On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, the legendary Cowherd and Weaver Girl crossed the Tianhe River from Queqiao to meet each other. People's mind is that the Weaver Girl is a hardworking, kind and ingenious fairy, so on the evening of July 7th, girls and young women will come out to pay homage and beg for her skills, hoping that they can have a pair of dexterous hands and a smart heart like the Weaver Girl and live a happy life.
Because Valentine's Day in China is closely related to women's affairs, it is also called "Daughter's Day", which is a traditional women's day in China.
China has the custom of eating smart dishes on Valentine's Day. The contents of skillful eating include melons, fruits and various kinds of pasta, and customs vary from place to place. After all kinds of ingenious foods are prepared, they should be displayed on several cases in the yard, as if inviting the weaver girl in the sky to taste them. Then everyone looked at the distant night sky and ate all kinds of smart food, thinking that it would make people smart.
In the Han Dynasty, people began to beg the Weaver Maid for ingenious ideas. Pray not only for ingenuity, but also for wealth, a happy and sweet marriage and an early birth.
● The custom of Valentine's Day in China (related links: local customs)
The story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl has been circulated for thousands of years, and many interesting folk customs have been derived.
The highlight of Tanabata is mainly on girls! Because according to legend, the weaver girl is very skilled in her craft and can weave a beautiful sky dress like a cloud. In order to have a pair of skillful hands like a weaver girl, a custom of "being clever" has been formed among girls. The custom of begging for cleverness was formed as early as the Han Dynasty, and it was only later that it was combined with the story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl. Clever needles are divided into two eyes, five holes, seven holes and nine holes. On Qixi night, it is "smart" to hold a silk thread and thread a needle in the moonlight to see who passes first. Another way to throw a needle is to put a pot of water in the sun at noon on Tanabata. After a while, the dust in space will form a film on the water. At this time, throw the needle into the water, and with the support of the film, the needle will float on the water. Look at the needle shadow in the water again, if it becomes the shape of clouds, flowers, birds and animals, it will be a coincidence. On the other hand, if the shadow it presents is as thin as a line and as thick as a hammer, it is not smart. Some women collect all kinds of flowers, put them in copper pots filled with water, expose them to the sun in the yard, and take them to wipe their faces the next day. It is said that they can make skin delicate and fair. Some women pound impatiens and take juice to dye the fingers of the ring finger and small nails, which is called "red nails". Some women also sang "Begging for Qiao": "Begging for Qiao, begging for appearance, begging for heart, begging for appearance, begging for my parents for a thousand years, begging for my sisters for a thousand years." In addition, on Qixi, there will be an incense table under the moon to provide fruit and fairy flowers to the Weaver Girl. It is reported that there is a woman named Ding in Caizhou who is good at needlework. One year on Tanabata, when she was being clever, she saw a meteor fall on her candied fruit. When I saw it the next morning, it turned out to be Jinsuo. Since then, her intelligence has benefited a lot. There are so many ways to beg for wisdom that even the offerings for the Weaver Girl can come in handy. Melons and fruits are indispensable in offerings. If a playful child (a little spider) weaves a web on a melon and fruit at night, it means that this woman has skills. A little more elegant, such as the ladies of the Tang Dynasty, put the calligraphy in a small box and open it the next morning. If you don't weave a good net, you can beg less.
There is also a theory of eavesdropping on crying. It is said that you must be a virgin. In the dead of night, you will quietly walk into the ancient well or under the grape trellis and hold your breath. If you can hear the voice of Cowherd and Weaver Girl talking or crying, this girl will be very smart.
Women require intelligence, and men are not idle. It is said that July 7th is Kuixing's birthday. Kuixing literature, literati who want to be famous especially worship Kuixing, so they must worship him on Tanabata and pray for his success in the exam. Kuixing is mainly Kuidou, the Kuixing in the twenty-eight nights, the first star of the Big Dipper, and also the Kuixing or champion. In ancient times, scholars were called "the greatest scholars in the world" or "winning the championship in one fell swoop" because Kuixing was in charge of the exam.
According to folklore, Lord Kuixing is ugly, his face is covered with spots and he is lame. Someone wrote a limerick to make fun of him: if you don't publicize it, why decorate it? Even lead, don't cover it. Marrying Ma Gu into two beauties is no worse than coming to the hive. Leave claws under the eyebrows, and geese step on the sand beside their noses and mouths. It's just a nap in front of the eaves, and the wind blows plum blossoms on your forehead. Xiang Jun's jade toe is the strangest, with one high and one low. Walking slowly, I want to dance, fluttering like a mouth. Only the road in the world is dangerous, and I am so tired that I am surprised. Don't laugh, the waist branches are often half folded, and the temporary swaying is also colorful.
However, the champion was ambitious, worked hard and went to high school. When the Emperor visited him, he asked him why his face was covered with spots. He replied: "Ma's face is full of stars"; Asked why he was lame, he replied "hop on one foot". The emperor was very satisfied and accepted him.
Another completely different legend says that Lord Kuixing was knowledgeable before his death, but unfortunately he failed every exam, so he threw himself into the river in grief and indignation. Unexpectedly, he was saved by turtle fish and ascended to heaven to become a champion. Because Kuixing can affect the test luck of scholars, so every year on July 7th, his birthday, scholars should solemnly worship.
Young men and women are thirsty for talents, hoping that their skills are superior, while married, old, poor and rich all have their own wishes, so Tanabata has become a day of wishing. On the night of Tanabata, you worship the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid, immediately bow down and express your wishes, whether it is seeking wealth, longevity or children. But there can only be one wish at a time, and it will take three years to be effective.
It is said that Tianhe on Tanabata can also predict the harvest of that year. Tianhe is obvious, with good harvest and low food prices; Tianhe is gloomy, the harvest is not good, and the food price is expensive. In some areas, holding a "little seedling party" on Tanabata is also a kind of wishing activity.
After Buddhism was introduced into China, Han people absorbed this name from Buddhist scriptures and used it to name dolls. On July 7th every year, in Kaifeng, "the tiles outside the Dongsongmen Gate of Panlou Street, the tiles outside the Xiliangmen Gate of Zhou Zhou, the tiles outside the North Gate, the tiles outside the South Suzaku Gate and the tiles in Xingjie Ma are all plastic puppets". In fact, the grinding and drinking music after the end of the Song Dynasty is no longer a puppet, on the contrary, it has become more and more exquisite. Moeli varies in size and posture, and the largest is as high as three feet, comparable to a real child. The materials made are ivory carving or bergamot carving, and the dressing of grinding and drinking music is extremely beautiful. There are painted wood carvings as column seats, or red sand cages as covers, and the toys in hand are mostly decorated with precious stones. The cost of grinding and drinking music is often as high as several thousand yuan.
The most exquisite grinding and drinking music sold in Tokyo comes from Suzhou, which is known as the best in the world. It goes without saying that the grinding and drinking music used to pay tribute to the palace is lovely, exquisite and luxurious, even made of gold and silver. In fact, Moeli should be an auspicious thing for women to beg for children, but from Moeli's life, we can't find any deeds related to Tanabata or begging for children. Nevertheless, people who worship grinding wine often hold a lotus leaf in their hands on Qixi Festival, so many children will dress up beautifully and parade and play in the streets with lotus leaves in their hands.
A few days ago, Chinese Valentine's Day in Bianjing City in the Northern Song Dynasty, in addition to grinding wine koji, will also launch a variety of featured products. If wax is cast into the characters in the story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, or made into the shapes of vultures, mandarin ducks and other animals, it is called "floating on the water". There are also baby dolls made of wax, which women can buy home and float in the water and soil to show their good luck to their children, and they are called "metaplasia". A few days before Tanabata, we first spread a layer of soil on the small board and sow the seeds of millet to make it bear green seedlings. Then we build a hut on it, plant flowers and trees, and make it look like a small village in the field, called "shell board", or soak mung beans, adzuki beans and wheat in a magnetic bowl, and then tie it into a bunch with red and blue silk threads. All parts of the south are also called "bubble cleverness", and the sprouted bean sprouts are called smart buds. Even the needles are replaced by smart buds and thrown on the water to beg for cleverness. July is also the time when lotus flowers are in full bloom. Some people used their brains to break off unopened lotus flowers and make fake double-headed lotus flowers, which were very cute and popular at that time.
The colorful patterns of these seasonal plants fully show the vitality of the midsummer festival. The unique hot sunshine in summer has contributed to another custom of Tanabata-drying books and clothes. Modern scientific reports point out that ultraviolet rays contained in sunlight do have bactericidal effect. There are several interesting stories about the custom of literati drying books and clothes in history.
According to the report, Sima Yi was very suspicious of Cao Cao because of his high status and great power. In view of the political darkness at that time, he pretended to be crazy and hid at home in order to protect himself. Wei Wudi was still worried, so he sent a close friend to let history secretly explore the truth. It was July 7, and Sima Yi, who was pretending to be crazy and selling stupidity, was also drying books at home. Make history back to leave Wei Wudi, Wei Wudi immediately ordered Sima Yi back to the office, otherwise you can be taken into custody. Sima yi only obediently obeyed and returned to the DPRK. Another kind of people, in troubled times, express their depression through depravity. They despise etiquette and oppose custom. Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo Yu", volume 25, said that on July 7, everyone printed a book, only to run and lie in the sun. When people asked him why, he replied, "I print books." On the one hand, it despises the custom of printing books, on the other hand, it also boasts about the talent in its belly. Drying your belly is also drying books. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the custom of hanging clothes in the Han Dynasty created opportunities for rich children to boast about their wealth. Ruan Xian, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", looked down on this style. On July 7, when neighbors were hanging clothes, they saw that the shelves were full of silks and satins, which was dazzling. Ruan Xian unhurriedly picked up a worn-out dress with a bamboo pole. Someone asked him what he was doing, and he said, "I can't avoid customs and tell you!" " From these short stories, we can see how prosperous the custom of drying books and clothes on Tanabata is. Most of the above complaints are anecdotes of folk celebrating Tanabata, but how did the ancient court celebrate Tanabata? You are the king of a country, and the ostentation and extravagance of the royal family is naturally not comparable to that of civilians. In the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Wu of Qi built a tower. Every year on Tanabata, the imperial secretary goes upstairs to get the needle, which is called the "needle-piercing tower". Tang Xuanzong, a famous romantic emperor in history, also attached great importance to Chinese Valentine's Day. He built a Qiao Qi building in the palace, which is 100 feet high and can accommodate dozens of people. In addition, all kinds of fruits and jars were arranged upstairs to worship the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. The concubines in the palace got nine-hole needles and five-color threads, and they wore needles skillfully under the moon. At the same time, there were music performances, which made everyone follow suit.
● Tanabata cuisine
Appropriate fruit is the most famous festival food on Tanabata. Proper fruit, also called "Kiki Fruit", has many styles. The main material is oil surface molasses. "Dream of China in Tokyo" refers to it as "laughing boy" and "eating fruit patterns", and the patterns include holding incense and winning prizes. During the Song Dynasty, the unique fruits of Qixi were already sold on the streets of the city.
If you buy a catty of proper fruit, there will be a pair of dolls in armor, such as door gods, which are called "General Fruit food". The way to make a proper fruit is to melt sugar into syrup in a pot, then add flour and sesame seeds, mix well, spread it on the table, let it cool, cut it into squares with a knife, especially fold it into spindle-shaped dough, and fry it until golden. Handy women will also create various patterns related to the legend of Qixi. In addition, the melons and fruits that can be used skillfully can also be varied. Or carve melons and fruits into exotic flowers and birds, or emboss patterns on the surface of melon skin. It is called "flower melon"
Appropriate fruits and melons are the most common Qixi foods. However, in history, different dynasties had different dietary customs. For example, soup cakes were popular in Wei Dynasty on July 7th. In the Tang Dynasty, festival foods included cakes on July 7th, which was designated as the book-drying festival. Each of the three provinces and six departments gives a certain amount of banquet money, which is called the "book-printing party". Tanabata is also a day suitable for dispensing medicines. It is said to be a secret recipe with pine and cypress as medicinal materials. This magic pill was made with dew on July 7th. Taking one pill can prolong life for ten years, and taking two pills can prolong life for twenty years. In addition, there are bait pine nuts, arborvitae seeds, stacked lotus leaves and so on. , are called the medicine of immortality. The more practical prescriptions are dried Sophora juice for hemorrhoids, fried bitter gourd for eyes, and pedicled melon for diarrhea.
● The Prince's Tanabata
Among the numerous Qixi legends, the love story between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei is the most popular. It is common for ancient emperors to have three palaces and six courtyards. Every harem beauty tries her best to please the king, and their greatest asset is beauty. However, as the saying goes, even Yang Guifei, who is pampered by 3,000 people, can't help but feel fear when she sees the donations from autumn fans.
One year on Tanabata, in the Palace of Eternal Life, where the night was as cool as water, Yang Guifei looked at the Petunia and the Weaver Maid in the sky, admiring their faithful love, and at the same time feeling deeply about her position. I can't help but pour out my heart. Tang Xuanzong was deeply moved after hearing this, so he made an oath of "willing to be husband and wife forever". This sad and beautiful love has become a household name after being described by later literati.
Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Hong Sheng's Palace of Eternal Life are immortal masterpieces in the history of literature. "On the seventh day of July, in the palace of longevity, we secretly told each other in the quiet midnight world, hoping to be a pair of lovebirds, growing together on the earth, two branches of a tree. In heaven "in the eternal song of sadness. It is also a famous sentence that has been sung for some time.
Another romantic monarch, Li Yu, queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, lived an elegant life in the palace before her death. Every Tanabata, women are ordered to open the symbolic Tianhe River with a hundred red and white llamas in the palace and put it away the next day. After the Song Dynasty, Li Houzhu lived under house arrest. Once on Tanabata, because he missed his old country, he filled in a poem "Last night, the east wind blew in the small building, and the old country was unbearable to look back on the moon" and called his former maid-in-waiting to sing. Song Taizong was furious and ordered him to die. A generation of poets died in seven years.
In the Qing dynasty, sachets have become the keepsake of love. A small sachet, bearing a deep love, is passed on to the beloved, hung around the waist day and night, placed by the bed, and accompanied by feelings and love & gt Baoyu and Daiyu's seventeenth "quarrel" was because they gave a purse.
When history evolves into modern times, sachets are often used as gifts for folk Dragon Boat Festival to pray for good luck and ward off evil spirits.
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Another name and shelter for stinky people.
Smelly, that is, sachet, also known as sachet, sachet, fragrant tassel, fragrant ball, purse, sachet, musk deer, juggling, convulsion, kit, sachet and so on.
The sachet is usually tied on a belt below the waist or elbow. During the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, Fan Qin wrote a poem in "Fixed Love": "Why knock at the door, the sachet is tied behind the elbow." Some are tied to bed curtains or rafters. The steps of Princess Tongchang in the Tang Dynasty were decorated with five-color sachets, and every trip was full of fragrance.
Second, the history and function of odor resistance.
The history of making and wearing sachets can be traced back at least to the Warring States Period. In Qu Yuan's Lisao, there is "Hujiang Powder, Bi, which Qiu Lan thinks is admirable". Li Jiang, Fructus Aurantii and Qiulan are all herbs. Sewing means connecting. Pei is, which means sachet and wearing. The whole sentence means taking Pei Wei, who is full of herbs. Thus, as early as the Warring States period when Qu Zi was alive, the sachet was an ornament.
There is a saying in the Book of Rites of Han Dynasty: "Men and women who are not crowned ... wear tassels and stink." Wencheng is a sachet, which shows that both underage men and women in Han Dynasty wore sachets.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, sachets gradually became the special products for ladies and beauties. On the other hand, male officials began to wear wallets. Some officials simply put their wallets on court clothes when they go to court. Of course, the purse and sachet were not exactly the same at that time. The sachet is mainly filled with herbs, while the purse is mainly used to "hold towels and exquisite things".
By the Qing Dynasty, sachets had become a symbol of love. A small sachet, bearing a deep love, is passed on to the beloved, hung around the waist day and night, placed by the bed, and accompanied by feelings and love & gt Baoyu and Daiyu's seventeenth "quarrel" was because they gave a purse.
When history evolves into modern times, sachets are often used as gifts for folk Dragon Boat Festival to pray for good luck and ward off evil spirits.
The function of sachet mainly includes the following points:
1, beauty itself.
Ancient people had long sleeves and wide outlines, which required some attention in detail. The sachet has fragrance, and the fragrance comes from Chinese herbal medicines, such as realgar, mugwort leaf, borneol, patchouli, atractylodes rhizome and so on. , wrapped in silk cloth, fragrant, and then tied into rope with five-color silk thread, made into various shapes, such as rectangle, square, triangle, angle, heart of a chicken, diamond and so on. And embroidered with flowers, grass, insects, birds and arhat money.
2. The festive atmosphere is strong.
"May Embroidered Sachet" is a folk custom all over the country. Pei is a must-have food for the Dragon Boat Festival. Every Dragon Boat Festival, villagers get up early, eat zongzi and drink realgar wine, and insert mugwort leaves at home. Children wear small sachets of various animals and plants on their chests, sachets of crabs or frogs on their backs, two horizontal tigers crawling on their shoulders (as backers), and tiger hats and embroidered shoes on their feet. They will also put on Chinese corsets embroidered with five poisons or decals to show off, and tie five-color ropes on their hands, feet and wrists to take the meaning of five-color soil. "Liu Hua Angle Li Dou when new, whose wine is not bottles today. I can stop the wind in the legendary swordsman, but I followed Artemisia leaves to the Pearl Gate. " This ancient poem describes the custom of people celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival at that time. Around the Dragon Boat Festival, people not only eat palm seeds, insert mugwort leaves, but also bring sachets to children.
3. Prevent pests and diseases.
Wearing sachets is a way to prevent plague. When infectious diseases began to rise in summer, in order to ensure children's health, the ancients made Chinese medicine into sachets and tied them on children's skirts and shoulders. Sachet is a commonly used aromatic Chinese herbal medicine, such as Rhizoma Atractylodis, Rhizoma Kaempferiae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Rhizoma Acori Graminei, Moschus, Styrax, Borneolum Syntheticum, Calculus Bovis, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Cyperi, Flos Magnoliae, etc., which contains strong volatile substances. Therefore, there is a folk saying that "carrying a vanilla bag is not afraid of five bugs".
In recent years, China medical community has studied the formula of traditional sachets and done many pharmacological experiments. The results show that this aromatic substance can excite the nervous system, stimulate the immune system, promote the production of antibodies, inhibit the growth of various pathogenic bacteria and improve the body's disease resistance. At the same time, after the medicinal molecules are absorbed by the human body, they can also promote the activity of digestive glands and increase secretion, thus improving the activity of digestive enzymes and enhancing appetite. Now, researchers have found through experiments that letting children often put sachets in their pockets and pillows has certain preventive and auxiliary treatment effects on infectious diseases such as influenza, diphtheria, chickenpox, meningitis and measles.
4. pay tribute.
According to the Book of Rites: "The son is the parent, and he uses it left and right; ..... to suit my parents and aunt. " In other words, when young people meet their parents and elders, they should wear "tassels", that is, woven sachets, to show their respect.
5. Complain about your feelings.
Because sachets are personal items, lovers often give them to each other as gifts to show their love.
6. Show glory.
Most of the exotic spices in Tang dynasty sachets came from foreign tributes, and the court also regarded sachets as gifts. It's a great honor to get the award from the imperial court.
Third, the kind of smell.
1, most of the sachets are mainly flowers and animals, expressing all kinds of emotional sustenance and beautiful yearning by metaphor and symbol. Pisces, butterflies, dragons, etc Used to symbolize sex, sexual intercourse and fertility; Describe women with metaphors such as lotus, lotus, peony and plum blossom; Metaphor is a man with magpies and flower-picking bees; Pine crane symbolizes longevity, pomegranate symbolizes high yield.
Generally speaking, the sachet is the token of love, and the emotional code it conveys is changeable, subtle and beautiful because of its different embroidered images. Many sachets have the image of fish, which is the argot of things in China traditional culture. Fish is a metaphor for men, and lotus is a metaphor for women. In this way, the poem "Lotus can be picked in the south of the Yangtze River, and lotus leaves are sweet" is actually a brilliant poem. Such a poem, accompanied by a fish lotus sachet, has a lingering effect.
From the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty let Yang Guifei bear the responsibility of Maweipo national war alone. After Yang Guifei was strangled, her body was hastily buried on the spot. After the recovery of Xijing, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent someone to quietly move and bury her body. The eunuch found that only the bones of the imperial concubine were left, and only the sachet worn on her chest was intact when she died. He took it down and called me back. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty saw sachets, he saw things and thought of people. The joy of singing and dancing in Mount Li is everywhere, and the deep affection of the Iraqis only left this sachet in front of him! He put the sachet in his sleeve and burst into tears. Eighty years later, the poet Zhang Hu lamented this incident and wrote a poem "The True Sack": "The little flower sac of the golden concubines consumes the old fragrance on her chest. Those who get it back for the king will regret it for life. " No one can untie this small sachet for Xuanzong, and it is not clear whether it is love or hate. Who can untie it except Yuhuan? In a Dream of Red Mansions, Sister Lin also made a sachet for Brother Bao, and every stitch and thread condensed her feelings. Once I wrote that Daiyu misunderstood that Baoyu had given the sachet to someone else. In a rage, I cut the other one I was making, but Baoyu wore it. How can she give it away? Youth is gone, and the red rain is gone. I still see Iraqis when I see the fragrant bag, but I'm afraid Baoyu can't bear to see it again.
2. People who use homophones of Chinese characters as metaphors can be seen everywhere. The "premature delivery" of newlyweds (the combination mode of jujube, peanut, longan and lotus seed); A "childlike innocence" for the long-lived elderly (there is a combination pattern of cats and butterflies playing peony, indicating that old age life is very interesting); A "longevity doll" for children (with an innocent doll as the main body, surrounded by bats and peaches, meaning that the child will live a long life).
In order to prevent diseases and keep fit, the elderly generally like to wear plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, peaches, apples, lotus flowers, dolls riding fish, dolls holding cocks, double lotus flowers and other shapes, symbolizing birds and flowers, all the best, love each other and family harmony; Children like birds and animals, such as tigers and leopards; Monkeys, cockfighting and rabbits. , full of vitality; Young people are most particular about wearing sachets. If you are a lover in love, the affectionate girl should have carefully made one or two sachets with their own characteristics, so that she can give them to her lover before the festival, and the young man wearing the sachet from his sweetheart will naturally arouse the discussion among the men and women around him and praise the young man's ingenuity.
The sachet, with its simple and exquisite artistic creation, bears the spiritual feelings of China ancestors, men, women and children, bears the profound cultural connotation for thousands of years, and becomes the petite and exquisite historical evidence for the Chinese nation to inherit civilization.