Definition of general contracting of projects
General contracting refers to contracting the whole process or several stages of design, procurement, construction and trial operation of a construction project according to the contract. The general project contract can be the whole process contract or the phased contract. The contract stipulates the scope, contracting methods, responsibilities and rights of the general contracting of the project.
Organization of project general contracting management
Top management should ensure that the responsibilities and authority of relevant positions in the organization are assigned, communicated and understood. In the quality management system requirements GB/T 1900 1, "organization" is defined as a person or a group of people whose functions are composed of responsibilities, authorities and relationships. Organizational structure is a framework system for assigning, combining and coordinating tasks formally determined by organizations. In the actual project management activities, senior managers should set up a reasonable organizational structure, establish a project management mechanism, and allocate functions and rights, including selecting suitable personnel to engage in a certain job. Organizational structure and posts are not static, so it should be optimized and adjusted in combination with the internal and external environment of the organization in order to improve organizational performance and achieve organizational goals. From the perspective of organizational behavior, it is very important to form a general contracting project team in project management. Without a high-quality team, there will be no high-quality project. Establishing a suitable project management team according to the project objectives is the premise and guarantee for the success of the project.
Relevant requirements of general contracting projects
In the quality management system requirements GB/T 1900 1, "requirement" is a concrete and clear embodiment of the needs or expectations of customers or other interested parties. The needs and expectations of customers and interested parties are sometimes vague and abstract. Make these needs and expectations clear, clear and direct, and a "requirement" will be formed. The organization should not only know the requirements of customers for products and services, but also know the requirements of interested parties, because interested parties have an influence or potential influence on the organization's ability to provide products and services that meet customer requirements and applicable laws and regulations. On the basis of fully understanding customers and other relevant requirements, review relevant requirements to determine whether the organization has the ability to meet the requirements of customers and related parties. Customer resource is one of the most important strategic resources of engineering enterprises, and it is the premise and foundation for the survival and development of engineering construction enterprises. Winning and owning customers means that construction enterprises have a reason to survive in the market. Winning customers, owning customers and managing customers are the power sources for construction enterprises to achieve sustainable development. Engineering enterprises should aim at customer satisfaction, and meeting customer requirements is the premise and foundation of customer satisfaction. On the premise of meeting the requirements of customers and interested parties, construction enterprises should maintain good and effective communication with them, reduce conflicts with customers and interested parties, and provide quality services to customers. While improving customer satisfaction, improve the reputation of engineering enterprises and win the market.
Planning and control of general project contracting
In order to meet the requirements of products and services and implement the measures determined to deal with risks and opportunities, the organization shall plan, implement and control the required quality management system and its process through the following measures: (1) Determine the requirements of products and services; Establish acceptance criteria for processes, products and services; Determine the resources needed to make products and services meet the requirements; Implement process control according to standards; Determine, maintain and retain written information within the necessary scope to ensure that the process has been carried out as planned and to confirm that the products and services meet the requirements.
The output of planning should be suitable for the operation of the organization. The organization shall control the planned changes, review the consequences of unexpected changes, and take measures to mitigate the adverse effects when necessary. The organization shall ensure that the outsourcing process is under control, and the project planning shall meet the contract requirements, and at the same time meet the requirements of the project location on social environment, supporting conditions and project stakeholders, as well as the requirements of the project on technology, quality, safety, cost, progress, occupational health, environmental protection, relevant policies and laws and regulations. The scope of project planning should cover all elements involved in the whole process of project activities. Project planning also involves the optimization and deepening of the project, considering the cost issues such as emergency, modularization and prefabricated buildings. Project planning should be combined with the characteristics of the project, according to the requirements of contract and general contracting enterprise management, define the project objectives and scope of work, analyze the project risks and countermeasures, and determine the project management principles, measures and processes.
Key work of organization and planning for general contracting of projects.
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First, in the organization and management of general contracting, we should pay attention to: the management principles of general contracting projects; Appoint a project manager and set up a project department; The function and post setting and management of the project department; Competency requirements of personnel in each post of the project department; Responsibilities and authority of the project manager, etc.
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Secondly, we should pay attention to the requirements of general contracting projects: customer communication; Determine the relevant requirements of the project; Review of relevant requirements of the project; Risk assessment of project-related requirements; Changes in project-related requirements; Project bidding management requirements; Relevant requirements of the project and knowledge management of bidding quotation, etc.
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Thirdly, in the planning and control of general contracting, we should pay attention to: the planning and control of enterprise general contracting business; Project planning and control; Planning of project risk and opportunity management; Planning and control of project knowledge management.
Second, the design and development of general contracting projects
Design is the premise of doing a good job in general contracting.
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain appropriate design and development processes to ensure the provision of subsequent products and services. The design and development of products and services is an important process of product realization, which plays an extremely important role in whether the products and services produced can finally meet the requirements of customers and laws and regulations, and whether they can meet the strategic requirements of organizations, including interested parties. The organization shall plan, input, control, output and change the design and development.
The design shall meet the requirements of the contract.
Design is the process of transforming the requirements of the project developer into the product description of the project, that is, the process of compiling the design documents of the construction project according to the contract requirements. The design shall meet the technical performance and quality standards agreed in the contract, as well as the requirements of constructability, operability and maintainability of the project.
Design control requirements
According to the characteristics of the general contracting project, fully reflect the characteristics of the general contracting project, and consider the requirements of scheme optimization, deepening design in design stage, application of new materials, new equipment, new technology and information technology (including BIM application, etc.) when bidding. ), engineering excellence, construction drawing review and cooperation, the interface relationship between design and procurement, construction, and the guiding role of design in trial operation, and comprehensively determine the control requirements of general contracting projects.
Key work in design and development
In design and development, we should pay attention to: design contract control; Design planning; Design input; Design control; Design output; Design changes; Control of design subcontracting; Design and procurement, construction and debugging interface control, etc.
Third, the procurement management of general contracting projects
Purchasing definition
Procurement refers to the process of obtaining equipment, materials and services from outside the executing organization to complete the project, including procurement, expediting, inspection and transportation.
Procurement is an important link in the whole process management of EPC project general contracting and the profit core of the project. Its work includes: selecting inquiry manufacturers, compiling inquiry documents, obtaining quotations, evaluating bids, negotiating contracts, signing procurement contracts, expediting and inspection, transportation and delivery, and warehouse management. Generally speaking, procurement in a broad sense includes equipment and materials procurement, design, construction and labor procurement. The procurement introduced in this paper refers to the procurement of equipment and materials, and the procurement of design, construction, labor and lease is called engineering subcontracting.
Implement procurement
The purchasing department purchases materials according to the technical requirements and purchasing documents put forward by the design department, and strictly controls the quality of purchased products. According to the procurement plan and combined with the actual progress of the project, through bidding, negotiation and other means, select qualified suppliers, sign material supply and service contracts at economical and reasonable prices, organize the supervision, expediting, logistics and transportation, installation and debugging, acceptance, data handover, receiving and dispatching of all materials in the project with high quality and efficiency, and control the quantity, price and progress of material procurement through the whole process management of project procurement, and implement the concept of project procurement life cycle cost.
Procurement control requirements
The general contracting enterprise shall control the procurement process of the general contracting project and the quality of the purchased products to ensure that the purchased materials meet the requirements of the contract and the use requirements of the project.
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The general contracting enterprise shall determine and implement the criteria for supplier evaluation, selection, re-evaluation, performance monitoring and post-evaluation according to the requirements of technology, quality, occupational health and safety, environment, supply capacity, price, after-sales service and reliable supply sources of the general contracting project, and based on the qualifications, capabilities and performance of suppliers.
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Records of supplier evaluation, selection, performance monitoring and re-evaluation shall be kept. In the following cases, the process, products and services provided by suppliers should be controlled: First, the products and services provided by suppliers will form part of the general contracting project. For example, equipment, components and building materials purchased from external suppliers for general contracting projects, as well as technical services and technical guidance provided by suppliers; Second, under special circumstances, suppliers directly provide products, processes or services to customers on behalf of enterprises.
Key work concerned by procurement management
In project procurement management, we should pay attention to: the formulation of project procurement principles; Supplier management; Procurement contract management; Procurement procedures; Procurement execution plan; Procurement control; Interface control between procurement and design, construction and trial operation; External supplier management, etc.
Four, the general contracting project implementation process control
Production and services should be provided under controlled conditions.
The process of production and service provision directly affects the quality of products or services. The general contracting organization shall determine the requirements according to the nature of products or services, and consider and effectively control all activities related to the process of providing production services to meet the various requirements of the organization or customers.
Implementation process control of general contracting project
Control is one of the important activities of project management. The purpose of control is to make the quality of products and services meet the requirements of customers and laws and regulations. The object of control includes the activities at all stages of the whole process of product and service formation. In order to effectively control the activities related to the project, the organization needs to set appropriate requirements, make all relevant personnel comply with the specified requirements, take measures to meet the requirements, provide expected products and services, and identify areas that need improvement. Control is dynamic, because project requirements will change over time. Therefore, organizations need to constantly study new control methods to better meet the new requirements. Project control is the whole process that the project manager finds out the deviation, analyzes the reasons, studies the corrective measures and implements the corrective measures according to the information provided by project tracking and compared with the original plan (or established goal). The implementation process control of general contracting projects mainly includes comprehensive change control, scope change control, quality control, risk control, cost control and schedule control.
Principles of implementation process control of general contracting projects
The general contracting project department should control the whole implementation process of the general contracting project to ensure that the project implementation process is always under control. The implementation process of EPC project includes project start-up, planning, implementation, control and closing. Project management includes project schedule, quality, safety and environment, cost, resources, communication and information, contracts, risks and closing.
Control requirements for implementation process of general contracting project
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The project manager should exercise the project management function and implement the project manager responsibility system;
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The project department obtains the applicable laws and regulations, technical standards and specifications, acceptance specifications, work instructions, engineering drawings, general contract, design subcontract, procurement contract, construction subcontract and other documents, and implements them as required;
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Monitoring and measurement resources suitable for the project should be allocated and implemented. For the process that the results of the process in the general contracting of the project cannot be verified by subsequent inspection and test, it should be determined in the planning, as well as the qualifications of the equipment and personnel used, the specific methods and procedures used, etc. It should be clearly defined and reconfirmed when necessary;
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In the stage of engineering survey and design, the general contracting enterprise should deepen the design according to the contract requirements, do a good job in investment control and control the construction drawing design progress. Design constructability analysis should be made for the construction drawing to ensure the engineering quality. After the completion of the construction drawing design, the design should cooperate with the engineering change to review and modify the construction drawing;
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In the project procurement (subcontracting) work, organize the signing of procurement (subcontracting) contracts, explain the procurement (subcontracting) contracts, execute the procurement (subcontracting) contracts, summarize and evaluate the procurement (subcontracting) and other work.
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Emphasis is placed on quality control, safety, occupational health and environmental protection control, progress control, contract and cost management, document (information) management, risk management and communication and coordination management during construction and commissioning management;
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After the project enters the final stage, the site cleaning, project completion settlement, completion data transfer, project summary, project team performance appraisal, EPC project department dissolution, project warranty, return visit and other work should be carried out.
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Engineering division should be carried out and submitted for approval, and quality control points, grades and inspection lots should be determined according to engineering division;
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The project department conducts on-site inspection and acceptance of raw materials, equipment and components, and reinspects the materials with reinspection requirements as required;
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Monitoring and measurement resources should be used correctly to implement monitoring and measurement;
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Measures should be taken to prevent human error. Measures may include: adding signs; Set alarm, linkage and limit devices; Improve the performance of tools; Replace manual work with automation; Implement pre-shift training and post-shift inspection, and implement model guidance when necessary; Create a good working environment and humanistic environment, arrange shift time reasonably, and prevent operators from being excessively tired;
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The process, acceptance and delivery of the final product and the activities after delivery shall be controlled according to the specified requirements.
Key work of implementation process control of general contracting project
In the process of project implementation control, we should pay attention to: project construction management; Interface control between construction and design, procurement and trial operation; Project debugging management; Interface control between commissioning and design, procurement and construction; Project risk management; Project quality management; Occupational health, safety and environmental management of the project; Project schedule management; Project cost management; Project resource management; Project communication and information management; General contracting contract management; End of the project; Identification and traceability management; Property control of customers or external suppliers; Protection of general contracting projects; Services after the handover of general contracting projects; Change control of general contracting projects; Control of the release of general contracting projects; Control of nonconforming products in general contracting projects.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Performance evaluation of general contracting project
performance evaluation
The organization should evaluate performance through monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation, internal audit and management review activities, identify and select opportunities for improvement, and take necessary measures to meet customer requirements and enhance customer satisfaction. The content, scope and frequency of inspection should be clearly defined for general contracting projects, and the intermediate and final results of project implementation should be organized in stages and in multiple dimensions. Take summary, statistical analysis, investigation and benchmarking. Identify improvement needs and implement improvements to continuously improve customer satisfaction.
cheque
(1) Inspection in project planning stage
The production management department of the general contracting enterprise shall supervise and inspect the planning process and planning documents of the general contracting project according to the relevant provisions of project planning, focusing on the timeliness of planning, the appropriateness and completeness of planning documents, the effectiveness of the implementation of planning requirements, and ensuring that the planning process and planning results meet the requirements.
(2) Supervision and inspection of the project implementation process
The production department of an engineering general contracting enterprise shall formulate a supervision and inspection plan according to the specific conditions of the project, and determine the inspection contents and key points according to the characteristics of the project and the different stages of implementation. Supervisors and inspectors shall carry out supervision and inspection according to the supervision and inspection plan, and prepare and issue supervision and inspection reports after the supervision and inspection. The supervision and inspection report shall include the inspection contents, problems found in the inspection and rectification requirements, and follow up to confirm that the problems are rectified in place. Relevant functional departments should assess the project department according to the project management target responsibility letter signed with the project department.
(3) Inspection of intermediate results and final results
The general contracting enterprise shall establish a quality inspection and evaluation system for design finished products, conduct spot checks or reviews on design results, find quality problems in design documents in time, and reduce the impact on project quality. Evaluate and report the inspection results to reduce the recurrence of similar design errors. Before the project is completed and accepted, relevant designers should be organized to participate in the "three inspections and four determinations" of the project to check whether the completed project meets the design requirements. Before the project is completed and accepted, the project department will organize the construction subcontractors to carry out "three inspections and four determinations" to find out the hidden dangers of the project quality and make timely rectification. After the completion of the project, the project department shall apply to the construction unit for completion acceptance, and cooperate with the project completion acceptance organized by it. The employer, supervisor, quality inspection agency or government department shall organize relevant construction subcontractors or suppliers to rectify or deal with the problems found in the engineering quality inspection, and keep relevant records. In the process of project implementation, the quality requirements of inspection lots, disciplines and divisions (sub-divisions) shall be accepted according to the control requirements for the release of general contracting projects.
improve
(1) improvement requirements for engineering general contracting business
The general contracting enterprise shall establish the improvement mechanism of the general contracting business, determine the improvement demand through summary, statistics, analysis, investigation and benchmarking, and implement the improvement.
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Collect and sort out the typical problems found in general contracting project management at all levels and various inspections, classify, count and analyze the reasons, and determine the contents that need to be improved;
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Collect all kinds of procurement, unqualified construction quality, quality accidents and incidents of general contracting projects, analyze the reasons and determine the improvement needs;
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In the process of project implementation, through communication with external stakeholders, collect opinions and suggestions related to project management and determine the needs for improvement;
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Collect the opinions of customers or interested parties through project return visits and customer opinion surveys, and make statistical analysis to determine the needs for improvement;
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Through investigation, exchange, study or benchmarking advanced enterprises in the same industry, find out the gap of general contracting management of this enterprise and determine the demand for improvement;
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Through the summary of general contracting projects, summarize and accumulate experiences and innovations in project operation management, carefully analyze the causes of problems or lessons, and determine the needs for improvement;
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Summarize and evaluate the performance of the contract, find out the problems and determine the improvement needs.
(2) Determine the quality improvement measures
Statistics and classification of design quality problems such as quality spot check or design achievement review, external audit of design documents, design return visit, design changes caused by design reasons, analysis of reasons and determination of improvement measures;
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Investigate and analyze the quality accidents and incidents of general contracting projects, determine the reasons and formulate improvement measures;
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Analyze the causes of unqualified quality found during the construction and acceptance of general contracting projects, and determine the improvement measures;
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Statistical analysis of unqualified products found after incoming inspection or installation and use of purchased equipment, materials and components, and determination of improvement measures;
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Collect the warranty items within the warranty period of the project, analyze the cause of the failure and determine the improvement measures.
Implement improvement
The general contracting enterprise shall formulate targeted improvement measures according to the determined improvement contents to ensure that the implementation of the improvement measures can achieve the improvement effect;
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Improve management methods;
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Take measures to improve the ability and level of managers and technicians;
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Adjust or increase the allocation of project resources (personnel, software, standards and specifications, operation guidance documents, measuring equipment, etc.). );
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Improve the management system, project management system, management process, management interface, technology and management interface, etc.
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Improve knowledge management procedures; Prepare design template, standardized design, etc.
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Business adjustment can be considered when necessary. The identified improvement measures should be implemented, and the effectiveness and implementation effect of the measures should be verified.
performance evaluation
(1) Performance evaluation of engineering general contracting business
A general contracting enterprise shall evaluate its operating performance through the following aspects:
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The formulation and completion of the annual business objectives of the general contracting business;
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The annual business indicators formulated and completed should be compatible with the objectives of the long-term development plan of the enterprise;
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The development of new markets for general contracting business and the growth of general contracting business in the past year;
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The growth of the bid winning rate of general contracting business in the past year;
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The growth of per capita output value index of general contracting enterprises;
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The profitability of general contracting business and the position of profit rate index in the same industry.
Compare and analyze the above performance indicators with competitors and peer benchmarking enterprises to find out the strengths, weaknesses and gaps.
(2) Performance evaluation of general contracting business management.
The general contracting enterprise shall evaluate the management performance of the general contracting enterprise through the following aspects:
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The supporting role of project management system, performance appraisal system, incentive mechanism and talent training mechanism in the development of general contracting business;
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The praise and praise of the related parties for the general contracting project, as well as the quality engineering award, Luban award, patent or other awards;
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The application of new materials, new equipment, new technologies and new process achievements in general contracting projects;
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Achievements in management team building and personnel training;
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Training high-quality project general contracting management talents through study, training and project management practice;
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Improvement of project management system and process;
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External evaluation of engineering general contracting business.
(3) the performance of general contracting projects
General contracting enterprises can evaluate the performance of completed general contracting projects through the following aspects:
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The completion of the project management target responsibility book;
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The completion of the project performance indicators;
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Achievements of project knowledge management;
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The effect of project risk control;
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The effect of project schedule control and cost control;
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Project quality, mainly including project completion acceptance, trial operation, start-up and performance assessment;
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Effect of controlling subcontractors: subcontractors repeatedly find similar problems, timeliness and effect of subcontractor's problem rectification, etc.
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Whether quality, occupational health and safety and environmental accidents occur during the project implementation;
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Failure during the warranty period;
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The completeness of project data and the timeliness of filing;
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It is the evaluation of the project department by the owner or supervision unit.
Conclusion of intransitive verbs
The Code for Management of General Contracting of Construction Projects GB/T 50358-20 17 mainly starts from quality, safety, cost, schedule, occupational health, environmental protection and risk management, and runs through the whole process of design, procurement, construction and trial operation, and comprehensively expounds the whole process of general contracting project management. On the basis of standard application, the research on the organizational behavior and management of the whole process of engineering general contracting is consistent with the "PDCA" process method of planning-implementation-inspection-disposal and risk-based thinking in the quality management system requirements GB/T 1900 16. In the new era, the key to do a good job in the whole process management of EPC project general contracting is to formulate rules and abide by them. In practice, only by observing the rules can enterprise managers achieve a high-quality development model, increase the organizational motivation of enterprises, and make enterprises stable and far-reaching in the field of engineering construction.