Li Bai did not show fame in his life, but he had high expectations, was not afraid of and despised the powerful. There have been stories of "Lux took off his boots", "Imperial concubine holding inkstone", "Imperial spoon" and "dragon towel wiping saliva". Unscrupulously ridicule the equality, hierarchy and order centered on politics, governance, power and strength, criticize the politics, governance, present and image of corruption at that time, and carry forward the heroism in the prosperous Tang culture with a bold rebellious attitude. Li Bai's thought of opposing and advocating power is becoming more and more mature with the enrichment of his life practice.
In the early days, it was mainly manifested in the equal requirements of "self-improvement, not being human" and "making friends with princes", as he said in his poem: "I was drunk in Chang 'an, and five kings and seven people shared a glass of wine. In the face of heroic spirit, the romantic spirit will fall behind others! " ("Liu Yelang gave the judge Xin") "Encourage the nine masters to make waves and be young and ignorant." ("Ode to the Jade Pot") He sometimes makes grandiloquence that shows contempt for powerful people, such as "Golden jade buys songs and laughs, and drunkenness makes the moon light of princes" ("Remembering the past" sends the county yuan to join the army), but it mainly shows his inner pride. With the understanding of the actual situation of high-level, high-level, power, strength, assembly and league, he further revealed the opposition between the people's grass-roots power and the nobility: "Zhu Yu buys songs and laughs, and dross raises talents." ("Antique" back to the fifteenth) "Wu Tong nest finch, orange. "
(Article 39 of Antique) And those ugly acts of stealing, seizing, gaining power and position because of flattering the emperor are even more ironic, such as: "The cart flies in the dust, and the pavilion is dark in the afternoon. China is more expensive than gold, and Lianyun has a room. He Huihe was dubbed cockfighting. When the rainbow is dried in one breath, pedestrians are afraid. There is no deaf ear in the world, who knows Yao and wisdom! " In "Dream on Mount Tianmu", he issued the loudest call: "Ah, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never get an honest face!" The significance of this artistic generalization in Li Bai's poems is as important as Du Fu's famous sentence "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Ode to 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian").
In the last years of Tianbao, politics, governance, form, emotion and situation deteriorated day by day. Li Bai linked opposition, power, nobility with a wide range of societies, associations, criticisms and judgments. For example, Answering the King on a Twelfth Cold Night: If there were no Beihai in Li See, where would Britain be today? If you don't look at Pei Shangshu, there are three feet of wormwood thorns in the earth grave. Teenagers have long wanted to go to the Five Lakes. Seeing this, I will spare Zhong Ding. Fight for the just cause of the late sages. ("it is hard to go"): You don't see it. In the past, the prince of Yan worshiped talents and built a platform, and his festival was undoubtedly. Juxin and Le Yi were grateful for their kindness. They tried their best to serve the monarch with their talents. But Yan Zhaowang died early, who can reuse the wise men like him? Expressed the poet's disappointment and anger at the court because he was not reused.
Li Bai even sharply reprimanded Xuanzong himself in the way of satirizing modern people in his poems, such as "Feeling the Book, Being a Gentleman", "Ancient Style" and "Ascending to the Far Sea". In a word, it can be said that he developed the anti-power theme in Tang poetry to the point of dripping and hearty. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "lived for decades and never lost his color for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words Send Li Bai"). This consciousness of never giving in to power and dignity and bravely fighting for self-esteem is an important content of attaching importance to personal value and tradition since Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is under the new historical conditions that Li Bai inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a superstar in poetry.
He is never satisfied with loneliness and loneliness, such as drinking the bright moon alone, which shows that only a poet full of vitality can make such fantastic ideas. He has a "short song line", and the idea is: "If you want to win the Six Dragons, go back to the car and hang the Fusang. With the help of the Big Dipper, every dragon advised them to drink a glass of wine, so they all fell asleep and couldn't stay awake. Wealth is not what you want, you are in your twilight years. " There is no old man's sigh here, but the naive imagination of "persuading wine" is used to express infinite attachment to life. These poems, with their pure taste, appeal to the beautiful humanity submerged by vulgar life, thus gaining permanent charm.
Li Bai has a strong feeling for nature, and he is good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, which makes his landscapes and valleys have idealized colors. He said in the poem "Sunrise": "I will include a big piece, and I will be noble and have the same topic." He also said: "Yangchun told me to smoke, and I took articles during the holidays." (Preface to the Spring Banquet of Brothers in Peach Blossom Garden)
Li Bai is heroic and pursues a pure and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects also form two types of his artistic conception of mountains and rivers: one is to highlight the beauty of strength and movement in the majestic mountains and rivers, and express his lofty sentiments and strong thoughts in the magnificent artistic conception; The other is interested in pursuing the beauty of Ming Che and expressing innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works roared and roared: "How does the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky and into the ocean, and never return" ("Into the wine"); "The Yellow River Wan Li touches the mountains, and the vortex hub turns to Qin Mine ... djinn growls and breaks the two mountains, and Hongbo jet shoots the East China Sea ("Xiyue Yuntai Song Send Dan Qiu Zi "); "I climbed up. I look at the world and I can't go to the river. " The wind blows Huang Yun for hundreds of miles, and the snow peaks are white around the nine streams. "(Song of Lushan's suggestion and Lu Xuzhou) Poseidon has been to the evil wind, and the waves hit the stone walls of Tianmen. What happened to Zhejiang in August? Snow in Taosi Mountain (Hengjiang Ci).
The peaks in his works are towering and steep: "The highest cliff is only one foot below the sky, and the withered pine trees hang their heads from the surface of the cliff" (Shu Dao Nan); "Straight into the sky, its peak into the sky, the top of the five holy peaks, casting a shadow through China; The ladder mountain range stretches for hundreds of miles, starting from here and extending to the southeast "(Tianmu Mountain rises in my dream). He endowed mountains and rivers with lofty aesthetic feeling with heroism in his chest. His praise for the great power of nature is also a tribute to the far-sighted and unremitting pursuit of life ideals. Extraordinary natural image and proud heroic character are integrated.
At the same time, Li Bai also wrote many beautiful landscape poems. For example, "people travel around the moon and ships travel in the air" ("Send Weiwan, a man from Wuwangshan, back to the palace"); "When a man rides on the sea and the moon, the sail falls into the sky in the lake" ("Looking for Yang to send his brother to visit Sima Zuo in Poyang"); "The moon turns with the green hills, and the green hills follow the flowing water. It seems that I am above the Milky Way, but I feel that the clouds are secluded ("On the Moonlight, I will send a trip outside the Cuiyuan"); "Jinling night is quiet and cool, watching the five mountains in the west wing alone. The white clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew drops the beads and the autumn moon ("The Moon on the West Tower of Jinling City"). These poems are famous for their clarity and purity.
Li Bai's landscape poems are not so much a realistic description of natural features as a reformed and idealized picture according to the poet's personality. He just wants to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, splash ink on the basis of sudden excitement, while ignoring the specific details, and even the visual transfer order of the scenery is often not concerned.
Li Bai's landscape poems are pervasive and lyrical. He is good at blending mountains and rivers with specific emotions, and there is a subtle relationship between the situation of "scenery" and the characteristics of "emotion" For example, seeing a friend off: to the north of the Great Wall is a blue mountain range, and to the east is a white waterline. Here we say goodbye to each other, and you, like losing your father, are floating in the wind and traveling far away. Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. With a wave of his hand, he will be separated from now on, and his friend on horseback will carry him on a long journey, blowing a long wind, as if reluctant to leave. The "floating clouds" and "sunset" in the poem are not only the foreground of the eyes, but also the concrete images with specific emotional content in ancient poetry, which means that once a wanderer leaves, he will be like a floating cloud, so he will say goodbye to the sunset without leaving a scar.
Another example is "the clouds return to the blue sea and the evening, and the geese have no blue sky." The first two sentences not only point out the season and time, but also use the images of "cloud" and "goose" to refer to departure and travel. In addition, for example, "sometimes white clouds rise and the sky unfolds." With this in mind, I am grateful for every happiness. "(Looking at Nanshan to send a hermit song)" Oh, ask this river flowing eastward, can it go further than the love of friends! " ("Parting Nanjing Restaurant"), "Xi Hui pursues water and blue waves are rippling" ("Swim in Nanyang Qingling Spring") and so on.
Li Bai's thoughts and sentiments of freedom and liberation and his personality with the tendency of popularization also enabled him to explore all kinds of human beauty in social life more deeply. There is a yearning for a quiet life here, such as the third part of Midnight Wu Ge: a new moon hangs over the capital, and ten thousand laundry hammers are beating. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. When will the border war be settled and when will my husband end his expedition? There are praises for working life, such as "Song of Autumn Pu" XIV: "Fire shines on the heavens and the earth, and red stars are everywhere. Langlang moonlit night, winding cold Sichuan. " All these poems, without exception, use the ideal light wheel to make the theme of daily life glow with poetic style.
Li Bai is indeed an outstanding poet in China. The great wanderer enriched the scenery of the Tang Dynasty with his feet and poetic pen. He swept away sturm und drang, and then, the smoke in Dongting, the wind and cloud in Chibi, the apes in Shudao and the mighty river suddenly flew. In poetry, the poet is smart and heroic, like a cloud in the sky; He wandered between the eight poles, galloping freely, like a fine horse galloping on the Yuan Ye. In the poem, the poet sweeps away the worldly dust and completely restores his immortal posture: above, he looks for the green void, below, the yellow spring.
His romance, madness, love and hate, loneliness and pain, dreams and awakening, heroism and vagrancy all reached the extreme. His poetry creation has a strong subjective color, mainly focusing on expressing heroism and passionate feelings, and rarely describing objective things and specific time in detail. Free and easy temperament, independent personality, and strong emotions that are easy to touch and erupt form the distinctive features of Li Bai's lyric style. Once his feelings were aroused, they rushed out without restraint, just like a hurricane in the sky and an overflowing volcano. His imagination is very strange, often has unusual connections, and changes with the flow of emotions.
Li Bai's poetic style is romantic and all-encompassing. He inherited Chen Ziang's poetic revolution and life, opposed the form, style, subjectivity and righteousness since the Qi and Liang Dynasties, and swept away the extravagance of writing style since the Southern Dynasties. Both in content and form, Tang poetry has been creatively developed. Li Shifu's personality has a strong subjective lyrical color, and its content shows contempt for vulgarity, rebellion and rebellion against nothingness, flattery, rebellion against power and nobility, and pursuit of exquisiteness and spirituality, so he is known as "Poet Fairy".
Shi Li's poems are rich in imagination, peculiar in structure, extremely exaggerated, vivid in metaphor and full of myths and legends.
Li's poems praise the magnificent nature, and are good at describing and praising the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He disdains elaborate carving and double arrangement, but uses bold and unpredictable techniques and lines to impress and feel in his mind, create a unique artistic image and show an unparalleled style.
Li Bai is good at using the language of Yuefu folk songs, rarely carving, and is natural and frank. The use of Yuefu spirit and folk song language has reached an extremely mature and liberated stage.
Li Bai is good at many genres of poetry, and has left excellent works in many genres.
Li Bai loves classical poetry very much, and is good at seven-character songs, five-character ancient styles and Yuefu poems. In the genre of modern poetry, Li Bai is good at five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains. Li Bai has few poems. There are dozens of five-character poems and only a dozen seven-character poems, but there are also masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as On Climbing Nanjing to the Phoenix Terrace.
According to Zhu Mu's Yu Fang Sheng Lan in Song Dynasty, Li Bai wanted to give up when he was studying in Xiangershan. After crossing a stream, he saw an old woman grinding an iron pestle and asked her what she was doing. The old woman replied that she wanted to grind it into a needle. So Li Bai realized that learning was as persistent as grinding an iron pestle into a needle, so he went back to study hard.
According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai's father, Li Ke, was appointed as the city guard. Li Bai's ancestral home is in Ji Cheng, Longxi. He was born in the first year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an. There are different opinions about his birthplace. Now there are two opinions: one is in Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou, Fujian Province, and the other is broken leaves in the western region. The latter view holds that Li Bai and his father Li Ke did not move to Jiangyou, Sichuan until they were five years old.
Li Bai received enlightenment education when he was five years old. From the first year of Jing Yun, Li Bai began to read the history books of various philosophers. In the first three years, Li Bai liked to write fu, fencing, strange books and immortals: "After reading strange books for fifteen years, I feel like a poet." When he was young, he began to travel around China. Five years before and after Kaiyuan, Li Bai studied with Zhao Kun, who wrote long and short classics, for more than a year. The study in this period had a far-reaching influence on Li Bai. In the sixth year of Kaiyuan, I studied in Daitian daming temple.
In the first year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai once offered sacrifices to the Hanlin. Once the emperor was drunk and asked Li Bai, "What was the dynasty between me and Tianhou?" Bai said, "The queen of heaven has many political affairs, and the country is fortunate to be raped. Just like the melons in the children's market, you don't choose the fragrant ones, you choose the fat ones; I am the one who gets the essence of anyone, such as gold from washing sand and stone from cutting stone. " Xuanzong laughed after listening. But because of his unruly personality, he left Chang 'an in less than two years. It is said that his Qing Ping Diao offended Yang Guifei, who was favored by the harem at that time (because Li Bai ordered Lux to take off his boots, Gao Lishi was ashamed of it, so he lured Yang Guifei to think that the words "poor swallow leaning on her new makeup" were sarcasm and stabbing, and she was not allowed to stay in the palace.
Later, in Luoyang, he met Du Fu and Gao Shi, two other famous poets, and became good friends.
After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, in February 65438 +756, in order to quell the rebellion, Li Bai was invited to be a staff officer, Li Lin. Wang Yong's murder angered Tang Suzong. Later, Li Bai was also found guilty and put in prison. Thanks to Guo Ziyi's help, he was saved from death. He changed to a roving yelang and was forgiven when passing through Wushan. At this time, he was 59 years old.
In the Preface to Li Bai's Poems, Ceng Gong emphasized that Li Bai was forced to leave Wang Yong in his later years: "Next year, Ming Di will be in Shu, Wang Yong will be in the southeast, and he will lie in Lushan Mountain when he is white." Su Shi also said in Li Taibai Yin Bei Ji: "Taibai's obedience will always be Wang Yi, and he should be threatened by it. Otherwise, the noisy madness is ugly, although mediocre people know it will fail. Taibai knows that Guo Ziyi is an outstanding man, but he can't know that he has accomplished nothing. This is either true or false. I can't argue. "
"Zhu Zi Quan Shu" said: "When Li Bai saw Wang Yong's rebellion, it was even more serious, and the literati had no brains ... In Li Bai's poems, Wang said that he was a bully. At that time, people would say that he was wise, but he didn't know that he was arrogant and indifferent. "
Li Bai roamed the south of the Yangtze River in his later years. At the age of 6 1, he heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led a great army to crusade against An, Shi, rebellion and the army, so he went north to follow Li Guangbi to follow, join the army, kill the enemy, but turned back because of illness. The following year, Li Bai went to his uncle Li, who was then the county magistrate of dangtu county, Maanshan. In the same year 165438+ 10, Li Bai died in his apartment at the age of 6 1 and was buried in Longshan, Dangtu. In the twelfth year of Yuanhe, observing Xuanzang Pool, Fan moved the tomb to Dangtu Castle Peak in accordance with Li Bai's wishes.
Chen Yinque once argued that Li Bai's conference semifinals in the western regions were "absolutely righteous" and that "it is impossible for her husband to come from the western regions with one yuan", claiming that her predecessor was the old Xinjiang exiled by China in the west Turkic region at the end of Sui Dynasty. There is no doubt that people are western, territorial, Hu and human. ""His father was a guest because his name was unknown to China in the western regions, so he took Hook as his name "; The reason why Li Bai's father moved to Shu from the Western Regions is that "the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties were also the place where the West Lake developed Jia" and "Li Hua changed his surname".
Li said in the preface to Caotang Collection that Li Bai died of illness. Pi Rixiu once wrote "Poems of Li Hanlin": "I am threatened by corruption, and my soul is intoxicated." It is pointed out that Li Bai died of "threat disease".
According to Old Tang Book, although Li Bai was pardoned and exiled, he died in Xuancheng on the way because of drinking, drinking, drinking, drunkenness and drunkenness. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty records that after Tang Daizong succeeded to the throne, he was called Li Bai, but Li Bai has passed away.
According to another legend, he watched the moon on the boat and died because he fished for the moon in the water. Because of this legend, later generations regard Li Bai as one of the "narcissus kings" and think that Li Bai, a literary giant, can also protect sailors, fishermen and business travelers on the water in another world.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and many scholars were eager to make contributions. Li Bai prides himself on being an unrivaled talent, boasting of the achievement of "strengthening his wisdom, assisting his wishes, making the Atlantic region big and the sea and county clear", and unswervingly pursuing the ideal of "laughing for profit" and "enjoying the country at last" all his life. He compared himself with Dapeng, Tianma and Xiong Jian: "Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars in Wan Li. If the wind stops, it can still lift away the raging water. " ("Li Shangyong"). He hopes to be a wise monarch like Jiang Shang and restore the Han Dynasty like Zhuge Liang. Yin's "Reading Zhuge Wuhou Biography", Dong's "Wandering Songs" and "Difficult to Go" (Part II) all reflect his thoughts.
He felt that with his own talent, he could "go out and pay the vassal safely, be defeated and run away from the bird's nest" ("Preface to Send Swallow Garden to Play the Hidden Fairy City Mountain"). For those people who enjoy high power, high official position and thick family background, he cast a strong contempt and showed a proud and unyielding character. He despises feudalism, construction, equality, hierarchy, system and degree, is unwilling to flatter, and disdains to rise and fall with the secular.
Now, the reality of darkness has disillusioned his ideal, and the shackles of sealing, building, ceremony and teaching have strangled him. He longed for the freedom of reconciliation and the liberation of personality, so he adopted a wild and uninhibited attitude towards life to get rid of the shackles and strive for freedom. Its manifestations are either vertical, drunk, crazy, singing and seeking immortality to learn Taoism. But wine can't relieve worries, and the immortal is more ethereal, so he praised the beautiful nature as the ideal sustenance and the embodiment of freedom "according to the unchangeable habit of my life" (Lushan Ballad). Mount Emei, Huashan, Lushan, Taishan, Huangshan, etc. It is majestic in his works, full of clouds and streams; The rushing Yellow River and the surging Yangtze River swept away everything in the works, showing the poet's unruly character and strong desire to break through the fetters. For example, Yu Hu Yin, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Answering the Twelve Cold Nights of the King and Drinking Alone are all representative works in this respect.
This is Li Bai's anger, resentment, resistance and struggle against society, and it is an important embodiment of his rebellion, rebellion, precision and spirit. He opposed Xuanzong's exultation and belligerence, exposing people who were not him, and causing the people to die in vain. Because of Xuanzong's arrogance, official position and power, it is hot ... Through the analysis of the platform and the field observation in Youyan, Li Bai is sensitive to poets, and he and Du Fu are the first poets to expose disasters and create chaos. When the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, his love, country, affection and affection were sublimated, and he got rid of the contradiction of using Tibetan sources. His opposition, resistance, nature, personality and rebellion, opposition, essence and spirit have profound love and national connotation, and are full of social significance and characteristics of the times.
The third, fifteenth, twenty-fourth, thirty-ninth, etc. of Antique profoundly exposed and strongly criticized the social reality. He has both lofty and vulgar side. His ideal and freedom can only be found in the mountains, in the fairyland and in his hometown where he is drunk and dreaming. Therefore, in his poems such as Into the Wine, Songs on the River and Songs of Xiangyang, he reveals that life is like a dream, eating and drinking, and escaping from reality.
Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He has a heroic personality and loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He traveled all over the country and wrote many magnificent poems praising famous mountains and rivers. His poems are bold, fresh and elegant, with rich imagination, wonderful artistic conception and light language. People call him "Poet Fairy". Li Bai's poems and songs not only have typical artistic characteristics of wave, ramble, subjectivity, righteousness, elegance and spirit, but also have typical artistic characteristics of wave, ramble, subjectivity and righteousness from the aspects of image shaping, material intake, genre selection and the application of various artistic techniques.
Li Bai successfully shaped himself in his poems, expressed himself strongly, and highlighted the unique personality of the lyric hero, so his poems have distinct waves, looseness, subjectivity, righteousness, uniqueness and color. He likes to express himself in a magnificent image, expressing his feelings in his poems without disguise or restraint. For the sake of power, luxury, power and importance, he "holds a chrysanthemum and stirs two thousand stones" (one of the two songs "Send Cui Shiyu after Drunk"); Seeing the hard work of the working people, he was "heartbroken like rain".
When the country was destroyed and the people perished, he vowed to cross the river to clear the Central Plains. Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover "("South Ben Shu Huai "), so impassioned; When drinking heartily with friends, "two people fall in love, one cup after another." I'm drunk and want to sleep. The Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano ("Mountain Lovers"), which is so naive and straightforward. In a word, his poems vividly show his bold character and bold image.
Boldness is the main feature of Li Bai's poems. In addition to the factors of ideological character and talent, the artistic expression and genre structure used in Li Bai's poems are also important reasons for his bold and elegant style. Being good at relying on imagination and being subjective and objective are the important characteristics of Li Bai's poetic techniques. Almost every article has imagination, and some even use a variety of imagination throughout.
Realistic things, natural landscapes, myths and legends, historical allusions and dreamland have all become the media of his imagination. With the help of imagination, we often transcend time and space, interweave reality with dreams and fairyland, and interweave nature with human society to reproduce objective reality. The images in his works are not the direct reflection of objective reality, but the externalization of his inner subjective world, which is the truth of art.
One of the artistic techniques of Li Bai's poems is to skillfully combine personification with metaphor, empathize with things and compare things with people. Another artistic technique of Li Bai's poetry is to grasp a certain feature of things and boldly imagine and exaggerate on the basis of real life. His exaggeration is not only strange in imagination, but also always combined with concrete things, so natural and unobtrusive; So bold, true and credible, it has played a role in highlighting the image and strengthening feelings. Sometimes he combines bold exaggeration with sharp contrast to enhance the artistic effect by increasing artistic contrast. Li Bai's best genre is seven-character poems and quatrains.
Li Bai's seven-character song also adopts the structure of opening, closing, jumping and swinging. The beginning of a poem is often abrupt, such as a sudden surge, while the middle image of the poem is abrupt, often omitting the transitional care, as if there is no trace to follow, and the end of the poem comes to an abrupt end at the emotional climax. Li Bai's quatrains of five or seven words can better represent the fresh and lively style of his poems. For example, the beauty of "Early Making a White Emperor City" and "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" lies in "only looking at the prospect and oral language, but there are overtones and foreign flavors, which make people stay away from it." (On)
The language of Li Bai's poetry, some fresh as spoken language, some bold, informal and close to prose, is unified in the natural beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving" This is related to his conscious pursuit of natural beauty. He inherited Chen Ziang's literary thought and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "Since Liang Chen, Yan Bo has been extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still pays attention to temperament and must go back to the ancients, not me but who?" (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocates "halal" and satirizes the ugly girl who is "naive" and learns from Handan. The natural beauty of his poetic language is the result of his careful study of folk songs and his understanding of popular characteristics, which is clear as words, popular and vivid.