This person is definitely not Su Shi, nor is he a gay friend of Zhang Dun. I just can't remember the names of the characters in the play, so take my idol instead. It won't delay anything anyway.
It's okay for this scene to appear on TV, but if it happens in real life, Zhang Dun may not be greeted by Su Shi's affectionate hug, but may be greeted by a roar and an iron fist-the old friends will break up early, and it's still uncertain who will send them.
Why? Because Zhang Dun's address to Su Shi is not only strange, but also easily regarded as deliberate provocation and insult. Who will you hit if you don't?
Modern people only have names, so it's hard to call them wrong. The ancients, on the other hand, had different surnames, surnames, first names, characters and numbers, each with its own uses, occasions and objects, and the etiquette was strict, so they could not scream with their mouths open.
Take my idol as an example. His surname is Su Shi and his first name is Zi Zhan (there is also an unusual name "He Zhong", which corresponds to Su Zhe's "Shu Tong"). He is a Taoist named Tieguan, a Buddhist named Dongpo, and later generations used to call him Su Dongpo and Su Xian. So how should this messy title be used?
The most common and safest way to address Su Shi is to call him by his first name or surname+first name. There is nothing wrong with calling Su Shi "Zi Zhanxiong" if he is of the same age and within a few years. Su Shi's self-confession usually refers to himself by his first name or surname+first name, that is, "teacher" or "Su Shi", and he will not overturn his conviction on any occasion or for any object. If you call yourself "Zi Hou" like Zhang Dun mentioned above, it is not only strange, but also may be considered mentally retarded and brain-damaged. ...
If it is aimed at the younger generation, people with lower status or unspecified objects, especially on paper, Su Shi can move out his own number and use it whenever he wants.
However, the names of the ancients are more private and sensitive. Dedicated to elders, such as parents, teachers, superiors, etc., generally called in more formal occasions. If someone is called by his first name in private by his elders, it often means that things are not good ... For example, when Su Xun sees his second boy, he will shout "Su Shi". It must be because he hasn't beaten this Xiong Haizi for several days and went to the house to uncover the tiles; If Ouyang Xiu calls out the word "Su Shi" in his study, it must be that the bad student cheated in the exam or molested the female classmate, so he should be given a bamboo shoot and fried meat; If Zhao Geng shouted "Su Shi" in a gloomy voice, it is estimated that nine times out of ten, Wutai poetry case broke out or his big mouth didn't keep the door open, he should be exiled to the corner to ponder the new menu.
I'm talking nonsense, but the facts are correct. In fact, on most occasions, Su Shi's elders will affectionately call him "Zi Zhan". For example, if Zhao Yong doesn't want to give him a formal promotion or clean-up, he is usually called "Su Qing" or "Sue". In more private occasions or to show his closeness, he will even call him by his first name like ordinary people.
For example, in the Five Dynasties, Wang Jun and Guo Wei, the important ministers of the later Zhou Dynasty, always called it by words of table to show their respect and make it "arrogant and profitable" (The History of the Old Five Dynasties, volume 130, spread ten). Finally, Wang Jun was demoted and died in Shangzhou (now Shangluo, Shaanxi).
If people who are not elders call Su Shi by his first name, it is basically the same as calling "I am your father" to others now, that is, he will be torn to pieces and will not be beaten and sorry to the audience.
Nowadays, it is common for film and television dramas to fabricate things and violate basic common sense, but sometimes they have to. After all, there is a huge difference between ancient and modern times. Even the classic articles decades ago often make us feel that the wording and sentences are a bit awkward, not to mention hundreds or even thousands of years ago. If screenwriters really write scripts according to the historical habits at that time, even some idioms that are still widely used today are likely to make ordinary audiences confused, even stunned, shouting or talking nonsense.
Today, let's give a few simple examples.
In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 643), Li Shimin, the Emperor Taizong who was trapped in the palace and never had a chance to fight again, finally put Wei Zhi, the king of foam, to death. From then on, he began to let go of himself, and no one could manage it anymore.
So two years later, he enthusiastically led the army against Koguryo with his personal expedition. The campaign lasted for six months, and its main purpose was not only to expel Koguryo forces from Liaodong, but also to provide your majesty with all kinds of high opportunities. For example, in the Battle of Gushan, Li Shimin, who was almost 50 years old, felt that he was still a "former teenager" in Hulao Pass. As the supreme of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, he was the first to set an example-saying that he could do such a thing as an emperor and was willing to die for the captain. In the history of China, apart from Emperor Zhenguan, there is only Emperor Yongle. It is nonsense to say that setting an example and inspiring the morale of the army. To put it bluntly, they are two war maniacs who can't sleep well without licking blood for several days.
There is such an emperor as a lion, even with a flock of sheep, he can be invincible. So Tang Jun swept Liaodong, even Xuantu, Hengshan, Gaimou, Momi and other cities 10, beheaded more than 40,000 people, captured 70,000 households, seized countless livestock and military assets, and lost less than 2,000 people. There is no doubt that Li Daozong, the "black-hearted" contractor and king of Jiangxia County, was finally deceived (Li built a dirt mountain to attack the city in Anshicheng, which resulted in a landslide and fell short) and had to retreat early because of the approaching winter and the difficulty in logistics supply.
In fact, Li Shimin was absent-minded most of the time in this battle, focusing on playing disgusting with his precious son Li Zhi, leaving us a treasure in the history of calligraphy art-"Er Tie":
Translate it into vernacular casually, which means: Why don't you write a letter to Baba? I miss you so much! Write to dad quickly. It must be the kind that writes several letters a day, or I'll go home and kill you. ...
Please note that Li Shimin calls herself "Ya Ya" here.
Regarding the appellation of one's own Laozi, the oldest appellation is actually "Dad", which has always been regarded as a foreign word except for being more formal and written. In Guangya Qin Shi, it is clearly pointed out that "Dad is a friend of his father". In fact, in ancient Chinese, the word "father" was pronounced "ba".
As for "dad", which is considered to be more in line with China's traditional address habits, it was probably not until the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties that it was widely used to refer to the father, and its popularity was more confined to the south. In the north, with the increasing influence of Xianbei people, "ye", as a foreign word, has gradually been widely accepted by people and has become the most used title for fathers for thousands of years.
The title of "Ye" appeals to paper, and the most standard representative Chinese character is "Ye". For example, Mulan Ci, one of the two treasures of Yuefu, was born in the Northern Wei Dynasty. What we see in today's Chinese textbooks is that "Ye" refers to father:
But in the earlier original poem I can find, the word "Ye" in the above quotation was originally "Yuan Juan Jiu Mulan Poetry"-perhaps the experts who wrote the textbook were worried that students would find it difficult to understand, so they made such changes.
There are also people who talk nonsense. For example, when I was in middle school, my teacher explained the poet Du Fu's poem "Car Shop" and described the word "Ye" in "Father, mother, son and wife, staring at you until the dust buried Chang 'an Bridge" as a common word for "Ye". At that time, I was still young and ignorant, and I just nodded after listening to the teacher. Actually, I asked for leave-during most of the time from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, my son was called Lao Zi "Ye" or "Ye" instead of "Ye". For example, Cheng Dachang, a great scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, clearly pointed out this point in his own works:
Therefore, in most of the history of China, "Ye" refers to Grandpa or the honorific terms for elders, such as Grandpa, County Grandfather and God of Wealth. It has something to do with the title of father, but it is limited to a few times and regions. Anyway, it is not as common as "Ye". However, because the pronunciation of "Ye" and "Ye" is similar, and the name "Ye" is too strange to modern people, it is natural.
Of course, "yeah" is a foreign word, similar to "dad" today. In ancient Chinese, the pure native word that can be used to refer to father and then completely deviates from it is "adult".
For example, when Han Taizu Liu Bang made fun of his father Liu Taigong after he became famous, he shouted "My Lord":
Lao Liu has no culture and is a ruffian. Even when he became emperor, he still remained the same. Therefore, the "adult" he said when molesting his father should be a very popular and colloquial name at that time, just like we call "dad" today. Of course, the meaning of "adult" is relatively broad, which can refer to both adults and tall people (such as "Where there are valleys and mountains, there is a country of adults" in Shan Hai Jing Ye Dong Fourteen), and can also be used as a title of respect for emperors and nobles (such as "See Long Zaitian and Meet Adults" in Yijing Gangua) to describe noble moral character. Of course, it is often used to address one's father and mother, and occasionally there are official titles of "adults", but most of them are concentrated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and before. For example, Han Xin, a famous figure in the Eastern Han Dynasty, once worked with Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu to cultivate the world. In the history books, there is "Han Xin, Wan adults are available" (Volume 17 of Later Han History and Biography of Feng Cenjia, the seventh); Another example is Duan, a famous Tang Dynasty star. He also said in his biography: "Duan Gong, benevolent adults, only horses. Sell it, don't be ashamed to take it "("New Tang Book Seventy-eighth Biography ").
Please note that the word "adult" here "refers to the profile, not the face." The habit of calling your officials "adults" basically disappeared in the Song Dynasty. "In the Song Dynasty, parents were still called adults, and no dignitaries were added" (all the quotations in this paragraph are from Volume 37 of Yu Cong Kao).
After the Yuan Dynasty, with the increasing osteoporosis of literati, the meaning of the word "adult" only changed when they were willing to dig their ancestral graves in pursuit of fame and fortune. Therefore, when Jiao, a temple university student, is a semi-literate disciple of Liu Jin, and the "devil wears Prada" above the imperial court is scrambling to be Wei Zhongxian's godson, it seems not so shameful for ordinary Buddha heads to hold hands and hold their own future and destiny.
So in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, as long as you can be an official, you can be called by "adults" all day and automatically become a father. Of course, the size of the official position and power also determines the number of "sons", and if the official position is not big enough, you have to give others the obligation to be fathers, and at the same time quickly find yourself another pile of fathers.
Of course, everyone knows this, even broken glass. Therefore, after "adult" has become a customary address for superiors, most people are still embarrassed to use this word to address their parents. After a long time, most people really forget that "adulthood" has such a meaning.
Just like "Miss", I'm afraid many people have forgotten that it used to be a noble and beautiful title.
In the Internet age, everyone loves to play tricks. Many words that originally seemed plain often turned into reverie or got a kind of "you know" tacit understanding after being given a specific meaning.
For example, the sentence "Dalang, it's time to take medicine".
Wu Dalang in the Water Margin has an anonymous surname. Ordinary people call him Wu Da, and familiar people call him Dalang. Song Wu, the younger brother of a compatriot with Wu Da, is often referred to as Wu Er or Wu Erlang in books, but he has a name. Why is this? Is it because Wu Da is just a walk-on, and Shi Naian doesn't bother to give him a name?
This is unfair to Lao Shi (or Lao Luo). The complex appellation system of surnames and first names mentioned in the previous article is actually aimed at people with power and influence in history. As for people whose status is not high enough, they are often not as good as modern people who only deserve their names. For example, some dynasties even made special laws to prohibit ordinary people from officially naming names, and they could only fool things with rankings or figures:
For example, Zhu Yuanzhang named his family in strict accordance with this naming rule-his great-grandfather was named Zhu, and he gave birth to two sons, Zhu Siwu and Zhu respectively; Among them, Zhu gave birth to four sons, namely Zhu Chuyi, Zhu, Zhu and Zhu; Zhu Chuyi gave birth to two more sons here, namely Zhu Wuyi and Zhu; Zhu gave birth to four more, the eldest named Zhu Chongsi, the second named Zhu, the third named Zhu Chongqi and the fourth named Zhu Chongba.
Why is Zhu's son named 4678 instead of 1234? Because there is another Zhu Wuyi, whose son occupied the pit of 1235, the Zhu family had to lean back, so Zhu Chongba was named according to the "line number".
Later, Zhu, who played the great cause of rebellion, had a different identity, so he had to take a formal name, resulting in "Zhu Yuanzhang"-Yuan probably refers to the Yuan Dynasty; Zhang Zhe is a very sharp jade, which can also refer to people. This expression should mean that old Zhu Lizhi wanted to be a man who overthrew the Dayuan Dynasty by himself.
Let's go back to the Wu brothers. Wu Dalang is a vendor selling baked wheat cakes in yanggu county. As a standard ordinary person, he naturally doesn't deserve a formal name. And Song Wu, because he is the head of the infantry in yanggu county, has a certain position, so he can be famous.
Lao Shi's seemingly unintentional brushwork has actually opened a corner of the social reality of the Northern Song Dynasty for us, but many people have not noticed it.
Maybe another friend will question my contradiction-I also said that it is very impolite to call others by their first names. Why is being officially famous here a status symbol? Takejiro, a man in full swing, was called "Song Wu Song Wu" all day, but why didn't he explode in situ and draw out his sword to chop people?
Actually, the reason is very simple. Because it was an era of strict hierarchy, class opposition and serious estrangement. Rules applicable to big people can completely ignore small people, and vice versa. For example, Zhang Dun's calling Su Shi by his first name is equivalent to fighting, and yanggu county's order to call "Song Wu" instead of "Wu Er" is to respect you. Please don't be ignorant.
As for dignity, it never applies to small people-it gives you a face that barely fills your stomach. Do you still need a bike?
Go back to Wu Dalang. If Sister Jinlian didn't meet Simon, gave her husband bitter medicine instead of poison, and then they went on living and gave birth to three babies, what should the couple call their eldest boy?
Modern people are commonly known as big brother, second brother and third brother, while Wu Da and Jinlian will be called big brother, second brother and third brother.
It turns out that the random adaptation of historical dramas is reasonable, otherwise how can ordinary audiences understand this situation?
In fact, "elder brother" is the most magical title in the history of China. In contemporary times, "elder brother" refers to a man older than himself with his parents or peers, and can also be called by acquaintances, not limited to age and other factors. However, in history, the title of "elder brother" is extremely confusing, often only a few hundred years apart, but the meaning is completely different or even irrelevant.
For example, in the Tang Dynasty, it was often the son who called Lao Zi "elder brother", such as Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty:
The "four elder brothers" here are neither Li Longfan, the fourth elder brother of Li Longji, nor Li Yan, his fourth son, but Li Dan, his father from Tang Ruizong (Li Dan ranks fourth among the four sons born to Wu Zetian). Moreover, this is not an isolated case. Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty recorded in his book Kao Yu Cong that when Emperor Li Yan defended himself when committing a crime, he used "only three elder brothers to be exempted from punishment" as a magic weapon to save his life-here "three elder brothers" refers to his father (the third of the six sons born to Li Dan).
Only 300 years later, the name of "elder brother" changed from my son's name to Lao Tzu's name:
This is not because Wang Anshi wants to be sworn brothers with his son for a while, but because of the custom of the Song Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, he likes to call his son "elder brother". For example, in the Five Dynasties, Li called his eldest son Li Brother He, Guo Wei's two biological sons were Brother Qing and Brother Yi, and Ouyang Xiu named his son Augus. When Zhao Gou visited Dida Mountain (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) after he retired, he met the hermit Lu Ningzhi. He thinks this is a talent and plans to recommend it to his adopted son and Zhao Shen and Song Xiaozong.
Of course, the original meaning of "brother" was the same in the Song Dynasty, but it was used casually and was not limited by age. For example, Song Qinzong Zhao Huan called his brother Zhao Gou, also known as his brother:
After the Song Dynasty, the custom that Lao Zi (including Lao Niang) called his son "elder brother" actually remained. For example, in the famous case of moving to the palace in the late Ming Dynasty, Liu Yilai, a university student in Dongge, and Zhang Weixian, a British duke, stole the eldest son of the emperor, Zhu Youxiao, from the palace with the help of the great eunuch Wang An. When scholars and others chased after the robbery, they shouted "a boy is still there" ("Ming History" volume 240 "Biography" 128).
We all know that the prince of the Qing Dynasty was called "Ge"-in fact, not only the royal family, but all Manchu people called their son "Ge", probably borrowing the title of Han people. After all, among the people, there were many people who called their Xiong Haizi "brothers" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties:
I don't know if you are dizzy, but I am going to faint anyway.
In history, it is not uncommon for people to be called "brothers", which is crazy. For example, in Erya, the first dictionary in the history of our country, it was written in black and white that "the wife and brother are nieces" and Mencius commented "Uncle, I call them nieces"-what does this mean? If you travel back to ancient times and call your mother's brother "uncle", you will probably be slapped with love by your mother. ...
The word "uncle" had other meanings before Wei and Jin Dynasties, such as old father-in-law. In the Three Kingdoms period, Dong Cheng, the father-in-law of Liu Xie, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was called "Dong Cheng, riding a bicycle and riding a general". To this end, Pei Songzhi also made a special explanation when he annotated it:
This leads to the origin of the title "Zhang Ren". Before being called the wife's father, the title of "father-in-law" has a long history, and it is usually used as a title of respect for the elderly or elders, such as "Zhen, Zhang and Ji" in the Book of Changes. Confucius, a great scholar in the Tang Dynasty, made an annotation for this: "Mother-in-law refers to the respected person."
Sometimes it is also used as a title of host and parents. For example, when Gao Jianli was wanted by the State of Qin, he once hid in Songzi County (now near Zhao County, Hebei Province) and worked as a black laborer for a living. Once, when the host family was entertaining guests, he couldn't control his big mouth when his fingers itched. After his comments were heard, the host invited him to perform in class. When Historical Records was written here, the words left were "Father-in-law called to knock on the floor before". Sima Zhen, a Tang Dynasty man, took notes and said, "Husband." .
But after the name "father-in-law" was widely accepted by the society, some people gave it new uses, such as calling her husband:
If it weren't for rummaging through that pile of old newspapers, who could find out what this "father-in-law" was talking about, and who should I talk to?
Let's go back to the title of "Ye" mentioned in the last article.
It is clearly pointed out in Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty that the habit of calling father "Ye" mainly comes from Wu, that is, Jiangnan area. It is said that the influence of this custom is still quite great, so that in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Hou Jing in the north was later renamed "Ye"-this cargo was going to be an emperor after the rebellion, and Wang Wei, a lackey, asked him to set up seven temples and asked the seven generations of ancestors of Hou for their names. Hou Jing replied, "I didn't remember my grandfather's name in my previous life" (History of the South, Volume 80).
And "Ye", as a flattering title for non-blood aristocrats, should have appeared in the Tang Dynasty at the earliest according to literature records, and it was initiated by Gao Lishi, a great eunuch during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
Gao Lishi is not a bad person in essence or behavior. But in that position, especially the emperor's trust, naturally, flatterers will compliment him:
Before Gao Lishi, the title of "Ye" was "Father, not Official" (Examination of Jade Congkao, Volume 37). However, since Gao Lishi, countless patients with rickets seem to see the light through the clouds and have been inspired by wild weeds for a time. Appellations such as "Gongye" and "Laoye" were soon invented, and their influence was increasing. Finally, people gradually forgot the original meaning of "Yeye".
Of course, there is also an interesting appellation custom, that is, using the official position of the imperial court to address people who are engaged in a certain profession, which is called "being good at the people and being an official." The most typical example is to call doctors "doctors", which is still popular today. But I'm afraid many people don't know that "doctor" is a very old official title. The pre-Qin period was under the Qing Dynasty and above the officials. Under the food city system in Han dynasty, the rank was 600 stones, slightly lower than the county magistrate. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the total rank of Jiupin was between five and six, belonging to middle-level officials.
Doctors are not only called "doctors" among the people, but also called "pushing teeth" and "waiting for a letter" in the Tang Dynasty-these are also two official positions. Among them, Tooth Push is the curtain officer of the buffer region, which is usually levied by itself for the buffer region, without the appointment of the court, so the grade is not clear. The imperial edict to be determined, also known as the imperial edict to be determined by Hanlin, began in the Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty, and has been used in later generations, but its level is not high, and it only came from Jiupin in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the Song Dynasty, with the popularity of street culture, people's awe of officials decreased, and doctors were also "promoted"-doctors in the north used to be called "doctors", while doctors in the south preferred to be called "doctors". Under the system of three provinces and six ministries, doctors are very important senior officials in charge of the affairs of various departments, ranking second only to prime ministers, ministers and assistant ministers, and equivalent to the directors of central ministries and commissions today.
This custom of "people being kind and calling officials" reached its climax in the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it is said that it also depends on the help of Zhang Shicheng-when Lao Zhang was beaten to the end of his rope, he simply broke the jar and broke it, sealing all kinds of official positions for free, and "pawns and servants were given official titles", which led to the Jiangnan area calling vertebral oil a face servant as a doctor, a barber as a waiting letter, a domestic servant as a doctor and an official as a husband "("").
This chaotic situation, in which officials and people are indistinguishable from each other, makes Ming Taizu, who loves to worry, hate it, and has repeatedly ordered it to be banned, even at the expense of severe punishment. "If you are stubborn and don't obey the order, you will move to a secluded place and be a pawn forever" (Volume 1 of Quanmingwen), but it has little effect.
Until the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (AD 1393), Zhu, who was in his twilight years, still refused to give up. For the last time, he ordered to correct the problem that "people like to call officials", and rambled about what is called and what is not called in various occupations:
Lao Zhu has been worried all his life. The more he worries about something, the more confused he is. Just like calling a doctor a doctor. After the flood, the filial sons and grandchildren of Lao Zhu didn't care much, and they didn't see the Ming Dynasty collapse immediately.
I wonder if Lao Zhu, who is squatting in Xiaoling, will be depressed because of this.