Wuzhou Zhongshan memorial hall
Wuzhou Long Mu Temple
Zhongshan Park of Wuzhou
Wuzhou Long Mu Temple
Wuzhou qilou building
Wanxiu District is a municipal district under the jurisdiction of Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
Wanxiu District is located in the east of Wuzhou City, bordering Fengkai County in the east, Xia Ying Town in Dieshan District in the north, Liubao Town and Libu Town in Cangwu County in the west and south, and facing Dieshan District across the river. 400 kilometers west of Nanning, the capital of the autonomous region; It is 436 kilometers and 384 kilometers east of Hong Kong and Macao. Geographical location: east longitude11018'-140', north latitude 22 37'-2418', with a total area of 406.92 square kilometers.
The development of history
Since the sixth year of Ding Yuan in Han Dynasty (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), Wan Xiu area has been the city wall of Wuzhou, where counties, prefectures, prefectures, roads and counties are located. In the 23rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1897), after Wuzhou was established as a trading port, Wan Xiu became the throat artery, water gateway, commercial center and hub of department stores in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. When Sun Yat-sen led the army in the Northern Expedition, he was stationed there three times. 1925, China * * * production party successively established Wuzhou branch, Wuzhou prefectural party Committee, Guangxi prefectural party Committee and Guangxi provisional provincial party Committee to lead the people of Guangxi in their revolutionary struggle. Zhou Enlai inspected the city to guide the revolutionary work. After liberation, Wuzhou Municipal Committee, Municipal People's Government, Municipal People's Congress, CPPCC, Municipal People's Court, Municipal People's Armed Forces Department and other organs and troops have been stationed there for a long time.
economic development
This area is the main concentration area of Wuzhou's domestic and foreign trade, with all kinds of shops all over the streets, thriving catering and entertainment services, numerous restaurants and hotels, and many dishes are well-known at home and abroad. Cultural relics include the former site of Guangxi local committee and special committee, Zhongshan Memorial Hall, Gui Jiang Chunfan, Baiyun Mountain and Long Mu Temple. Over the past 50 years, Wanxiu District has undergone earth-shaking changes, the socialist economy has developed rapidly and urban construction has changed with each passing day. Especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, Wanxiu District People's Government has made remarkable achievements in national economic and social development, centering on economic construction, towards the general goal of establishing a socialist market economic system and realizing a well-off life for the people, emancipating the mind, renewing ideas, and accelerating the pace of reform and opening up. In 200 1 year, the total industrial output value was 330 million yuan, which was 37.078 times of 890,000 yuan in 1959; The fiscal revenue was 69.05 million yuan, 9.63 times of 7167,000 yuan in the year when the fiscal system was established. In 2002, the total industrial output value of Wanxiu District was 364 million yuan (including 275 million yuan of total industrial output value and 77 million yuan of industrial added value), and the fiscal revenue was 60.82 million yuan.
Architectural evolution
Wanxiu District has been the city wall of Wuzhou since the sixth year of Han Dynasty (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), and it is the seat of counties, prefectures, prefectures, roads and counties. 1June, 950, the Municipal People's Government established four towns in this area: East, South, North and City. 195 1 year1kloc-0/month, the river office was established. In May, 1953, the people's governments of the first, second and aquatic areas were established from the town. 1In August, 955, the municipal government was abolished and nine offices were set up in Chengzhong, Chengbei, Heping, Dahe, Fuhe (Gui Jiang), Xiaguan, Honglou, Shigu and Nandi. 1September, 958, the office was cancelled and three district offices were established, namely, south, north and water. 1April, 960, renamed Baiyun, Wanshou and Yuanjiang respectively. 196 1 year1October, Wanshou people's commune was divided into Wanshou people's commune and Baihua people's commune. In June, 1 1, Wanshou District Office and Baihua District Office were established, integrating administration and society. In the same month, Baiyun People's Commune was divided into Baiyun People's Commune and Shigu People's Commune. In February 65438, Baiyun District Office and Shigu District Office were established.1August 962, Wanshou and Baihua merged into Wanshou People's Commune (District). Baiyun and Shigu merged into Baiyun People's Commune (District). 1September, 968, the district office was abolished, Wanshou People's Commune was changed to Red Star People's Commune Revolutionary Committee, and Baiyun People's Commune was changed to Dongfanghong People's Commune Revolutionary Committee. Change Yuanjiang People's Commune into Dongfeng People's Commune Revolutionary Committee. 1February, 979, the revolutionary committees of three people's communes, namely Red Star, Dongfanghong and Dongfeng, were abolished and replaced by revolutionary committees of three districts, namely Wan Xiu, Baiyun and Yuanjiang. 1In August, 980, the Revolutionary Committee was revoked and the people's governments of Wan Xiu, Baiyun and Yuanjiang were established. 1September, 984, Yuanjiang District was revoked and merged into Baiyun District. 1August, 990, Baiyun District was revoked and merged into Wanxiu District. At this point, the jurisdiction of Wanxiu District includes all the urban areas east of Gui Jiang and north of Xijiang River. 1992, Wan Xiu was divided into four sub-district offices: north, middle, east and south, with 6 1 neighborhood committees under its jurisdiction. On August 26th, 2002, the urban community management system was implemented. Twenty-three community neighborhood committees including Zhongshan, Dadong, Yungai, Shigu, Heyuan, Yunlong, Tangyuan, Wu Fang, Nanzhong, Fumin, Bingquan, Pingtung, Pingxi, Democracy, Sifang, Zhengdong, Beishan, Guibei, Baihua, Qianjian, Baiyun, Ji Hua and Gui Jiang were established, and the original 6 1 was cancelled. In February, 2003 (the State Council's reply time was 65438+ 10), the division of municipal districts in Wuzhou City was adjusted, and Wang Fu Town in Cangwu County and Chengdong Town in the suburbs were added to Wanxiu District, and Tangyuan Community was placed under the jurisdiction of Dieshan District. The total area of the region is 406.92 square kilometers, an increase of 402 square kilometers over the previous year. It has jurisdiction over 2 towns, 4 sub-district offices, 16 villagers' committees and 22 community neighborhood committees, with a total of 46 134 households and a total population of154,200.
natural environment
Wanxiu district is located on the tropic of cancer and belongs to the monsoon climate zone in the south of subtropical zone. With abundant sunshine and rainfall, the summer is long and rainy, and the winter is short without severe cold. The annual average temperature is 265438 0.0℃. The annual average sunshine hours are 1823.5 hours. Disastrous weather is mainly thunderstorms and strong winds, which mostly appear in April-September. Wanxiu District is located on the banks of Guangxi, Xunzi and West Sanjiang, with its back against mountains and water. Urban buildings are distributed in floodplain, floodplain terrace, super floodplain first terrace, super floodplain second terrace and hilly area. Most of the houses in the urban area are built on the floodplain terrace, and the industrial area in the urban area is located on the first terrace outside the floodplain.
Baiyun Mountain in the northeast of Wanxiu District is the highest peak in the city, with an altitude of 367 meters. Rivers flowing through the city include Gui Jiang, Jiang Xun and Xijiang. Northern Guangxi enters from Cangwu County, flows through the urban area 18km, and joins the Jiangxun River at the triangle mouth, which is called Xijiang River. It flows through the urban area 13km and flows eastward into Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. June to August is the main flood season every year. The highest water level in history is 27.07m (July 2005 19 10), and the lowest water level is1.90m (April 2005 1902). The earliest flood season is 65438+.
industrial development
Wanxiu District has a long industrial history. During the Western Han Dynasty, ceramics were abundant here. Individual sewing shops and handicraft workshops of cast iron and copper appeared in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Today's Qian Jian is the place where Wuzhou Yuanfeng (107 1- 1085) made money in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, textiles, printing and dyeing, shoes and hats, leather and leather products were very popular. In the 28th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1902), Fuan and Tianhe shipbuilding and repairing enterprises were established on the east coast of Gui Jiang. At that time, the special foods such as snake wine, soy sauce, bacon, ice spring soybean milk, moldy bean curd residue and so on in the urban area were quite tasty. In the 4th year of the Republic of China (19 15), Yu Rui, a businessman, set up an electric power company on the left side of Longmu Temple in Guilin Road.
After liberation, in the early 1950s, the industry in Wanxiu District was dominated by street industry and collective ownership. Unemployed street workers were organized to set up production and processing groups to help themselves in production and produce some daily necessities and some small farm tools. After 1953, the street industry gradually realized the transformation from small-scale production to socialized large-scale production through industrial and commercial transformation and cooperative transformation. 1958, in the mass movement of all private industries, 15 street industrial factory was set up with self-raised funds of 7,000 yuan, with 54 employees1person, and the principle of "six possessions" was adhered to (focusing on self-accumulation, existing conditions, comprehensive utilization, existing technology, self-made equipment, small scale). From 1959, the total industrial output value is 890,000 yuan. By 1965, there are 36 factories and enterprises in the urban area with 1790 employees. The total industrial output value is 7 1 1 ten thousand yuan. Including metal products manufacturing, building materials, textiles, sewing, wood, stationery, chemistry, glass, food and other industries, more than 600 products in 9 categories.
1August, 970, there were 30 factories in the urban area under the municipal management, leaving only the street office with its own production team. The total industrial output value of that year was1350,000 yuan, less than 1969 1/6. 197 1 year later, factories and enterprises in urban areas reopened and street industries gradually recovered. 1976, the total industrial output value of the urban area was 8.08 million yuan.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, urban economic work has developed rapidly, with a total industrial output value of/kloc-0.002 million yuan, ranking second among all urban areas in Guangxi. 193, the total industrial output value was 200.4 million yuan, the fiscal revenue was 33.2 million yuan, and the tax profit of regional enterprises was/kloc-0.5/kloc-0.30 million yuan. The total industrial output value in urban areas increased by 1 100 million yuan, accounting for 10% of the city's net increase in that year. By 200 1, industrial development in urban areas has begun to take shape, with 98 industrial enterprises (including 6 above scale and 92 below scale), and the total industrial output value (at constant prices) is 336 million yuan, an increase of 35.90 times compared with 1978. Categories include machinery, electrical appliances, food, casting, chemical industry, printing and so on. There are Wulichong Industrial Zone, Qianjian Industrial Zone, Wang Bu Industrial Zone, Liyuchong Industrial Zone and Eastern Export Industrial Corridor. The main products are automobile generators, food, health products, kitchen utensils, boilers, safes, springs, compound fertilizers, furniture, slimming soap, shampoo and other products. In 2002, the total industrial output value was 364 million yuan.
Key enterprises within the jurisdiction: shipbuilding enterprises include Gui Jiang Shipyard and Wuzhou South China Shipbuilding Machinery Factory, food enterprises include Wuzhou Protein Casing Factory, the largest soybean milk crystal producer in China, Wuzhou Bingquan Food Industry Company, and building materials industries include Wuzhou Wuyi Plastic Factory and other large and medium-sized enterprises.
foreign trade
During the Three Kingdoms period, there was foreign trade in the jurisdiction, and the main import and export commodities were gold, silver, jade and exotic fruits. After Tang and Song Dynasties, ceramics, salt, Gu Mi, cloth, raw silk and tea were the main export commodities. In the 23rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1897), Wuzhou became the distribution center of commodity trade in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. The main export commodities at that time were Gu Mi, firewood, tung oil, raw silk, Chinese herbal medicines, livestock and other agricultural and sideline products; Imported goods mainly include cotton yarn, cloth, Wujinjiaodian products, etc. Matches, western medicine, kerosene and dyes, etc. From the 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty to the year of 17 in the Republic of China (1905- 1928), the annual income of Wuzhou Customs was the lowest of 322,000 and the highest of 742,000. Its total export value accounts for 80% of Guangxi. More than 70% of Guangxi's fiscal revenue comes from Wuzhou. Subsequently, affected by the Japanese invasion and the civil war launched by the Kuomintang, the urban trade market was once suffocated. By 1949, there are only 100 export enterprises left.
After liberation, foreign trade in urban areas became increasingly prosperous, and 1 1 professional import and export company and two foreign transportation companies were established successively. There are more than 400 varieties and more than 2,000 commodities engaged in import and export, and they have trade with many countries and regions in the world. During the 52 years from 1950 to 200 1, the total export value accounted for nearly 1/4 of Guangxi's total export earnings in the same period. .
The foreign trade in urban areas started from 1993, when foreign capital was used for 387,500 US dollars. 1995, the export trade volume is 6,602,300 USD. The mode of foreign trade has gradually developed from the traditional self-operated export to self-operated, joint venture, export agent, compensation trade, processing with supplied materials, leasing trade, joint venture, cooperative operation and sole proprietorship. The main export commodities are food, Chinese patent medicine, non-ferrous metals, precious stones, toys, clothing, handicrafts, furniture, rosin and so on. In the middle and late 1990s, various preferential policies for economic development were introduced in urban areas, which provided excellent services for investors in land use, taxation, real estate development, domestic and foreign investment, foreign trade processing and investment protection, and attracted more investors. Since 1993, domestic and foreign investors have invested and set up more than 1000 enterprises in urban areas, among which multinational enterprises with internationally renowned brands, the world's largest fast food chain enterprise "McDonald's Restaurant Wuzhou No.1 Branch", Baoyi Huajian, Global Trading Co., Ltd. and other enterprises have been successfully introduced. By 200 1, there are 4 172 urban individual enterprises with 5230 employees; There are more than 200 private enterprises with more than 400 employees. During the period of 1993-200 1, the total export trade was $3 1405400, and the total foreign investment was $26.3275 million. The urban area was awarded the advanced unit of attracting investment in 2000 and 200 1 year by the Municipal People's Government. In 2002, there were 107 newly established enterprises in urban areas, with a total foreign trade export value of $654.38+570,000 and actually utilized foreign capital of $4.95 million.
business economy
Wanxiu District is the old commercial city of Wuzhou. In the Song Dynasty, workshops were established for trade. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 1 1 square hours in the urban areas. Among them, Chengnan City and Fudong City are the most lively. In addition, there is a water night market. At that time, the catering industry was quite prosperous, and there were Cantonese teahouses and pubs in downtown areas. After Wuzhou became a commercial port, Guangdong businessmen came to Wuzhou one after another to set up shops in Shajie, Sifangjing and Ximenkou in the urban area. Brokerage industries such as Pingyuanzi, flower yarn shop and specialty shop (referring to opium industry) came into being. Businessmen from Britain, Portugal, France and the United States have also set up foreign companies to dump foreign goods. In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), there were more than 1000 firms in urban areas. Commercial tax accounts for 30% of Guangxi's fiscal revenue. Before War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, there were more than 1 1,000 people engaged in business; During the depression, there were six or seven thousand people, the highest in Guangxi.
After liberation, there were state-owned department stores, textiles, tobacco and alcohol, food, hardware and electric materials, chemicals, salt industry, petroleum and other secondary wholesale stations and companies. By 1956, there are more than 2,000 commercial and catering service outlets, most of which are collective, private and individual. Subsequently, it was transformed into state-owned and collective enterprises, and the number of outlets was reduced from 1965 to more than 260. During the Cultural Revolution, the number of outlets continued to decrease. After 1978, while playing the role of the main channel of state-owned commerce, we will develop collective, private and individual businesses, restore the agricultural and sideline products market, and open the commodity market. The indoor market is gradually replacing the outdoor market. The larger markets are Nanzhong, Qianjian, Guibei, Dadong, Confucius Temple and Wanshou Palace. Baiyun, Beishan, New World, Wufeng, Wuzhou, Zhonghuan, Guotai, Telecom, Dongsheng, Zhongshan, Nanfang, Xindongtian and other new restaurants, restaurants and markets 10. Construction of clothing, household appliances, furniture, jewelry, food, vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry, aquatic products, building materials and other professional wholesale markets 10, hardware and household appliances, daily necessities, sugar, tobacco and alcohol, non-staple food and other professional wholesale and retail streets 18. Use the area along the river to open a midnight snack street. Develop a shopping food city with a total construction area of 1.65438+ 10,000 square meters on Zhu Min Road and Xijiang Road. 200 1 investment100,000 yuan to build the first 600-meter-long commercial pedestrian street with the characteristics of Lingnan arcade, which integrates tourism, sightseeing, shopping, catering and leisure. Since its opening in June of that year, more than 10 million tourists have come here for sightseeing and shopping. In 2002 it was 10. There are 499 shops in the venue, and nearly 30 well-known brand stores such as McDonald's, motorcycle salons, tea houses, cafes, bookstores and jewelry, which have created more favorable conditions for cultivating and developing Wuzhou's commercial market, creating an excellent tourist city, building the East Gate and opening the East Passage.
fiscal levy
Before 1987, the urban finance was managed by the Municipal Finance Bureau. Wanxiu District Finance Bureau was established in 1988. The fiscal revenue of that year was 7 16700 yuan. 1993 The management mode of "whoever invests will benefit" was adopted for the market tax, which was 29157,000 yuan in that year. From 65438 to 0994, the reform of fiscal and taxation system promoted the growth of fiscal and taxation revenue, and the tax revenue in that year was 22.265 million yuan. 1995, the tax revenue was 41490,000 yuan, an increase of 1.86 times over the previous year. After 1996, affected by the economic environment, the fiscal revenue decreased year by year. After 1999, the urban economy developed in an orderly manner and the fiscal revenue gradually picked up. In 200 1 year, the fiscal revenue was 69.05 million yuan, which was 0.66 times higher than that in 1995. Compared with 1988, it increased by 9.63 times. The total fiscal revenue in 2002 was 60.82 million yuan.
Fiscal revenue mainly comes from industrial and commercial tax, enterprise income tax and special income. The main expenditure is used for capital construction, enterprise potential transformation, culture, education and health, departmental expenditure, administrative expenditure, urban maintenance expenditure, pension, social welfare relief, militia expenditure and other projects.
People's lives
During the Republic of China, people's income was meager and life was difficult. After liberation, in 1950- 1957, residents were organized to help themselves in production, and employment opportunities increased and their lives were relatively stable. 1958- 196 1 year, affected by natural disasters, residents scrimped and saved. From the mid-1960s to the 1970s, people maintained adequate food and clothing, and the growth of household income and consumption level was slow. After 1980s, especially from 65438 to 0989-2000, people's living income increased greatly. By 2000, the per capita disposable income of residents was 552 1 yuan, and the per capita consumption expenditure of residents was 4604 yuan. Among them, food is 2046 yuan, 2.52 times of 1989 8 10.50 yuan; Clothing costs 233 yuan, 2.55 times that of 1989 9 1.36 yuan; Household equipment supplies and services 338 yuan; Medical treatment 248 yuan; Traffic Communication 3 14 yuan; Entertainment, education and cultural services are 432 yuan; Live at 84 1 yuan. Every 100 households have 20 air conditioners, 66 refrigerators and/or 0/2 home computers. In addition, color TV sets, washing machines, stereos, advanced cameras, motorcycles, cars, mobile phones and other commodities have been owned by many families. In 200 1 year, the per capita disposable income of residents is 5837 yuan, and the per capita consumption expenditure of residents is 5 1 16 yuan; Every 100 households have 29 air conditioners, 7 1 refrigerators and 71home computers. The per capita disposable income of residents in the following year was 6282 yuan.
Social welfare undertakings have developed. By 200 1, there are 10 welfare homes for the elderly (including 2 public and 8 private). There are 332 people living in welfare homes. 2,432 people (including 5 17 employees of regional enterprises) enjoyed the minimum living security system for urban residents, reaching 100%, achieving the goal of ensuring all the benefits.
city construction
In the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (BC 183), a city and a wall were built in the urban area, with a perimeter of 424 meters and an area of1.1.2000 square meters. In the fourth year of Tang Wude (62 1), the city wall was expanded to 880 meters, covering an area of 48,400 square meters. In the first year of Song Kaibao (968), a brick wall was built with a perimeter of 1 120m and an area of 78,400 square meters. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city wall was built many times, with a circumference of 2,750 meters and a height of 7.26 meters. It has three doors in the east, north and south and three environments. 14 (1925), on the original wall foundation and pond, the wall was demolished and roads were built, and more than 30 streets such as North Ring Road, South Ring Road, West Ring Road, East Ring Road and Tangji Street were built. Before liberation, municipal construction was relatively backward, with many bamboo and wood houses and narrow roads.
In 1950s, binjiang road Canal, Zhongshan Road Canal, Juren Market, Gui Jiang Pontoon Bridge and Beishan Park were built successively. In the 1960s, industrial zones such as Qianjian and Tangyuan were opened one after another. Two tunnels, Baihua and Beishan, and an underground shopping mall on Zhongshan Road were built, which expanded the urban area. 1978, according to the unified urban planning, adjust the urban construction while building. After 1992, under the guidance of the idea of "widening thoroughfare, developing big market and building five continents", the old city was rebuilt and several high-rise buildings such as Guotai Plaza were built along the river and in the downtown business center. The urban government invested1000000 yuan to transform small streets and beautify green communities. The third phase of the peace project and the first phase of the pedestrian street will be completed. The second phase of Zhengdong project is stepping up construction. The city is full of new residential buildings. On February 25th, 20001year, the construction of Hedong flood dike was started, with an estimated total investment of 324 million yuan. By June 2003, the total investment of the project had reached 290 million yuan, accounting for 89.50% of the total investment plan, and the water retaining wall with a total length of 3.7 1 km was completed according to the design requirements. In August, 2002, the first city of Wuzhou arcade was listed as the fifth largest project to build Guangxi Dongdamen in Wuzhou.
By the end of 1996, there were 44 lanes in the urban area, with a length of 36,200m and an area of 317300m2, of which the cement pavement was 7,200m long and an area of 86,000m2. Asphalt pavement length 10800 m, area 10 1800 m2; Mudstone pavement is 7,800 meters, with an area of 50,800 square meters, sidewalks of 82,500 square meters and 42 small streets and alleys, with a length of 4. 1 1 km, an area of 1. 1.800 square meters and a length of 705,438+0.995.
transport
17 (1928), in 26 years of the Republic of China, there were buses operating in the urban area, which closed down after a short time. 1959, Bus No.2, with a running line of 4.20km.. From the mid-1960s to the 1980s, Gui Jiang No.1 Bridge and Gui Jiang No.2 Bridge were built one after another, connecting the traffic between Hedong and Hexi. 1September, 1995, Wufeng (Fengkai, Guangdong) first-class highway was opened to traffic, connecting with Guangdong first-class highway. Baihua Tunnel, Beishan Tunnel, Longchuanchong Tunnel and Zhongshan Road underground shopping mall (tunnel) were also built, and Yunlong Bridge and Yuanjiang Bridge were erected in the urban area. Gui Jiang No.1 Bridge, Gui Jiang No.2 Bridge, lianhua bridge, Zizhu Bridge. Water transport within the jurisdiction reaches 623 kilometers upstream of the river, and reaches the capital Nanning via Guiping and Guixian. 408 kilometers downstream, you can reach Guangzhou. To Hong Kong, Macao and other ports, there are 300-500-ton ships sailing all the year round. There are 120-500-ton ships sailing on inland waterways all year round. The land management route has expanded from the Wuhan-Fuzhou-Ba-Bu line and the Wuhan-Chongqing-Forestry line in the 1950s to cities and towns in Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan provinces. 1In February, 1994, the second-class highway from Wuzhou to Guangdong started construction (completed in September the following year). In April, the passenger ship Wuzhou made its maiden voyage to Hong Kong. In April, 1996, the East Ring Road and the Yunlong Bridge in Xijiang started construction (it was completed and opened to traffic in July, 1998). On September 5, 2002, the widening and reconstruction project of the east exit road in the urban area started. The total length is 1.4km, starting from the north bank of Qiaotou, Yu Yunlong, and connecting with Longquanchong gas station. The road is designed according to the first-class highway standard, with four lanes and cement concrete structure. The whole project duration is 12 months and was completed in September 2003.
20 19, 1 1, Wanxiu District was included in the list of ecological counties (cities, districts) at the autonomous region level in Guangxi on 20 19.
On February 2 17, 2 1, Wanxiu District was included in the list of counties (cities, districts) with basically balanced development of compulsory education in China in 20 16.