1. Patients with renal failure in protein need to limit the intake of protein to reduce the burden on the kidneys. However, if they eat a lot, they will consume their muscles and internal organs. Therefore, they must eat correct and sufficient "quantity" and "quality" protein, and the daily amount should be 1 ~ 1.2g per kilogram of body weight, and eat high-quality animal protein foods with high physiological value, such as. Because of the low utilization rate of plant protein in the body, it produces more nitrogen-containing waste after metabolism, so it is not allowed to eat at will, such as: beans (red beans, mung beans, edamame, broad beans, edamame and pea kernels), bean products (tofu, dried beans and soybean milk), gluten products (gluten, sausage and baked bran) and stone fruits (melon seeds, peanuts and peas). For vegetarians, the essential amino acids in bean products and grains are not complete enough. In order to improve the protein utilization rate of vegetarians, these foods must be eaten together to complement each other. Let's eat egg yolk instead. 24-hour urine test and blood test can be collected, and the creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) represents renal function, and its unit is several milliliters per minute (ml/min), which can be used as the standard of protein intake according to the degree of decline and dialysis.
Second, get enough calories. When limiting the calorie intake in protein, in order to avoid insufficient calorie intake, it will increase the production of nitrogen-containing waste, which can be supplemented by eating more foods with high calorie but extremely low protein. Use vegetable oil (such as soybean and peanut oil), low-protein starch (such as sodium sulfate, white powder and lotus root starch) and sugar (such as rock sugar, honey, ginger candy and fruit candy) to make all kinds of delicious snacks, and consume 30-40 calories per kilogram of body weight every day to avoid excessive weight loss.
Third, be careful about water control. When renal failure and urination decrease, water will accumulate in the body, and the load of the cardiovascular system will increase, so there will be no vitality, edema, weight gain, cough, shortness of breath, decreased hematocrit (Hct), hypertension, heart failure, pericarditis, excessive dehydration during dialysis, and imbalance syndromes such as headache, nausea, vomiting and muscle spasm will easily occur. The daily weight gain is limited to no more than one kilogram, and the amount of drinking water is 500 ~ 700 ml of the total urine volume of the previous day. If the urine volume of the previous day was 500ml, then 500 cc+500 (7d0) ml =1000 ~1200ml, which is the amount of water that can be drunk all day, including boiled water, porridge, milk, soup and drinks. Avoid drinking a lot of water. You can rinse your mouth with ice water, chew gum or squeeze a little lemon juice to relieve thirst. Try to concentrate on drinking soup and reduce the amount of water.
Fourth, pay attention to the control of salt. When renal failure occurs, water and salt can't be discharged, which is easy to cause edema and aggravate hypertension. Patients should eat no more than 5 grams of salt every day. 1 g (1/5 teaspoon) salt = 6/5 teaspoon soy sauce = 1 teaspoon monosodium glutamate, so the above seasonings contain salt and cannot be added at will; You can use sugar, onion, ginger and garlic to improve the taste. Foods high in sodium, such as processed canned food, pickled and smoked products, sauces, pickles, pickles and fast food, should be restricted. If you have a bad appetite, there is no need to limit salt. Take eating nutrition as the premise, and then limit salt until you have a good appetite and sufficient nutrition.
5. Beware of high potassium ions. Because potassium ions cannot be excreted from severely damaged kidneys, it will cause "hyperkalemia", which can cause numbness of fingers, fatigue, weakness of limbs, chest tightness, stiff tongue, difficulty in speaking, loss of consciousness, arrhythmia or cardiac arrest in severe cases. The causes of hyperkalemia include: 1. Insufficient dialysis; 2. no appetite; 3. constipation; 4. Take in foods and vegetables with high potassium content, peel them and cut them into small pieces, boil them in plenty of water for 3-5 minutes, and then fry them in oil; Coffee, tea, chicken essence and traditional Chinese medicine juice contain high potassium content, which will cause hyperkalemia.
High-potassium vegetables: green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, water spinach, amaranth and lettuce), mushrooms, laver, kelp, carrots and potatoes.
Fruits with high potassium content: bananas, tomatoes, dates, oranges, Liu Ding, mangoes, persimmons, cantaloupes, grapefruit and carambola (easy to burp). It is suggested to give priority to one fruit at a time, and the appropriate amount is about 1/6.
Low-potassium fruits: pineapple, papaya, watermelon, pear, strawberry, lemon, etc. But it is not suitable for eating a lot.
6. Maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in the body, which can maintain the good growth of bones and teeth and make neuromuscular functions normal. When calcium is insufficient, you should eat more milk, calcium tablets and vitamin D, which can reduce the occurrence of secondary hyperthyroidism. Phosphorus is ubiquitous in all foods containing protein. In order to have enough nutrition intake and reduce the absorption of phosphorus, only when eating, bite aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate and other phosphorus binders to combine phosphorus in food. Pay attention to high-phosphorus foods: eat whole grains and products (such as brown rice, germ rice, whole wheat bread), internal organs (liver, kidney, brain), stone fruits (peanuts, cashews, walnuts) and sauce products (peanut butter), chocolate, egg yolk, milk and dairy products.
Seven, eat less "aluminum and purine" food to avoid aluminum poisoning and gout.
High aluminum diet: 1. Tea; 2. cheese; 3. make tea; 4. hair cake; 5. Cook in an aluminum container.
High purine diet: 1. Gravy; 2. lentils; 3. thick soup; 4. Lean meat and duck meat; 5. brain; 6. mushrooms; 7. Internal organs (liver, kidney, heart); 8. sardines; 9. eels; 10.asparagus