Baumgarton named the subject "Aesthetics" with "Aestetica", which means "perception" in this paper.
A discipline closely related to aesthetics:
Philosophy (the relationship between aesthetics and philosophy is the closest, and they are mutually reinforcing), literature and art (art is an important object of aesthetic research), psychology (the aesthetic problem involved in aesthetic research is one of the basic theoretical problems of aesthetics, and the study of aesthetic feeling cannot be separated from psychological research), ethics (in aesthetic activities, aesthetic judgment is often closely intertwined with ethical judgment, which has an important influence on the formation of aesthetic feeling of aesthetic subjects).
The difference between aesthetics and philosophy;
Philosophy studies the most universal laws of the whole objective world and human subjective world, while aesthetics studies the special laws of human aesthetic activities. Therefore, the two are whole and part, general and special.
What is the relationship between aesthetics and literature and art?
A: They are closely related because: ① Art is the common object of aesthetics and literature and art; ② Many aesthetic works are also works of artistic theory; The problems of aesthetics and literature and art are often the same.
Aesthetics (Xie Ming):
Aesthetics is a humanistic discipline that focuses on the aesthetic relationship between man and reality, and studies the aesthetic relationship between man and reality, beauty, aesthetic feeling and the basic laws of art.
The Development Course of Western Aesthetics
1) ancient Greek aesthetics, represented by Plato and Aristotle, the beginning of western aesthetics;
2)/kloc-In the 8th century, rational aestheticism and empirical aesthetics were published by Baum Garden.
3)/kloc-In the early 9th century, German classical aesthetics represented by Kant, Hegel and Schiller represented the golden age of western aesthetics.
4) The turn of aesthetic research: Since the middle of19th century, western aesthetics has undergone a major turn from classical form to modern form. The experimental aesthetics represented by German aesthetician Fechner, the "Empathy" aesthetics represented by Lipps and others, and the art sociology represented by French Dana all put forward a so-called "bottom-up" research method that attaches importance to scientific experiments and positivism to replace the traditional "top-down".
"Bottom-up": a method from concrete research to abstract theoretical research.
Top-down: metaphysics, a research method from abstract theoretical research to concrete phenomena.
Another representative: Chernyshev, who thinks beauty is life.
5) At the beginning of the 20th century, psychological aesthetics, Freud
6) In the 20th century, aesthetics was discussed from the perspective of language and symbols.
The difference between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic thinking: [/b][/u]
A: Aesthetic consciousness is not aesthetic thought, because aesthetic consciousness has two basic characteristics. These two basic characteristics are: (1) It should be spread by language, that is to say, aesthetic thought exists in the form of language and can be passed on to future generations. (2) Aesthetic thought has a theoretical form, which can not be a perceptual and intuitive understanding like aesthetic consciousness, but can profoundly and profoundly reveal aesthetics.
Four different views of contemporary aestheticians in China on the object of aesthetic study and their reasons, rationality and limitations. [b][/u]
First, the object of aesthetic research should be beauty ratio and the law of beauty.
The reasons are as follows: ① It helps to draw a clear line between aesthetics and various artistic theories; The aesthetic activities of human beings are not limited to art, and taking beauty as the object will not exclude art, but if aesthetics only takes art as the object, it will exclude natural beauty and social beauty; From the perspective of methodology, the beauty of life is the source of artistic beauty, and a thorough study of the beauty of life is helpful to better understand artistic beauty.
Its rationality lies in clearly dividing the boundary between aesthetics and art theory, bringing the aesthetic phenomena of real life and nature into the research scope of aesthetics, and emphasizing the realistic basis of artistic beauty.
Its limitations are as follows: ① Aesthetics only takes beauty and its laws as the research object, and does not study the sublime, funny or even ugly, excluding them, which is suspected of taking painting as a prison and repeating the mistake of taking art as the aesthetic research object; Emphasizing the importance of realistic beauty between realistic beauty and artistic beauty will often lead to one-sidedness, which will inevitably make aesthetic research superficial and lack of deep support, and it is difficult to reveal the most universal laws of human aesthetic activities in depth.
Two. The object of aesthetic research is art, and aesthetics is the philosophy of art.
The reasons are as follows: ① In the past aesthetic history, most aestheticians regarded art as the main object of aesthetic research; ② Art far exceeds the beauty in real life in quality, quantity and social function; From the perspective of methodology, understanding the advanced artistic beauty is helpful to understand the low-level beauty of life.
Its rationality lies in: ① attaching great importance to the important position of art in aesthetic research and affirming that artistic beauty is a more advanced form of beauty than realistic beauty; ② To affirm the methodological significance of studying advanced artistic beauty for understanding low-level realistic beauty.
Its limitations are as follows: (1) to confine the object of aesthetic research to the framework of art is undoubtedly to paint the ground as a prison and shut out other widely existing forms of beauty, such as natural beauty and social beauty, which will seriously affect the depth and breadth of aesthetic research; (2) One-sided emphasis on art will blur the boundary between aesthetics and art theory, and may also exclude the philosophical thinking nature of aesthetics, so that aesthetics only stays at the level of general art theory and aesthetic research loses its due ideological depth.
Three. The object of aesthetic research is aesthetic experience, and aesthetics should study beauty and art with aesthetic experience as the center. This view tries to synthesize the first two views from aesthetic experience.
On the surface, this view seems to be comprehensive, which includes all aspects of aesthetic activities in aesthetic research objects: aesthetic subject (aesthetic experience is the experience of aesthetic subject), aesthetic object (beauty and art), and the relationship between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object (aesthetic experience is based on this relationship).
However, this view is still problematic. Although there are indeed many aestheticians in the history of aesthetics who study aesthetics from aesthetic experience (for example, many schools of psychological aesthetics in modern western aesthetics, from experimental aesthetics, empathy aesthetics to recent humanistic psychological aesthetics, all study aesthetics from this direction), it is easy to ignore the scientific research on objective beauty and art by focusing on aesthetic experience, and it is impossible to fundamentally solve the essential problems of beauty and art from aesthetic experience, because aesthetics cannot be separated from philosophical thinking after all, and pure psychological research is facing. Even if we try to solve the problems such as the essence of beauty and art, there will inevitably be theoretical deficiencies and loopholes. Introspective description or experimental induction commonly used in aesthetic psychology research has obvious limitations: the former is subjective and arbitrary, while the latter is prone to make metaphysical mistakes.
Ⅳ. The object of aesthetic research is the aesthetic relationship between man and reality.
The reasons are as follows: ① Aesthetic activities are the free creation of aesthetic subjects on the basis of objective reality; ② Aesthetic relationship is a relationship established between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object, which can fully display human's essential strength through the intermediary of perceptual objective world.
Its rationality lies in grasping the connection between aesthetic activities and human practice, and on this basis, it investigates the object of aesthetic research and sees the historical characteristics of the object of aesthetic research and the basis of human practice.
Its limitation lies in that although the philosophical basis of aesthetic research is very important, it cannot replace other aspects of aesthetic research, so it is not enough to limit aesthetic research to this aspect, and at the same time, it will ignore the particularity of aesthetic research objects.
The specific method of aesthetic research (understanding
A: ① Features: It has a distinct history. The main methods of aesthetic research in different times are not exactly the same; The emergence and popularity of a particular research method has a historical stage.
Principles: materialism and dialectics, history and logic, theory and practice.
③ The development of western aesthetics and its research methods: ancient Greek eclectic aesthetics-classical aesthetics-metaphysical philosophical speculation: British empiricism school, German rationalism school-modern aesthetics after the middle of the 9th century+metaphysical psychological research methods: Fechner's experimental aesthetics, Lipps's empathy theory and Dana's sociology of art. 。
What is the relationship between beauty and aesthetic feeling? [b]
A: Beauty is a universal law summed up from all kinds of beautiful things, which embodies the essence of beautiful things.
Aesthetic feeling is people's evaluation of feeling, experience, care and appreciation of beauty, and the satisfaction, pleasure and happiness caused by it in their inner life. The form of external objects conforms to the sense of harmony generated by the internal structure, and the sense of spiritual freedom gained after temporarily getting rid of bondage is the highest enjoyment gained in human spiritual life.
Both of them are products of human society and depend on each other.
But there is a difference between the two: beauty exists objectively and has objectivity.
Aesthetic feeling is the subjective feature of the subject's feeling and evaluation of beauty. Aesthetic feeling is inseparable from beauty, but its scope is wider, richer and more complicated than beauty. If beauty is fire, then aesthetic feeling is the light emitted by fire. Light comes from fire, but it does not mean fire. Its scope is richer and broader than fire.
The difference between intuition and perception: [/u][/b]
(1) Intuition is mainly a perceptual activity. Perception has the function of integration, which embodies the unity of sensibility and rationality. Although intuition has experienced the comprehensive function of the mind, it mainly feels scattered and individual impressions. Perception distinguishes and summarizes these impressions to form a gestalt whole.
(2) The concept of intuitive exclusion focuses entirely on the image of the object, while perception begins to have conceptual activities, giving the perceptual image of things a certain concept, which embodies the unity of sensibility and rationality.
The basic rule of intuition: [/u][/b]
Answer: ① Although intuition is acquired in an instant, it is closely related to the accumulation of daily experience and literacy. People with different life experiences often have different intuition.
(2) Intuition itself is constantly deepening and improving. Although intuition is characterized by not thinking, it can be further improved through continuous efforts in artistic activities.
Intuition is not fixed, it is constantly changing and flowing, which is an important reason for its lasting charm.
Therefore, intuition, as one of the psychological functions of aesthetic feeling, is restricted by the laws of psychological activities.
On the understanding characteristics of aesthetic feeling. [b]
A: As a spiritual activity with social significance, aesthetic feeling includes not only feeling, emotion and imagination, but also cognition.
Understanding in aesthetic activities is helpful to understand and be familiar with external symbols and information, and to understand the deep cultural implication in aesthetic objects.
③ Understanding in aesthetic feeling is not abstract rational logical thinking, but materialized feeling, which blends emotion with reason and participates in the perceptual experience of the object.
Aesthetic characteristics: [/u][/b]
Answer: ① It is an emotional mental activity; ② Not a fixed physical fact; (3) is a spiritual re-creation, with a strong personality, so the subjective difference is very big.
Aesthetics includes two levels of psychological characteristics: [/u][/b] One is superficial and belongs to the form of expression, which is a special psychological activity when the aesthetic subject directly faces the object; Second, it is a deep-seated psychological structure, which is some complex relationships and contradictions in the hearts of the appreciators when aesthetic activities are going on in depth.
What is the difference between concentration in aesthetic appreciation activities and concentration in daily life and scientific research?
[/u][/b] A: First of all, in daily life and scientific research, people should maintain a high degree of concentration and a high degree of sobriety. However, in aesthetics, we should concentrate our attention not on clearly understanding the aesthetic object, but on pouring our thoughts and feelings into the object, so as to achieve the realm of "God and things walk together".
Secondly, the concentration of attention in daily life and scientific research is conscious and mandatory. Because it is mandatory, this concentration of attention is not only reluctant, but also not all pleasant. The degree of concentration in aesthetics is completely different from the former. In the face of aesthetic objects, we unexpectedly muster all our physical and mental strength and devote ourselves to beautiful images.
Finally, the concentration of attention in aesthetics has another feature, that is, it pursues not abstract understanding, but image observation.
What is the main content of aesthetic outlook on life?
[/u][/b] A: Main content: 1, the consciousness of life. People are conscious beings. While continuing their existence, they are also creating and appreciating it. A person's life should be a conscious and free life. 2. Reflection and repentance on life. While people are based on their own survival and life, they should also reflect and repent their lives in the spirit of artists. Based on the viewpoint that life should be beautified and lofty, we should stand outside life and reflect and repent on life, so as to create a more ideal and universal life, that is, a meaningful life.
The causes of comedy: (What are the theories about the causes of laughter in comedy? )
] A: There are four main statements:
1. "exposure theory" or "disdain theory"
This is the explanation given by Hobbes, an English empiricist, about the causes of comedy in human nature. He thinks that the effect of comedy, laughter, is a sudden sense of glory when he discovers the weaknesses of others or himself in the past and suddenly feels the superiority of the present. This statement has some truth, but it can't cover all comedies.
2. "Incorrect statement" or "expected disappointment statement"
At first, the "theory of good and evil" was popular in Germany, which generally refers to breaking the existing order or law and making people's nervous expectations suddenly disappear. What Kant considers absurd is absurd, neither fish nor fowl, good nor false, which often makes people's nervous psychological expectations suddenly become empty. On this basis, Spencer divided good and false into "ascending good and false" and "descending good and false".
3. "Mechanization of life"
French scholar Bergson believes that life is a process of continuous creation, and the cause of comedy lies in the mechanization of action, posture and form, such as clowns and puppets. However, this can only explain the causes of some comedies, but it cannot cover all the causes of comedies. Some clumsy and dull social phenomena make people feel sad, while others are not mechanized and intelligent, and they are also the objects of ridicule. 4. Theory of Saving Spiritual Energy Consumption
This was put forward by Freud. He believes that people's instinctive desires are suppressed and submerged in the unconscious, while comedy has a releasing effect. Appreciators release people's instinctive desires by enjoying comedies, making people float in consciousness and get virtual satisfaction. This kind of satisfaction is usually achieved through cleverness (such as the interest brought by homophonic), imagination, humor and so on. But cleverness is not actually a saving of mental energy consumption.
[b][u] (20) Briefly describe the essence and significance of sublimity?
[/u][/b] Answer: Sublime is the expression of human's essential strength through shocking and suppressing the object. Its form and content exceed the subject's sensibility and imagination. Facing it, the essential strength of the subject is contained, but the subject struggles with the object with the spiritual education and ideals of the whole human culture, thus feeling its own promotion and victory. Therefore, sublimity is not only a grand phenomenon in the objective world, but also the essential strength of human beings.
Sublime is a basic form of beauty, although it is different from beauty in psychological feeling, it gives people aesthetic pleasure: from the actual phenomenon of beauty, beautiful and sublime things stimulate our happy emotions; From the perspective of aesthetic needs, people need both beauty and sublimity; From the artistic point of view, the creation of artists and the acceptance of appreciators, sublimity and beauty all exist, which are in line with people's aesthetic requirements.
Aesthetists have always emphasized the role of human spiritual strength in the sense of sublimity. Appreciation of the sublime is helpful to show the Excellence and superb of people's essential strength and to save the decadent wind of the times.
Gracefulness and sublimity are two basic forms of beauty that complement each other and coexist. [b]
A: There is a clear difference between beauty and sublimity. Lofty objects are often huge and majestic, while beautiful objects often show the characteristics of small, beautiful and soft. Lofty things often satisfy our curiosity in a thrilling way, thus producing pleasure. Good things make it easy for people to directly enjoy the pleasure it brings. However, beauty and sublimity are two basic forms of complementary coexistence of beauty, because:
(1) Starting from the common ground of beauty and sublimity, both the sublime object and the beautiful object make us relaxed and happy.
(2) Judging from the aesthetic needs of ordinary people, people need both lofty objects and beautiful objects. Combining rigidity with softness is the primitive rhythm of human life.
(3) From the artist's creative practice, when creating works, artists also show the characteristics of combining rigidity with softness on the basis of the same dominant style. Li Bai, who wrote "Shu Dao is difficult to learn, and it is difficult to go to the sky", also wrote "The foot of my bed is so bright"; Li Qingzhao, who wrote "Farewell to Sorrow", also wrote "Life is a hero, death is a ghost".
(4) From the common opposite of beauty and sublimity-ugliness, the opposite of beauty and sublimity is ugliness, and ugliness itself is not included in beauty and sublimity.
[b][u] (22) The basic elements of ugliness
[/u][/b] A: (1) Ugliness is a negative value, which makes people hate, despise and dislike. (2) Ugly things are against the law of their own development and hinder life. (3) Their external combination forms are often messy and unpleasant. These three elements constitute the basic elements of ugliness.
[b][u] (23) The connection and difference between beauty and ugliness and good and evil: (including the difference between ugliness and evil)
[/u][/b] Answer: Both beauty and ugliness have natural and social attributes, while good and evil are purely ethical, with distinct historical and class nature. There are both connections and differences between good and evil. Good and evil reveal the essence of objects through concepts, such as enthusiasm and indifference. Beauty and ugliness, on the basis of the unity of content and form, pay attention to form and prompt the essence of the object with images. For example, the character crossing.
Although ugliness is closely related to moral evil, there are obvious differences: first, ugliness is ugly only when evil is displayed as an image; Secondly, ugliness is the manifestation of evil, mainly referring to the performance of characters; Third, ugliness and evil are not necessarily related; Fourth, in class society, different classes may have the same evaluation of ugliness, but the standards of evil may be completely opposite. For example, the bourgeoisie is not for itself, and the devil takes the hindmost.
[b][u] (24) Judgment and analysis: "Ugliness" as an independent aesthetic category has existed since ancient times. [b]
A: Wrong ugliness has existed since ancient times, only as the opposite or foil of "beauty" in the long history. As an independent aesthetic category, ugliness is mainly the product of modern spirit. The main reasons are as follows: ① The development of modern natural science, on the one hand, broke the myth of God's creation, on the other hand, broke the view that reason is omnipotent, thus making people realize the ugly side of their own nature. Ugly as he really is. 2 19 the century of heroes, the 20th century, is also the century when people began to doubt heroes, beauty and sublimity, thus forming the worship of ugliness. After the 20th century, industrialization brought all kinds of deformities and contradictions. The highly developed social material and the individualization and loneliness of human spirit provide realistic soil for ugliness. Of course, ugliness has become an independent aesthetic category in modern times. It is not that today's aesthetics wants to promote ugliness and think that today is an ugly era, but that such an atmosphere of the times makes the ugliness that has been attached for a long time gain its due independent position in aesthetics.
[b][u] (25) Roman, Polish phenomenological aesthete? Ingarden divides works of art into four grades:
[/u][/b] Answer: Phonetic layer, semantic layer, schema layer and object layer. Textbooks say that art is a multi-level open system with aesthetic image as the center and aesthetic experience as the purpose.
[b][u] (26) Talk about the virtuality of images in combination with Su Shi's "Shuidiao Song Tou" (when is the bright moon).
[/u][/b] A: The virtuality of an image is unreal. Once the image is materialized, it becomes an artistic image, and at the same time it enters an unreal level. Images can be made up and invented according to the needs of the theme, and sometimes even go against the common sense of reality. It can even show things that are impossible in reality; Even if it expresses what already exists or may exist in the real world, it takes an unrealistic form.
But this kind of unreality is not arbitrary, it reflects the artist's subjective feelings, such as "when there is a bright moon, ask the sky for wine." The blue sky exists objectively, and no one has the same temperament, but the author personifies the blue sky through a perceptual aesthetic way of thinking, and people can communicate with it and guess with human feelings. He thinks there is a palace in the sky just like the human world, and imagines there is a beautiful building and a beautiful place. There must be no such joy and fun on earth, and it must be very lonely there. Although there are joys and sorrows in this world on earth, it has been difficult to be comprehensive since ancient times, and there should be no regrets. The author expresses his experience of life by describing and speculating the fictional blue sky scenery.
[b][u] (27) The way art exists:
[/u][/b] A: According to the essential characteristics of art, art can only exist in the image world of artworks. Image is the most basic thing provided by art, and it is the place that embodies the essence of art.
From the origin of art, art can only exist in people's aesthetic psychological activities and aesthetic experience. Artistic image is a kind of spiritual existence, the process and result of psychological activities, and the comprehensive ideology produced by the subject in the process of artistic creation and appreciation. On the one hand, images are essentially related to the aesthetic psychological activities and aesthetic surprises of artistic creation subjects. On the other hand, images are essentially related to the aesthetic psychological activities and aesthetic experiences of art recipients.
From the perspective of artistic development, art exists in the dynamic process from artistic creation to artistic acceptance.
In a word, art exists in a dynamic process consisting of three links, from artistic creation to artistic acceptance, which are indispensable. Comparatively speaking, artistic creation is the first and most important of the three links, because there can be no artistic works without the creation of artists.
[b][u] (28) The importance of artistic works:
[/u][/b] A: In the process of artists expressing psychological images, the organization of artistic form symbols is an inseparable and important factor in the formation of images. Without communication, the creation of images cannot be really completed. If artists don't express images, that is, materialize images into works of art, they can't achieve the purpose of communication and dissemination, and they can't build artistic reality in the history of human society and culture, that is, the overall existence of art.
[b][u] (29) The difference and connection between aesthetic education and art education
[/u][/b] A: Aesthetic education affects people through aesthetic methods. Art is the main way to implement aesthetic education, and aesthetics is also the basic function of art education.
However, there are differences between the two. Aesthetic education is not only carried out through art, but also through natural and social means. Art education is not only for aesthetic education, but also for cultivating specialized artistic talents, such as musicians, painters, dancers and dramatists.
[b][u] (30) Judgment and analysis: Tragedy in real life cannot be an aesthetic object. [b]
A: Wrong. Tragedy as an aesthetic category is not equal to life tragedy, but this does not rule out the possibility that tragedy in real life becomes an aesthetic object and brings people a sense of tragedy in the aesthetic sense. The phenomena in real life often contain different value orientations, and people can often grasp them from different angles such as ethics or aesthetics. People can adopt an aesthetic attitude towards those life phenomena that embody the essence of tragedy. As long as the emotional life of the object itself in real life is destroyed and destroyed, it is immortal in spirit, showing the contradiction and conflict between the spirit of justice and reality, and embodying the tragic state of mind, it can also enter the aesthetic field and become an aesthetic object. It completely opposes the saying that tragedy in life can be an aesthetic object, and leaves the essence of tragedy as a tragic phenomenon, without deeply experiencing whether the conflict itself under the phenomenon is tragic.
[b][u] (3 1) Judgment and analysis: Aesthetic feeling is the sublimation of sexual instinct.
[/u][/b] A: (1) Is it true or not that beauty is a sexual instinct?
(2) It is pointed out that there is a certain relationship between aesthetic feeling and animal selection.
(3) The mistake is that it doesn't see that the beauty of human beings comes from animal instinct but goes beyond it.
[b][u] (32) Analyze in detail how art permeates non-art fields in the development of modern society. [b]
A: ① The development of contemporary aesthetic culture has been widely radiated to the field of material technology, and the aesthetic value of material products is increasing besides maintaining practical value.
(2) The scope of contemporary handicrafts is expanding day by day, the craft is becoming more and more refined, and the artistic tendency of architecture is becoming more and more obvious. Many material products have the function of works of art.
The infiltration of art into non-art fields makes many material products have artistic character at the same time, and the material and spiritual life of human beings is more interesting because of sublimation.
[b][u] (33) Briefly describe the relationship between aesthetic feeling and beauty.
[/u][/b] A: Beauty is a universal law summed up from all kinds of beautiful things, which embodies the essence of beautiful things.
Aesthetic feeling is the evaluation of people's feeling, experience, care and appreciation of beauty, and the satisfaction, pleasure and happiness caused by it in their inner life. The external form conforms to the sense of harmony generated by the internal structure, and the sense of spiritual freedom obtained after temporarily getting rid of material constraints. This is the highest enjoyment in human spiritual life, and also the highest realm of human mind.
Beauty and aesthetic feeling are interrelated. On the one hand, they are interrelated human life processes, products of human social practice and interdependent. On the other hand, they are different.
Beauty exists objectively and has objectivity, while aesthetic feeling is subjective, because it is the subject's feeling and evaluation of beauty.
(2) If beauty is fire, aesthetic feeling is the light of fire, but light source is not equal to fire, and its scope is richer and broader than fire. Aesthetic feeling is inseparable from beauty, but its scope is wider, richer and more complicated than beauty.