Dezhou donkey began in the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, a donkey variety with both meat and meat was formed in China, which has a history of more than 300 years. Dezhou was an important land hub in Qing Dynasty, with developed water transport. Known as the gateway to Beijing and Tianjin, it is an important commercial town in China. Therefore, the surrounding businessmen and farmers often use donkeys to ship all kinds of materials to Texas for commodity trading. After a long time, Texas has gradually become a distribution center for donkeys, hence the name "dezhou donkey". At present, dezhou donkey is mainly distributed in Dezhou, Binzhou, Cangzhou and other places, and it is one of the excellent livestock and poultry breeds in China.
The black donkeys in Dezhou can be divided into "Sanfen" and "Aconitum" according to their coat color, showing different physique and genetic types. Three powders: the whole body is pure black, only the nose, eyes and abdomen are white, the limbs are thin and stiff, the tendons and veins are obvious, the hooves are high and small, the skin is thin and capillary, the head is handsome, the ears are upright, the weight is light and the steps are light. Aconitum: The whole body is black without any abnormal hair, with thick parts, heavy limbs, low and large hooves, a lopsided figure and a wide and deep chest. It can be called the "heavy donkey" of existing donkey breeds in China, and the quality of mules and horses is particularly good.
Dezhou donkey is tall, well-proportioned, beautiful and square, with a good combination of head, neck and trunk. There are three kinds of coat colors: white around the nose, white around the eyes, white under the abdomen, and the rest are black) and aconite (black hair all over the body). Body measurements of adult breeding donkeys: male donkey height 142 cm, body length 143.6 cm, bust 152.8 cm, tube circumference 18.7 cm, female donkey 140, 137. The front of the donkey is wide, the head and neck are high, the eyes are sharp, the mouth is big and fierce, the back and waist are straight, the hips are slightly inclined, the ribs and arches are round, the limbs are strong, the joints are obvious, and the hooves are round and strong. The average height of dezhou donkey is 130 ~ 135 cm, and some can reach 155 cm.
Dezhou donkey is developing rapidly. 12 ~ 15 months old sexual maturity, 2.5 years old began to reproduce. 1 year-old foals are more than 85% taller than adult donkeys. Donkeys generally have a regular estrus, and can give birth to about 10 foals in their lifetime. A good donkey is 25 years old and has a pony. Donkeys have a strong sexual desire. Under normal circumstances, the amount of ejaculation is 70 ml, sometimes reaching 180 ml, and the semen quality is good. As a meat donkey, the slaughter rate can be as high as 54%, and the meat yield is high. It is an excellent male parent variety improved by little donkey. A single donkey cart weighs 750 kilograms and travels 40 ~ 45 kilometers every day, which can last for many days. Tension accounts for 75% of body weight.
Dezhou donkey has early sexual maturity, usually at the age of 64 ~ 62 days. Male and female donkeys can be bred at the age of 4 12. The female donkey has obvious estrus characteristics and is easy to get pregnant, and can give birth to about 65 ponies in her life. Male donkeys have strong sexual desire and good semen quality. In addition to pure breeding, it can also be used as an excellent variety to improve local donkeys. Taking dezhou donkey as the male parent, and crossing with local mares in Mongolia and Xinjiang, mules with good quality can be produced.
Donkey meat has health care functions such as enriching blood, benefiting qi and tonifying deficiency. Eating donkey meat is also rising in Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and other places, which shows that there is great potential for developing and raising donkey meat. According to the analysis, every 100g donkey meat contains protein 18.6g, fat 0.76g, calcium 100mg, phosphorus 144mg and iron 13.6mg, and its effective nutritional components are no less than those of cattle, rabbits and dogs. Snacks include Shandong donkey sauce, donkey sauce flavored donkey buns, donkey lotus fragrant donkey buns, donkey yam donkey noodles, donkey hot pot and so on.
The price of donkey seedlings in dezhou donkey (for reference only)
Adult female donkey: 2-4 years old, weight (about 260 kg) Price: 3500-4500 yuan.
Little donkey: 0.5- 1 year weight (1 15-200 kg) Price: 1800-3000 yuan.
Male horse: about 2 years old, weighing (270-350kg) Price: 7000 yuan-12000 yuan.
Little donkey: age 1 year weight (about 200 kg) Price: 3000-4000 yuan.
How much is a catty of Dezhou donkey meat?
At present, the price of contract donkeys recovered from a donkey-hide gelatin factory is 18.8 yuan/kg, while the market price is only 17.2~ 18.2 yuan/kg, which is lower than last year's price 1~ 1.5 yuan/kg. However, the price of donkeys was somewhat abnormal last year. The price of donkeys and the price of adult donkeys are rising sharply. In addition to the small number of live donkeys, it is closely related to everyone's crazy admission and hype.
Take 20 16 as an example, the price of adult donkeys has been maintained at around 16~ 17 yuan/kg, and even this price can only be barely accepted by the end consumer market. Last year, the price of adult donkey was almost equal to 20 yuan/kg, fresh donkey meat must reach 40 yuan/kg, and donkey skin must reach 3,400 yuan/piece.
Raising dezhou donkey to make money? At present, there are two ways to breed commercial donkeys:
First, buy a female donkey to breed a pony, fatten it up and sell it.
This method has a long breeding cycle. You need to buy an adult Texas female donkey at a price of about 12000 yuan, and you can have two foals in three years. At the end of three years, after the second foal lactation, the first foal has grown into an adult donkey, and the price is about 10000 yuan. Plus the price of the second pony after weaning, the total income for three years is 1 10,000 yuan.
Donkey cost: 1 100 days (3 years) × 1.5 yuan = 1650 yuan; The first pony was sold at 1 year-old for 7 months (570 days), in which the first 6 months (180 days) were mainly breastfeeding, and the feeding cost was: (570- 180) days × 1 yuan ≈400 yuan; The third pony was sold at the age of six months. Before selling, it was mainly breast-feeding, regardless of the feeding cost.
The cost of breeding twice is 100×2=200 yuan. The cost is 1650+400+200=2250 yuan), and the income from raising a female donkey for three years is 10000 yuan. After deducting the costs of feed, utilities, epidemic prevention and transportation, the average income of raising a female donkey is about 3600 yuan/head.
Second, directly buy fattening donkeys for breeding and sales.
It takes a long time to fatten every 100 meat donkey. The price of buying a half-year-old pony (dezhou donkey) is about 500,000 yuan, and the price of breeding and fattening for about 7 months is about 900,000 yuan.
The average breeding cost per hundred meat donkeys is 300 yuan/day, including 200 kg of concentrated feed and 700-800 kg of roughage. The fattening cost per hundred donkeys is about 63,000 yuan (excluding infrastructure and equipment). The 7-month breeding benefit is 400,000 yuan/100 head.
If 100 meat donkeys need short-term fattening, the donkey money cost is 500,000 yuan, and the demand for forage is about 63,000 yuan (labor cost and manure cost are balanced). A total of 563,000 yuan.
The growth situation reached 680-750 kg, calculated by 6 yuan/kg, totaling more than 400,000 yuan. In other words, the net profit exceeds 6.5438+0.5 million yuan (the market price of live donkeys varies from place to place).
The price of donkey meat will go up during the Spring Festival. If the conditions of farmers are suitable, you can choose this breeding method to seek market benefits during the festival.
Market prospect of raising donkeys. Dezhou donkey is a good raw material for cooking donkey-hide gelatin because of its big head, thick skin and high gum yield. According to Dong 'e Ejiao Group's calculation, the industry needs 6.5438+0.3 million pieces of donkey skins a year, while the domestic supply of donkey skins is only 400,000 pieces, so there is a big market vacancy. At the same time, with the improvement of people's living standards, people consume more and more donkey meat, and there are more and more cooked donkey meat products, gift boxes, health care products and donkey meat catering chains. Many famous places such as Baodian donkey meat, donkey meat fire and donkey banquet are very popular. The trend of eating donkey meat is also rising in Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and the consumption prospect of donkey meat is broad. The donkey meat in Dezhou is tall, and the meat yield is above 50%, which is very popular among catering operators.
The breeding benefit is stable. Dezhou donkey has the advantages of wide eating habits, strong adaptability and disease resistance, easy management, rapid reproduction, low cost, easy feeding, rough feeding tolerance and so on, and can be used for both house feeding and grazing. Dezhou donkey is a grain-saving livestock. All kinds of weeds, leaves and crop straws are good feed for raising donkeys, and 5 kg of coarse grains per day is enough. Concentrated feed is mainly composed of corn, bean cake and bran, and 1kg per day is enough. The benefit of breeding in dezhou donkey is much more stable than that of pigs and chickens.
According to the calculation of local farmers, the price of donkeys is now more than 8.00 yuan per kilogram, and a donkey can grow to more than 300 kilograms in a year and a half. Excluding the cost of 2000 yuan, you can still make a profit of more than 3000 yuan. The average farmer can raise 30 heads with an annual income of about 60,000 yuan. The performance of improved varieties is outstanding. After strict natural selection and artificial breeding, dezhou donkey is a valuable raw material for cultivating high-quality, high-yield and low-consumption livestock breeds and taking advantage of hybridization. All places can be introduced as improved varieties, and local donkeys can be improved by hybridization, or they can be bred purely and fattened with their hybrid offspring. At present, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shaanxi and other places are purchasing dezhou donkey to improve local donkeys and actively developing and producing donkey products, which has achieved good economic benefits.