My mother and father paved the way. Margaret Acton Tobin, a 90-year-old social worker, resumed her emergency relief work on 1932 after being interrupted for marriage and family problems/6 years. For the next 25 years, she led Champagne-O 'Banna family service in Illinois. From her first-hand records, I learned about people's suffering in unemployment and poverty. Louis Mikhail Tobin (1879- 1943) is a journalist. She was the propaganda minister of the University of Illinois sports team in my early childhood. In our life, the fate of the Illinois sports team is definitely a major event. My father happens to be an intellectual, as knowledgeable, literate, knowledgeable and curious as anyone I know. He never insists but is casual, which makes me a smart and kind teacher. Based on its conservative Chicago Forum, I often read foreign periodicals, such as The Nation, The New Republic and Mencken's American Courier. Among our city and my mother's relatives in Wisconsin, my parents, and sometimes my brother and I are considered to have unorthodox but well-founded political views. 1932, in a poll of senior two, I was the only one who voted for Roosevelt, and most of them were children of university teachers.
19 18 I was born in champagne. I studied in primary and secondary schools near the University High School in Oubana. This school is managed by the College of Education of the University and mainly provides practical teaching and training for students. The chief teacher who guides the intern teacher also gives us a good education. There are only thirty or forty graduates each year, but they have won scholarships many times in national competitions. Two alumni, philip anderson and hamilton smith, are Nobel Prize winners. Ironically, just as I won the prize this year, there was news that the school might be closed because of lack of funds.
For me, one of the advantages of the high school attached to the university is that I can get a seat on the school basketball team in a small school, which has realized my seemingly unattainable sports ambition in my childhood. Another advantage is that it made me fully prepared before entering Harvard, although neither the school nor I thought that teenagers in the midwest could go to a famous and expensive eastern college thousands of miles away. I am happy to think that I will go to a good local university, probably its law school. Harvard was my father's idea. It happened that James B. Connant, the president of Harvard, launched a national full-fee scholarship to spread students' geographical, academic and social sources. He started from the midwestern States. My father knows all this because he has the habit of reading The New York Times in the public library. So I took a three-day entrance exam in June, and I didn't make any special preparations for it. I got good news that surprised me in August. 1September, 935, I left the midwest for Boston by train for the first time.
I got my bachelor's degree from Harvard University in four years. My proud parents attended the graduation ceremony. This is their first trip to the East since their honeymoon in new york in 19 16. After the war broke out in 1939, I washed away my travel year, so I got a performance bonus. For the next two years, I was a graduate student at Harvard. Those six years were a great experience. Many of my classmates are my lifelong friends. They have different backgrounds, interests and talents. My teachers range from retired Alfred and North Whitehead to active young lecturers. In the crucial pre-war years, I participated in intense political debates and activities on the charming Harvard campus. In economics, Harvard, the academic discussion center at that time, was enjoying a golden age. Yue Se Schumpeter, alvin hansen, Seymour Harris, Edward Chamberlain, Edward Mei Sen, gottfried haberler, Jonathan richter, Huaxi Leontison, paul samuelson, Lloyd Metzeler, Paul Sweezy, J.K. Galbraith, Abelin. ...
I left Harvard in the spring of 194 1. When I attended Edward Mei Sen's seminar, I wrote a paper on applying statistical forecasting and stabilizing the economy. At this time, I was introduced to a new organization in Washington, which is responsible for restricting the civilian use of metals and other materials needed for the development of national defense production, such as automobiles and other durable consumer goods. With the exception of Melvin de Cassau and Assyria R. Burns, we are all young people, and suddenly we have the responsibility to stipulate distribution and explain to the units that make sacrifices.
After the United States entered the war, I joined the naval reserve and studied in the dormitory of Columbia University for 90 days as a naval officer. My friends, in alphabetical order, are Silas Vance and Hyman Walker. Walker mentioned me in Cain's mutiny, which was the main source of my notoriety until recently. I worked as a combat officer on the destroyer Chiani for nearly four years, then as an artillery officer, then as a navigator and commander (second place). Most of our ships are engaged in escort and other anti-submarine missions in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, but we also participated in the battle to capture North Africa, southern France and Italy. I like and cherish these experiences because their requirements and tests are so different from academic work. However, after escorting the occupation ship to Japan, my companions and I were in high spirits when we left the ship at the Charleston Naval Pier and sealed it up.
I had the opportunity to lure me back to Washington, but Harold H. Bubank, head of Harvard Economics Department, wrote in time, pointing out that my future lies in academia, so I went back and finished my Ph.D. at telephone number 1946- 1947. I will always thank Professor Bubank, mainly for one reason, which will be made clear later in this story. I wrote a doctoral thesis on the theory and statistics of consumption function, which is my long-term interest. 1947, elected as an associate researcher of the research institute. This appointment gave me three years of freedom to study, research and write. Like my high school, researchers will produce several Nobel Prize winners, including four this year. Harvard's golden age of economics lasted until the postwar years, when several talented and mature graduate students and young teachers got together. I used the salary of an associate researcher to make up for the economics lost in the war, especially econometrics, and participated in writing a sociology-economics book, American Business Credo, and wrote some papers on macroeconomics, statistical demand analysis and rationing theory. Some work was done in Richard Si Tong's Cambridge Department of Applied Economics on 1949- 1950. In Cambridge, I benefited a lot from the effective cooperation with Hendricks and the heated discussion with him and the late Mikhail Farrell.
I have been at Yale since 1950. It is an excellent place for scientific research, teaching and life. The scale and position of the department of economics are getting bigger and bigger. 1955 The Cowles Foundation (formerly known as the Committee) was greatly helped by the arrival of its outstanding leaders Garin koopman and Jagger Marshak. Under their guidance, the Cowles Committee in Chicago is one of the most fruitful research centers in history, which initiated modern econometrics and activity analysis. People who have worked in this association include kenneth j. arrow, herbert simon and Lawrence Klein. From 1955 to 196 1, from 1964 to 1965, I am the foundation director of Yale.
At that time, my personal research goal was to provide a stricter foundation for Keynesian economics and strengthen and develop the logic of macroeconomic and monetary theory. My Nobel lecture is a summative narrative in a sense. Mainly because of my interest, the foundation added monetary theory and macroeconomics to its previous research route. The Cowles Foundation's logistical support, research assistance and university background are very valuable. Most importantly, I learned a lot from my colleagues and students. I benefited most from the late Assyria Okun and William brainerd. I teach them and cooperate with them; I argue with them and they are usually right. On the topics related to my speech, other people who have worked closely and effectively with me include David Bacchus, Martin Nair Belle, Veyron Bite, John Sisolo, Walter Dodd, Harold guthrie, karis Hall, Kaki Hamada, Donald Hearst, Susan Laipai and George de Machiavelli. In addition, there are Lai Faya, William Farner, Raymond Goldsmith, Richard Rogers, rob terry Finn and Henry Warwick in the department, which makes Yale an inspiring environment for working in macroeconomics, money and finance. Outside Yale, paul samuelson of MIT and I have many common interests and opinions, which have benefited me a lot. Similarly, I learned a lot from my years of friendship and contact with George katona, James Morgan Key and the late Harry Johnson at the University of Michigan Research Center. In my speech, I explained that I learned from others academically, including the giants in this field. Their influence on me is produced through their works.
Yale attaches great importance to the teaching of college students and graduate students. I like teaching and have taught a lot. In order to present my ideas clearly to my students, I have never neglected what I have to learn. I have made many friends of different ages, which is a lasting and rich reward for me.
Since the late 1950s, I sometimes write articles about current economic problems for ordinary readers, not just professional economists. A collection of these articles, National Economic Policy, was published in 1966. I often testify before congressional committees and give advice to government agencies and political candidates. From 1966 to 1970, I was the chairman of the Planning Commission of New Haven.
My main public life was as a member of President Kennedy's Council of Economic Advisers, working with President Walter Heller and the late Cmit Gordon. After returning to Yale, I have been an active adviser to the Committee for several years. The Kennedy Committee recruited many outstanding talents, including Okun, Thoreau and Arrow. Our collective work is the Economic Report (1962), which comprehensively states the theory and practice of the stability and growth policies related to the "new economics" called by the press at that time. Working in the Committee is demanding, exciting and sometimes disappointing. However, our opinions were gradually accepted to a great extent, and by the end of 1965, our basic macroeconomic goals had been achieved. Unfortunately, these victories were lost in the Vietnam War and the stagflation in the 1970s.
1946 returned to Cambridge and met the greatest luck. That spring, I met Elizabeth Fringe. We got married a few months later. As it happens, Betty is Samuelson's freshman at MIT, and we met to teach economics at Wesley College. Coincidentally, she grew up in the Wisconsin Cup, not far from the family retreat that I have been going to almost every summer in my life. We still have to go there. I draw Betty's interest away from economics, and she sometimes says that she saved her life. But her ability to distinguish between meaningful and meaningless, right and wrong, fair and unfair, poor and rich makes me love and hate clearly in my academic work and personal life. In our first thirty-five years, I also learned many other things and shared her passion for animals, especially Newfoundland dogs, baseball, stoves, birds, nature, fishing, dancing and jazz. We are enthusiastic but mediocre skiers, climbers and cross-country marchers, as well as tennis players. In Wisconsin, we like boating in the river, swimming and boating in our small lake. In 1960s, Betty returned to her teaching post and worked for eight years, especially in a public primary school in the city, which was much higher than the requirements and challenges of the university classroom.
We have raised four excellent children together, one eldest daughter and three sons. We witnessed the rapid growth of babies, sharing infatuation, joy and sometimes anxiety. Their personalities, interests and talents are different. They teach us as much as we teach them. Our daughter is a fashion designer and writer; Both sons are married and both are lawyers; The youngest is a graduate student in physics. Our first granddaughter was born on 198 1. We still live in the house we bought in New Haven in the first year. My family often get together there, either in Wisconsin or in our ski lodge in Villemon.