In ancient feudal society, the mobilization, promotion and even demotion of officials followed certain rules, and different dynasties had different standards. For example, the Ming and Qing dynasties took a fancy to Beijing's inspection and planning, and used it as a standard to evaluate officials, and finally decided whether to promote or demote. So what are the specific standards for the rise and fall of officials in previous dynasties before the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, nobles remained noble, lowly and humble, with simple institutions, uncomplicated responsibilities and few job changes. The monarch rewarded his deputy as encouragement, which was quite common in the late Shang Dynasty. The items he gave were mainly shells and utensils. The Western Zhou Dynasty gave more things. What happened? Jiuxi? . Princes who do not make pilgrimages should also be punished, or demoted or given titles, or their land cut off.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, officials were mainly rewarded with titles, land and houses, and food. And punishment includes alienation, dismissal, execution, etc. , but it has not yet formed a relatively complete system.

The Han Dynasty gradually established a more systematic and top-down system of mobilization, rewards and punishments. Usually, a scholar first served as an official of a prefecture, county or county, or went to imperial academy to study, and was elected as a Langguan by means of inspection and examination, and Langguan was appointed as a county magistrate, governor or subordinate official of the central department. There is usually a one-year probation period. So, through the examination, we promoted the county satrap, Jiuqing, the doctor until the Prime Minister and Qiu.

At the same time, officials were punished by moving to the left (demotion), demotion, dismissal, exemption, imprisonment, flogging and death. And it is also stipulated that you are not allowed to go to Beijing at will without imperial edict. Under the Han system, officials transferred to the same rank were called migration, also called transfer. By local officials transferred to the central officials said, by the central transferred to local said.

During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the nobles monopolized the officialdom, advocated frivolous things, took pride in signing and giving up their posts as usual, and those who could really do things were despised, regardless of merits and demerits. The promotion of officials often depends not on political achievements, but on family background, or because people with high official positions entrust them to move, or senior officials directly promote their relatives by virtue of their powers.

Most children of rich families are unwilling to be county officials. In addition, there is a difference between clear and turbid. Clear means less work, and turbid means heavy affairs. It is better to be clear from turbidity than to be promoted. Officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty chose to be promoted, regardless of wisdom and stupidity, and mostly ranked according to seniority.

The promotion of officials in the Tang Dynasty mainly depended on virtue, talent and labor. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty also stipulated that Taiwan Province Province could not be planned without going through prefectures and counties. The official department has every official's book for reference, and also stipulates the specifications and years of promotion, and the procedures and procedures are becoming more and more complete. However, in the actual implementation process, the assessment is a mere formality, and what really matters is qualifications. In addition, the official department is too rigid about the cause of action and qualifications, which is not conducive to the selection of talents.

The promotion and reform of officials in Song Dynasty must be examined, commended and rewarded. There are specific rules for changing officials. Scholars are superior in rank, such as those who stay behind, two official posts and two ambassadors (observation saves time). Scholars give it too often, and the rest are promised by governors.

Song Taizu worried that the official department only used qualifications, so he ordered the official department to select those who had performed well in the previous assessment and were not at fault and could be promoted. But there are so many officials that it is difficult to choose. Emperor Taizong personally met with officials, observed that they had extraordinary talents and were promoted, and then worried about some karma and affectation. So the imperial edict was first sent to the door of the Chinese book, and their resumes were tested and carefully selected. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the promotion of officials was a routine, and the most familiar routine was petty officials, whose lifting power was actually in the hands of petty officials, so they called the official department the example department.

In the Yuan Dynasty, officials from Wu Zhi, especially those from the imperial army, were generally promoted and reused. Officers who have been promoted to meritorious service will be attacked by their children. There have been merits and demerits in the campaign, and there have been ups and downs after verification; Officers killed in battle are inherited according to their ranks, and those who die of illness are reduced to second class. If the child is incapable, it is unnecessary.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the transfer of officials was generally based on scattered officials, and their term of office ended in March, three years and two years. All serving officials were promoted to the first grade in the examination and entered the first grade in May. Foreign officials either enter the first level, two levels, or three levels.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination was the most important, and the appointment of officials was on the right track. In the Ming Dynasty, officials from Jinshi were the most important. After Yingzong, neither Jinshi nor Hanlin entered the cabinet, and the ministers, assistant ministers and right assistant ministers of the North and South Rites were appointed by Hanlin. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 170 Zaifu people, nine out of ten of whom were from Hanlin. The Qing Dynasty also attached importance to the imperial examination taking the right path, which stipulated that it was not the imperial examination taking the right path, nor the officials of imperial academy, Zhan Shifu and the two departments taking the right path, and the standard-bearer was not limited to this case.