. As soon as you enter the door, there is a hall with a big bamboo mat in the middle, which is the center of family activities and the place to entertain guests. On both sides are bedrooms separated by wooden boards or bamboo sticks, and outsiders are not allowed to enter. The building structure of Dai bamboo building is generally simple, but it is very spacious, unique and beautiful, and the indoor ventilation is also very good. Sitting indoors, I only feel the breeze slowly and the flowers and fruits are fragrant.

Building bamboo houses is an important event in Dai family life. According to the traditional custom, it is necessary to choose a good place and lay a good foundation before erecting columns and beams. The most important thing in a bamboo building is the central column. There are usually eight central columns. Choosing the center pillar is a serious and solemn matter. When the pillars are transported from the mountains into the village, everyone will meet them and splash water to bless them. There is another custom of the Dai people: one family builds a house and the whole village helps. When the new building is completed, a ceremony of "Building Bamboo House" will be held. At this time, people from all stockaded villages flocked to the village, beaming and as lively as festivals. At the same time, please "Zanha" (singer) sing the song "Congratulations on the new house", which is said to be auspicious, safe and prosperous.

Yunnan minority dwellings

Due to the different natural environment and technology in different areas, Bai folk houses have created a variety of residential forms. Most of the Bai people in mountainous areas live in single rooms or two connected "stacked wooden houses" or "bamboo fence houses". Most Bai people in the dam area live in tile houses with civil structures. Its layout takes the form of "three rooms and one wall", "one front ear and two ears" or "four entrances and five patios", and the courtyard is spacious and sunny. Most people also have flower beds, planting camellia, pomegranate, hanging flowers, torreya grandis and other flowers and trees, flowers and plants overflowing, beautiful and comfortable environment. Bai people attach great importance to the construction of zhaobi and gatehouse. The wall is painted with white ash, and celebrities write "colorful dry red", "Oriental rising sun" or "blessing" and "longevity" as auspicious symbols. The surrounding gables are also painted with various landscapes, flowers and birds, insects and fish patterns, and the decoration in every corner is very particular, giving people a lively, even, symmetrical, harmonious and beautiful feeling. The gatehouse has a unique style, which integrates the artistic wisdom of the Bai people into the architectural installations. Generally, archways overlap and the corners are staggered, and there are three-dimensional patterns such as clay sculpture, wood carving, stone carving, embossed blue bricks and marble. Its beautiful shape and rigorous structure can be compared with temples, pavilions and pavilions in the mainland. Many door leaves are composed of three-story embossed patterns such as flowers, birds, insects and fish figures, which are exquisite and beautiful. Some gatehouses and partitions don't need a nail, they just need to be connected by digging holes, but they are very strong. All these fully show that the Bai people have a high level of architectural art.

One of the Features of Yi People's Dwellings —— Earth Barrier House

In Yi areas, from village settlements to residential addresses, there are various forms of bedroom buildings inherited from various places and branches, which are closely related to local living customs. From the separation of rooms to the stacking of articles; From the architectural structure to the beliefs and taboos of folk houses, they all show unique ethnic customs.

Residential characteristics

Yi people in villages are a nation engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and the distribution and location of villages have their own unique inheritance. Most villages of the Yi nationality are located in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas with an altitude of 2,000-3,000 meters, and live together along ethnic groups. Generally choose to build along the sunny foothills, mostly on hillsides and ridges, with fewer foothills and valleys. "Yuanyang County Records" records: "Yi people mostly live in mountainous areas with magnificent mountains and rivers and rich resources. The village is surrounded by mountains and rivers and terraces. There are mountains behind the village for grazing, fields in front of the village for farming, and most villages have a ditch flowing through them. "

Folk houses are located in the southwest of China, and the Yi people are widely distributed. Therefore, the types of folk houses are complicated to adapt to the natural geographical environment and climatic conditions in different regions, or influenced by other ethnic groups, but Yi folk houses are widely representative among all ethnic groups. Generally speaking, the types of Yi folk houses can be divided into the following categories: tile houses, adobe houses, flash houses, log houses, thatched houses and so on.

Living customs Yi people are monogamous and monogamous. After marriage, their children build new houses and start their own businesses. Only the youngest son lives with his parents. Yi people have spacious courtyards, which are suitable for production and life, especially for weddings and funerals. In the living room, the main hall is dedicated to the ancestors of heaven and earth against the wall, and there are incense burners and statues of tigers and lions on the table; The square table is placed in the center to receive guests; On the left, there is a perennial fire pit made of three stones, commonly known as "Pot Village", which is used to keep warm from the cold and make tea with hot water. Around the fire pit, there is a place for families to sit around and discuss. The rooms on both sides of the main room are the bedrooms of the husband, son and wife, and also store valuables. Generally, the eldest son is on the left and the second son is on the right. The elderly, children and guest rooms are located in the side hall. There is a mill behind the gate, a granary upstairs and a stable downstairs.

Yi folk architecture

Most of them are built on slopes. Take stone as the wall foundation, build a wall with adobe or soil, put a beam on the wall, spread a board, batten or bamboo on the beam, and then spread a layer of soil on it. Sprinkling water will form a platform roof, which will not leak rain. The threshing floor on the roof has started again. Some girders are placed on wooden columns, padded with wood, covered with thatch or straw, covered with soil and compacted with fine soil. Most of them are bungalows, but there are also two or three floors.