2\ Describe the forms of occupational hazards.
Classification catalogue of occupational hazard factors
A, dust class
(1) silica dust (inorganic dust with free silica content exceeding 10%) (2) coal dust (coal silica dust) (3) graphite dust (5) asbestos dust (4) carbon black dust (6) talcum powder dust (7) cement dust (8) mica dust (9
Two. Radioactive substances (ionizing radiation)
Third, chemical substances.
Occupational hazard factors of occupational tumors
Other occupational hazards.
Three. preventive measure
Protection and management in the labor process (1/2) Article 21 The employing unit shall take the following measures (9) to prevent and control occupational diseases of ceramic dust:
(a) to set up or designate an occupational health management institution or organization, with full-time or part-time occupational health management personnel to be responsible for the prevention and control of occupational diseases in the unit;
(2) Formulating occupational disease prevention and control plans and implementation plans;
(three) to establish and improve the occupational health management system and operating procedures;
(four) to establish and improve the occupational health files and workers' health monitoring files;
(five) to establish and improve the monitoring and evaluation system of occupational hazard factors in the workplace;
(six) to establish and improve the emergency rescue plan for occupational disease hazards.
Article 22 The employing unit shall ensure the capital investment required for the prevention and control of occupational diseases, and shall not occupy or misappropriate it, and shall be responsible for the consequences caused by insufficient capital investment.
Article 23 The employing unit must adopt effective occupational disease protection facilities and provide workers with occupational disease protection articles for personal use.
Occupational disease protection articles provided by the employer for individual workers must meet the requirements of occupational disease prevention and control; Do not meet the requirements, shall not be used.
Article 24 The employing unit shall give priority to the adoption of new technologies, new processes, new equipment and new materials that are beneficial to the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and the protection of workers' health, and gradually replace those that are seriously harmful to occupational diseases.
Article 25 The employing unit that produces occupational hazards shall set up a bulletin board in a conspicuous position to announce the rules and regulations, operating rules, emergency rescue measures for occupational hazards and the detection results of occupational hazards in the workplace.
For jobs that cause serious occupational hazards, warning signs and Chinese warning instructions shall be set up in eye-catching positions. Warning instructions shall specify the types, consequences, prevention and emergency treatment measures of occupational hazards.
Article 26 For toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur, the employing unit shall set up alarm devices, and be equipped with on-site first-aid articles, washing equipment, emergency evacuation passages and necessary safe-haven areas.
For the transportation and storage of radioactive workplaces and radioisotopes, the employing unit must be equipped with protective articles and alarm devices to ensure that workers exposed to radiation wear personal dosimeter.
For personal use of occupational disease protection equipment, emergency rescue facilities and occupational disease protection articles, the employer shall carry out regular maintenance and overhaul, regularly test their performance and effect, and ensure that they are in normal condition, and shall not dismantle or stop using them without authorization.
Article 27 The employing unit shall designate a special person to carry out daily monitoring of occupational hazard factors and ensure the normal operation of the monitoring system.
The employing unit shall, in accordance with the provisions of the safety production supervision and administration department of the State Council, regularly detect and evaluate the occupational hazard factors in the workplace. The test and evaluation results shall be stored in the occupational health archives of the employer, reported to the local safety production supervision and management department regularly, and announced to the workers.
The detection and evaluation of occupational hazard factors shall be carried out by the occupational health technical service institutions established according to law and approved by the safety production supervision and administration department of the State Council or the safety production supervision and administration department of the local people's government at or above the municipal level. The detection and evaluation of occupational health technical service institutions should be objective and true.
When it is found that the occupational hazards in the workplace do not meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements, the employer shall immediately take corresponding control measures. If the occupational hazard factors still do not meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements, the operation with occupational hazard factors must be stopped; After treatment, the occupational hazard factors can meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements before re-operation.
Twenty-eighth occupational health technical service institutions shall engage in the detection and evaluation of occupational disease hazard factors according to law, and accept the supervision and inspection of the safety production supervision and management departments. Safety production supervision and management departments shall perform their supervisory duties according to law.
Twenty-ninth to provide the employer with equipment that may cause occupational hazards, it shall provide Chinese instructions, and set warning signs and Chinese warning instructions in the eye-catching position of the equipment. Warning instructions should explain the equipment performance, possible occupational hazards, precautions for safe operation and maintenance, occupational disease protection and emergency treatment measures.
Article 30 Where chemicals, radioisotopes and articles containing radioactive substances that may cause occupational hazards are provided to the employing unit, Chinese instructions shall be provided. The instructions shall specify the product characteristics, main components, existing harmful factors, possible harmful consequences, precautions for safe use, occupational disease protection and emergency treatment measures. Product packaging should have eye-catching warning signs and Chinese warning instructions. Places where the above-mentioned articles are stored shall set up dangerous goods signs or radioactive warning signs at specified positions.
If a chemical substance related to occupational hazards is used or imported in China for the first time, the user or importer shall, after being approved by the relevant departments of the State Council in accordance with state regulations, submit the toxicity identification of the chemical substance and the documents registered or approved by the relevant departments to the health administrative department and the safety production supervision and management department of the State Council.
The import of radioisotopes, radiation devices and articles containing radioactive substances shall be handled in accordance with relevant state regulations.
Article 31 No unit or individual may produce, operate, import or use equipment or materials that are prohibited by the state from producing occupational hazards.
Article 32 No unit or individual may transfer operations that cause occupational hazards to units or individuals that do not have occupational disease protection conditions. Units and individuals that do not have the conditions to protect against occupational diseases may not accept operations that cause occupational hazards.
Article 33 An employing unit shall be aware of the possible occupational hazards caused by the technologies, processes, equipment and materials it uses, and shall be responsible for the consequences caused by the occupational hazards if it uses technologies, processes, equipment and materials with occupational hazards to conceal the hazards.
Article 34 When concluding a labor contract (including an employment contract, the same below) with the employee, the employer shall truthfully inform the employee of the occupational hazards and their consequences that may occur in the course of work, the measures for prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and specify them in the labor contract, and shall not conceal or cheat.
During the conclusion of a labor contract, if a worker engages in an operation with occupational hazards that is not informed in the concluded labor contract due to changes in his post or work content, the employing unit shall fulfill the obligation of truthfully informing the worker in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph and negotiate to change the relevant provisions of the original labor contract.
If the employing unit violates the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the laborer has the right to refuse to engage in operations that have occupational hazards, and the employing unit may not terminate the labor contract concluded with the laborer.
Edit Chapter III Protection and Management Protection in Labor Process (2/2)
Article 35 The principal responsible person and occupational health management personnel of the employing unit shall receive occupational health training, abide by the laws and regulations on occupational disease prevention and control, and organize the occupational disease prevention and control work of the unit according to law.
The employing unit shall conduct occupational health training for workers before their posts and regularly during their posts, popularize occupational health knowledge, urge workers to abide by the laws, regulations, rules and operating procedures for occupational disease prevention and control, and guide workers to correctly use occupational disease protection equipment and personal occupational disease protection articles.
Workers should learn and master relevant occupational health knowledge, enhance their awareness of occupational disease prevention and control, abide by laws, regulations, rules and operating procedures for occupational disease prevention and control, correctly use and maintain occupational disease protection equipment and personal occupational disease protection articles, and report occupational disease hazards in a timely manner.
If the laborer fails to perform the obligations stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the employer shall educate him. Article 36 The employing unit shall, in accordance with the provisions of the safety production supervision and administration department and the health administrative department of the State Council, organize occupational health examinations for the workers who are exposed to occupational hazards before, during and after taking up their posts, and inform the workers of the examination results in writing. The expenses for occupational health examination shall be borne by the employer.
The employer shall not arrange for workers who have not received occupational health examination before taking up their posts to engage in operations that are exposed to occupational hazards; Workers with occupational taboos shall not be arranged to engage in operations that are taboo; Workers who are found to have occupational-related health damage during occupational health examination shall be transferred from their original posts and properly placed; Workers who have not undergone occupational health examination before leaving their posts shall not terminate or terminate their labor contracts.
Occupational health examination shall be undertaken by medical and health institutions approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level.
Article 37 The employing unit shall establish occupational health monitoring files for workers and keep them properly within the prescribed time limit.
The occupational health monitoring files shall include the employees' occupational history, occupational hazard exposure history, occupational health examination results, occupational disease diagnosis and treatment and other relevant personal health information.
When leaving the employer, the laborer has the right to ask for a copy of his occupational health monitoring file, and the employer shall provide it truthfully and free of charge, and sign the copy provided.