First, the initial stage of formation
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Shanghai became an important port for China and even the world. Jade articles from Suzhou, Yangzhou and its surrounding areas were exported through the Shanghai port, which provided a broad development space for the jade carving industry in Shanghai. Sculptors from Suzhou, Yangzhou and other regions poured in in large numbers and found an ideal world to display their talents in this oriental metropolis. At that time, famous jade carving masters with antique style, such as Wang Jinxun, Wan Yuanzhai, Fu Changhua and You Hongxiang, as well as sculptors of figures and animals, such as Yang, Hu Hongsheng and Gu Xianchi, all absorbed new cultural nutrition in Shanghai's specific cultural atmosphere and showed their abilities, gradually forming a new jade carving style-Shanghai style.
19 At the end of the 20th century, there were more than 200 jade workshops and shops in Shanghai, and more than 200 people were engaged in carving, mainly producing ornaments and sculptures such as Buddha statues, ladies, stoves and bottles. Both Su and Yang jade carvings follow local traditional skills. At that time, among the industries in shanghai jade carving, those whose main production purpose was to meet the needs of foreigners were called "dress school", while those in Yangzhou who helped artists make jade articles were mostly "dress school". Suzhou artists specialize in jade jewelry and floral ornaments, mainly jade jewelry and playthings, and are called "this outfit school"; Another school, which specializes in bronze modeling and imitation of ancient jade since Qin and Han Dynasties, is called "Antique School".
In 1930s, shanghai jade carving's ornaments had a high artistic level, and Yuzhu Tower won the highest prize at the Panama World Expo. This jade pagoda has been collected by the San Francisco Museum for a long time.
Second, the stage of inheritance and development
After the 1960s, the state attached great importance to the cultivation of talents and the improvement of carving equipment, and the Shanghai-style carving industry developed rapidly. At the end of 1980s, there were more than 2,000 jade carving practitioners in Shanghai, with more than 200 kinds of works. Five Shanghai-style sculptures, such as furnace bottles, Buddha statues, flowers and birds, animals and natural bottles, have begun to take shape. "Delicate carving, exquisite composition, rigorous modeling, solemn and quaint" and "exquisite furnace and bottle, vivid figures, birds and animals" have become the main characteristics of shanghai jade carving. Since 1950s, its representative figures are Sun Tianyi, Wei, Zhou Shouhai, Liu and Dong Tianji.
Pots and bottles are shanghai jade carving's most iconic creations. Shanghai-style furnace and bottle ware enjoys a high reputation in China jade carving industry for its steady and elegant shape, simple and exquisite decoration and rich bronze flavor. Three-legged incense burner, Sixi burner, Wu Ting burner, Tianji bottle, end burner, sheep statue, rhinoceros statue and White Buddha burner are all famous representative works of shanghai jade carving. Mo Biyu, Zhou Zhongju, Jade Beast Pot are collected by China Arts and Crafts Museum. The Jade Hundred Buddha Furnace, designed and manufactured by the famous Shanghai sculptor Liu, caused a sensation at the China Shanghai Arts and Crafts Exhibition held in Yokohama, Japan in September. 100 Buddha statues with different shapes and expressions were carved on a furnace bottle with a height of 7.5 inches and a diameter of 8 inches. Coral bottle, natural purple jade dragon and phoenix bottle, butterfly white jade carving butterfly chrysanthemum bottle, white jade begonia fine embryo bottle, Mobi jade longevity lamp, white jade Wuyang, jade unicorn, black and white jade toner, jet rhinoceros statue, etc. Created by the old artist Huang Derong.
The giant secret jade "Red Flag of Mount Everest" was designed by Wei, a "three-stop artist", and carved by 13 carving technician. It weighed more than 2,500 kilograms and took three years to complete in 1962. Artists vividly depicted the heroic feats of China 4/KLOC-0 mountaineers by using techniques such as round carving, relief carving and through carving, and their works were praised as national treasures by Premier Zhou Enlai. 1979, more than 20 contemporary masters and carving technicians, such as Xiao Haichun, Han Guowei, Zhu, Xu Kangxian and Yu Longxi, designed and produced the Map of Qian Shan with a height of 2.6 meters and a width of 1.4 meters, which reproduced the magnificent historical picture of the Red Army's Long March and became contemporary.
Third, the stage of innovation and prosperity
In the 1990s, the new situation of reform and opening up ushered in another spring of jade carving innovation and prosperity.
Shanghai jade carving is innovative and inclusive. Based on the style of jade carving in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it not only combines the craft styles of jade carving in Yanggang, Sugang, Nangang and Palace, but also inherits the essence of jade carving in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties, learning from others' strengths and working hard on "refinement", thus a large number of representative jade carving experts emerge.
China arts and crafts master Xiao Haichun, special arts and crafts master Guan Sheng Chun, old artists Huang Derong and Sun Yingde, arts and crafts masters Zhu, Han Guowei, Wei and Zhu Qifa, some of them are good at jade people, others are good at the design and carving of animals, flowers and birds, stoves and vessels, and they became the leading figures in shanghai jade carving in the 1980s. The Birth of Coral Sakyamuni, designed by Xiao Haichun, the youngest master of arts and crafts in China at that time, and carved by Zhang Jianping, the youngest national senior technician, won the Golden Cup Award, the highest prize in Hundred Flowers Award, China Arts and Crafts.
1980, the first national jade carving technical competition was held in Jiaozuo. This competition gathered all the technical experts in the jade carving industry and became the only national military parade. The shanghai jade carving expert won many honors:
Song won the first place in the furnace bottle category, and Liu Zhongrong won the second place;
Yuan Xingen, the first flower and bird;
Feng Birong, the first animal walker, and Carina Lau, the second animal walker.
Contemporary shanghai jade carving is full of talented people, each leading the way.
2 1 Century In the new century, he is known as the donkey kong rookie of Shanghai School: Liu Zhongrong, an all-round sculptor; Beautiful woman Wu Desheng; Yu Jingwei, the godfather of sculpture; Ni Weibin, Master of Inscription; Yi Shaoyong, Yan Guiming, eighteen arhats; Zhai Nianwei, a combination of Chinese and Western styles; And orientals.
Wu Desheng, Liu Zhongrong, Ni Weibin and Yu Jing have made great contributions in the fields of beauty Lohan, Zigangyu brand and figure Buddha statue respectively, and are called "Four Kings" in the industry.
Master Wu Desheng is recognized as "the first person to give new life to jade carving figures". His jade carving works of naked women integrate the essence of western sculptors such as Rodin and Michelangelo into oriental art, and appropriate artistic exaggeration makes abstraction and realism alternately reflect the rich humanistic thoughts of the masters, which has great influence in the jade carving world.
Three masters, Wu Desheng, Yan Guiming and Hong Xinhua, have unique creativity in the images of arhats and fairies, and become the "three outstanding arhats" in the contemporary era.
Liu Zhongrong, an all-round sculptor, Yi Shaoyong, a demigod, and Zhai Nianwei, a combination of Chinese and western, have become the three trump cards of Shanghai jade brand.
Liu Zhongrong, the "all-rounder in carving", is good at furnace bottles, figures, Buddha statues, flowers, birds and animals. His Zigang jade brand carving style is unique, and the line application and rich level in the square boundary are amazing. The treatment of "following" is never slow, clean and powerful, which has formed the "loyalty style" of Hong Kong and Taiwan. 198 1 year, the black-and-white jade toner he designed and produced won the first China Arts and Crafts Hundred Flowers Award Silver Cup Award. 1984 The "Jade Bead Pot" designed and produced won the Excellent Product Design Award of the Ministry of Light Industry and was recognized as a national treasure collection.
Yi Shaoyong, a "demigod and demigod" master of inscriptions, is good at the "modeling" of Zigong jade brand, and shows flowers and stones, birds and beasts, different styles of poems and characters in the "Tianshu brand" with different modeling, forming a "few words" school. The performance of the work "Sewing Thread" improved the shape and technology of traditional jade brand, and made up for the blank of sewing thread jade brand in history. His works are permeated with the elegant fragrance of oriental culture, which makes people appreciate the "three-dimensional" great art of China's painting, calligraphy and seal cutting.
Zhai Nianwei, who is "one knife for everything", pursues himself in the modeling and overall layout of jade cards and brings forth the new. His works are interdependent in depth, rich in layers, flexible and elegant. "Taking work as the aim, taking art as the quality and taking quality as the pride" is his artistic pursuit. His jade brand works are unique, injecting new elements of European and American art into China's traditional classical culture, and combining Chinese and Western styles is refreshing.
Ni Weibin, Yu Jing, Wang Ping, Zhang Jianping and Mong Hun Chung are the famous "five handsome men" in shanghai jade carving because of their originality in characterization and the depiction of Guanyin Buddha.
Ni Weibin, a legendary jade altar man known as "the godfather of sculpture", has trained a group of senior talents in shanghai jade carving, which can influence contemporary jade carving for decades.
Master Yujing, who is famous for his exquisiteness, pays great attention to the details of his works, and his character structure and dynamics are accurate and appropriate. His works are warm, thick and intriguing. His Guanyin Buddha statue has achieved a unique "meditation craft" and is the first person to create Guanyin in contemporary times.
Wang Ping, an "oriental young marshal", pays attention to expressing feelings in artistic creation and is good at capturing inspiration. His works are full of traditional artistic flavor, forming a "neoclassical" artistic style.
Jiang Daxiong, Zhong Jianlin, Han Yongnian, Song, Dai, Qu, etc. created the Shanghai-style stove bottle, which is well-known at home and abroad for its regularity, symmetry and modesty, and is known as the "Seven Gentlemen". The works of "Seven Gentlemen" are rigorous, rigorous and dynamic, and the materials used are very particular. They are outstanding representatives of the "skill school".
In the new century, if the eight immortals cross the sea, shanghai jade carving's skilled craftsmen will show their talents.
The "Shrimp Sage" and "Chicken Sage" written by Yuan Xingen, Han Rongchang and Wang Hexing are vivid and fascinating. These three masters are called "Three Sages of Fish and Birds".
The works created by masters such as You, Shen Shuifu, Xia, Yang, Tang Hao and Fan are vivid and full of emotion, and are affectionately called "animal collars".
Shen Desheng, a "top scholar in crystallography", specializes in the design and carving of crystal jade materials. Zhang Jianping, a jade carving master, and Zhang, a natural vase, also have their own merits in Shanghai jade carving circles.
A group of new Shanghainese who moved to Shanghai, such as Xiao Suzhou, Xiao Anhui, Xiao Tianjin, Xiao Sichuan, Xiao Chongqing, Xiao Guangdong, Xiao Fujian, Xiao Jiangxi, and Xiao Guizhou, also thrived in the Shanghai jade carving family and were brilliant.
Cui Lei's "Little Tianjin" sculpture combines shape, spirit, craftsmanship and ingenuity, and combines tradition and modernity in one furnace. His works have formed "accurate and unique" Cui Shi characteristics. The mythical characters under his sword are vivid and lifelike, and they are outstanding representatives of the new generation of Shanghai style.
In its heyday, shanghai jade carving was also good at using the natural shapes and different colors of all kinds of jade. Cutting materials and artistic cutting materials have formed a handsome and elegant "Shanghai School" artistic style, which, together with several major schools such as Beijing Palace School, has formed a new look of contemporary Chinese jade.
May shanghai jade carving continue to carry forward!